(* Title: HOL/Auth/TLS
ID: $Id$
Author: Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
Copyright 1997 University of Cambridge
Inductive relation "tls" for the baby TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocol.
This protocol is essentially the same as SSL 3.0.
Abstracted from "The TLS Protocol, Version 1.0" by Tim Dierks and Christopher
Allen, Transport Layer Security Working Group, 21 May 1997,
INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-tls-protocol-03.txt. Section numbers below refer
to that memo.
An RSA cryptosystem is assumed, and X.509v3 certificates are abstracted down
to the trivial form {A, publicKey(A)}privateKey(Server), where Server is a
global signing authority.
A is the client and B is the server, not to be confused with the constant
Server, who is in charge of all public keys.
The model assumes that no fraudulent certificates are present, but it does
assume that some private keys are to the spy.
REMARK. The event "Notes A {|Agent B, Nonce PMS|}" appears in ClientCertKeyEx,
CertVerify, ClientFinished to record that A knows M. It is a note from A to
herself. Nobody else can see it. In ClientCertKeyEx, the Spy can substitute
his own certificate for A's, but he cannot replace A's note by one for himself.
The Note event avoids a weakness in the public-key model. Each
agent's state is recorded as the trace of messages. When the true client (A)
invents PMS, he encrypts PMS with B's public key before sending it. The model
does not distinguish the original occurrence of such a message from a replay.
In the shared-key model, the ability to encrypt implies the ability to
decrypt, so the problem does not arise.
Proofs would be simpler if ClientCertKeyEx included A's name within
Crypt KB (Nonce PMS). As things stand, there is much overlap between proofs
about that message (which B receives) and the stronger event
Notes A {|Agent B, Nonce PMS|}.
*)
TLS = Public +
consts
(*Pseudo-random function of Section 5*)
PRF :: "nat*nat*nat => nat"
(*Client, server write keys generated uniformly by function sessionK
to avoid duplicating their properties.
Theyimplicitly include the MAC secrets.*)
sessionK :: "bool*nat*nat*nat => key"
certificate :: "[agent,key] => msg"
defs
certificate_def
"certificate A KA == Crypt (priK Server) {|Agent A, Key KA|}"
syntax
clientK, serverK :: "nat*nat*nat => key"
translations
"clientK (x)" == "sessionK(True,x)"
"serverK (x)" == "sessionK(False,x)"
rules
inj_PRF "inj PRF"
(*sessionK is collision-free and makes symmetric keys*)
inj_sessionK "inj sessionK"
isSym_sessionK "isSymKey (sessionK x)"
(*serverK is similar*)
inj_serverK "inj serverK"
isSym_serverK "isSymKey (serverK x)"
(*Clashes with pubK and priK are impossible, but this axiom is needed.*)
clientK_range "range clientK <= Compl (range serverK)"
consts tls :: event list set
inductive tls
intrs
Nil (*Initial trace is empty*)
"[]: tls"
Fake (*The spy, an active attacker, MAY say anything he CAN say.*)
"[| evs: tls; B ~= Spy;
X: synth (analz (spies evs)) |]
==> Says Spy B X # evs : tls"
SpyKeys (*The spy may apply PRF, clientK & serverK to available nonces*)
"[| evsSK: tls;
Says Spy B {|Nonce NA, Nonce NB, Nonce M|} : set evsSK |]
==> Says Spy B {| Nonce (PRF(M,NA,NB)),
Key (clientK(NA,NB,M)),
Key (serverK(NA,NB,M)) |} # evsSK : tls"
ClientHello
(*(7.4.1.2)
XA represents CLIENT_VERSION, CIPHER_SUITES and COMPRESSION_METHODS.
It is uninterpreted but will be confirmed in the FINISHED messages.
NA is CLIENT RANDOM, while SID is SESSION_ID.
UNIX TIME is omitted because the protocol doesn't use it.
May assume NA ~: range PRF because CLIENT RANDOM is 28 bytes
while MASTER SECRET is 48 byptes*)
"[| evsCH: tls; A ~= B; Nonce NA ~: used evsCH; NA ~: range PRF |]
==> Says A B {|Agent A, Nonce NA, Number SID, Number XA|}
# evsCH : tls"
ServerHello
(*7.4.1.3 of the TLS Internet-Draft
XB represents CLIENT_VERSION, CIPHER_SUITE and COMPRESSION_METHOD.
SERVER CERTIFICATE (7.4.2) is always present.
CERTIFICATE_REQUEST (7.4.4) is implied.*)
"[| evsSH: tls; A ~= B; Nonce NB ~: used evsSH; NB ~: range PRF;
Says A' B {|Agent A, Nonce NA, Number SID, Number XA|}
: set evsSH |]
==> Says B A {|Nonce NB, Number SID, Number XB,
certificate B (pubK B)|}
# evsSH : tls"
ClientCertKeyEx
(*CLIENT CERTIFICATE (7.4.6) and KEY EXCHANGE (7.4.7).
The client, A, chooses PMS, the PREMASTER SECRET.
She encrypts PMS using the supplied KB, which ought to be pubK B.
We assume PMS ~: range PRF because a clash betweem the PMS
and another MASTER SECRET is highly unlikely (even though
both items have the same length, 48 bytes).
The Note event records in the trace that she knows PMS
(see REMARK at top). *)
"[| evsCX: tls; A ~= B; Nonce PMS ~: used evsCX; PMS ~: range PRF;
Says B' A {|Nonce NB, Number SID, Number XB, certificate B KB|}
: set evsCX |]
==> Says A B {|certificate A (pubK A), Crypt KB (Nonce PMS)|}
# Notes A {|Agent B, Nonce PMS|}
# evsCX : tls"
CertVerify
(*The optional Certificate Verify (7.4.8) message contains the
specific components listed in the security analysis, F.1.1.2.
It adds the pre-master-secret, which is also essential!
Checking the signature, which is the only use of A's certificate,
assures B of A's presence*)
"[| evsCV: tls; A ~= B;
Says B' A {|Nonce NB, Number SID, Number XB, certificate B KB|}
: set evsCV;
Notes A {|Agent B, Nonce PMS|} : set evsCV |]
==> Says A B (Crypt (priK A)
(Hash{|Nonce NB, certificate B KB, Nonce PMS|}))
# evsCV : tls"
(*Finally come the FINISHED messages (7.4.8), confirming XA and XB
among other things. The master-secret is PRF(PMS,NA,NB).
Either party may sent its message first.*)
ClientFinished
(*The occurrence of Notes A {|Agent B, Nonce PMS|} stops the
rule's applying when the Spy has satisfied the "Says A B" by
repaying messages sent by the true client; in that case, the
Spy does not know PMS and could not sent ClientFinished. One
could simply put A~=Spy into the rule, but one should not
expect the spy to be well-behaved.*)
"[| evsCF: tls;
Says A B {|Agent A, Nonce NA, Number SID, Number XA|}
: set evsCF;
Says B' A {|Nonce NB, Number SID, Number XB, certificate B KB|}
: set evsCF;
Notes A {|Agent B, Nonce PMS|} : set evsCF;
M = PRF(PMS,NA,NB) |]
==> Says A B (Crypt (clientK(NA,NB,M))
(Hash{|Nonce M, Number SID,
Nonce NA, Number XA, Agent A,
Nonce NB, Number XB, Agent B|}))
# evsCF : tls"
ServerFinished
(*Keeping A' and A'' distinct means B cannot even check that the
two messages originate from the same source. *)
"[| evsSF: tls;
Says A' B {|Agent A, Nonce NA, Number SID, Number XA|}
: set evsSF;
Says B A {|Nonce NB, Number SID, Number XB,
certificate B (pubK B)|}
: set evsSF;
Says A'' B {|certificate A KA, Crypt (pubK B) (Nonce PMS)|}
: set evsSF;
M = PRF(PMS,NA,NB) |]
==> Says B A (Crypt (serverK(NA,NB,M))
(Hash{|Nonce M, Number SID,
Nonce NA, Number XA, Agent A,
Nonce NB, Number XB, Agent B|}))
# evsSF : tls"
ClientAccepts
(*Having transmitted ClientFinished and received an identical
message encrypted with serverK, the client stores the parameters
needed to resume this session.*)
"[| evsCA: tls;
Notes A {|Agent B, Nonce PMS|} : set evsCA;
M = PRF(PMS,NA,NB);
X = Hash{|Nonce M, Number SID,
Nonce NA, Number XA, Agent A,
Nonce NB, Number XB, Agent B|};
Says A B (Crypt (clientK(NA,NB,M)) X) : set evsCA;
Says B' A (Crypt (serverK(NA,NB,M)) X) : set evsCA |]
==>
Notes A {|Number SID, Agent A, Agent B, Nonce M|} # evsCA : tls"
ServerAccepts
(*Having transmitted ServerFinished and received an identical
message encrypted with clientK, the server stores the parameters
needed to resume this session.*)
"[| evsSA: tls;
Says A'' B {|certificate A KA, Crypt (pubK B) (Nonce PMS)|}
: set evsSA;
M = PRF(PMS,NA,NB);
X = Hash{|Nonce M, Number SID,
Nonce NA, Number XA, Agent A,
Nonce NB, Number XB, Agent B|};
Says B A (Crypt (serverK(NA,NB,M)) X) : set evsSA;
Says A' B (Crypt (clientK(NA,NB,M)) X) : set evsSA |]
==>
Notes B {|Number SID, Agent A, Agent B, Nonce M|} # evsSA : tls"
ServerResume
(*Resumption is described in 7.3. If B finds the SESSION_ID
then he sends HELLO and FINISHED messages, using the
previously stored MASTER SECRET*)
"[| evsSR: tls; A ~= B; Nonce NB ~: used evsSR; NB ~: range PRF;
Notes B {|Number SID, Agent A, Agent B, Nonce M|} : set evsSR;
Says A' B {|Agent A, Nonce NA, Number SID, Number XA|}
: set evsSR |]
==> Says B A (Crypt (serverK(NA,NB,M))
(Hash{|Nonce M, Number SID,
Nonce NA, Number XA, Agent A,
Nonce NB, Number XB, Agent B|}))
# Says B A {|Nonce NB, Number SID, Number XB|} # evsSR : tls"
ClientResume
(*If the response to ClientHello is ServerResume then send
a FINISHED message using the new nonces and stored MASTER SECRET.*)
"[| evsCR: tls;
Says A B {|Agent A, Nonce NA, Number SID, Number XA|}
: set evsCR;
Says B' A {|Nonce NB, Number SID, Number XB|} : set evsCR;
Notes A {|Number SID, Agent A, Agent B, Nonce M|} : set evsCR |]
==> Says A B (Crypt (clientK(NA,NB,M))
(Hash{|Nonce M, Number SID,
Nonce NA, Number XA, Agent A,
Nonce NB, Number XB, Agent B|}))
# evsCR : tls"
(**Oops message??**)
end