(* Title: HOL/ex/set.thy
ID: $Id$
Author: Tobias Nipkow and Lawrence C Paulson
Copyright 1991 University of Cambridge
*)
header {* Set Theory examples: Cantor's Theorem, Schröder-Berstein Theorem, etc. *}
theory set = Main:
text{*
These two are cited in Benzmueller and Kohlhase's system description
of LEO, CADE-15, 1998 (pages 139-143) as theorems LEO could not
prove.
*}
lemma "(X = Y \<union> Z) =
(Y \<subseteq> X \<and> Z \<subseteq> X \<and> (\<forall>V. Y \<subseteq> V \<and> Z \<subseteq> V \<longrightarrow> X \<subseteq> V))"
by blast
lemma "(X = Y \<inter> Z) =
(X \<subseteq> Y \<and> X \<subseteq> Z \<and> (\<forall>V. V \<subseteq> Y \<and> V \<subseteq> Z \<longrightarrow> V \<subseteq> X))"
by blast
text {*
Trivial example of term synthesis: apparently hard for some provers!
*}
lemma "a \<noteq> b \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> ?X \<and> b \<notin> ?X"
by blast
subsection {* Examples for the @{text blast} paper *}
lemma "(\<Union>x \<in> C. f x \<union> g x) = \<Union>(f ` C) \<union> \<Union>(g ` C)"
-- {* Union-image, called @{text Un_Union_image} in Main HOL *}
by blast
lemma "(\<Inter>x \<in> C. f x \<inter> g x) = \<Inter>(f ` C) \<inter> \<Inter>(g ` C)"
-- {* Inter-image, called @{text Int_Inter_image} in Main HOL *}
by blast
lemma "\<And>S::'a set set. \<forall>x \<in> S. \<forall>y \<in> S. x \<subseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>z. S \<subseteq> {z}"
-- {* Singleton I. Nice demonstration of @{text blast}--and its limitations. *}
-- {* For some unfathomable reason, @{text UNIV_I} increases the search space greatly. *}
by (blast del: UNIV_I)
lemma "\<forall>x \<in> S. \<Union>S \<subseteq> x \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>z. S \<subseteq> {z}"
-- {*Singleton II. Variant of the benchmark above. *}
by (blast del: UNIV_I)
lemma "\<exists>!x. f (g x) = x \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>!y. g (f y) = y"
-- {* A unique fixpoint theorem --- @{text fast}/@{text best}/@{text meson} all fail. *}
apply (erule ex1E, rule ex1I, erule arg_cong)
apply (rule subst, assumption, erule allE, rule arg_cong, erule mp)
apply (erule arg_cong)
done
subsection {* Cantor's Theorem: There is no surjection from a set to its powerset *}
lemma cantor1: "\<not> (\<exists>f:: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a set. \<forall>S. \<exists>x. f x = S)"
-- {* Requires best-first search because it is undirectional. *}
by best
lemma "\<forall>f:: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a set. \<forall>x. f x \<noteq> ?S f"
-- {*This form displays the diagonal term. *}
by best
lemma "?S \<notin> range (f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a set)"
-- {* This form exploits the set constructs. *}
by (rule notI, erule rangeE, best)
lemma "?S \<notin> range (f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a set)"
-- {* Or just this! *}
by best
subsection {* The Schröder-Berstein Theorem *}
lemma disj_lemma: "- (f ` X) = g ` (-X) \<Longrightarrow> f a = g b \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> X \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> X"
by blast
lemma surj_if_then_else:
"-(f ` X) = g ` (-X) \<Longrightarrow> surj (\<lambda>z. if z \<in> X then f z else g z)"
by (simp add: surj_def) blast
lemma bij_if_then_else:
"inj_on f X \<Longrightarrow> inj_on g (-X) \<Longrightarrow> -(f ` X) = g ` (-X) \<Longrightarrow>
h = (\<lambda>z. if z \<in> X then f z else g z) \<Longrightarrow> inj h \<and> surj h"
apply (unfold inj_on_def)
apply (simp add: surj_if_then_else)
apply (blast dest: disj_lemma sym)
done
lemma decomposition: "\<exists>X. X = - (g ` (- (f ` X)))"
apply (rule exI)
apply (rule lfp_unfold)
apply (rule monoI, blast)
done
theorem Schroeder_Bernstein:
"inj (f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b) \<Longrightarrow> inj (g :: 'b \<Rightarrow> 'a)
\<Longrightarrow> \<exists>h:: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'b. inj h \<and> surj h"
apply (rule decomposition [THEN exE])
apply (rule exI)
apply (rule bij_if_then_else)
apply (rule_tac [4] refl)
apply (rule_tac [2] inj_on_inv)
apply (erule subset_inj_on [OF subset_UNIV])
txt {* Tricky variable instantiations! *}
apply (erule ssubst, subst double_complement)
apply (rule subsetI, erule imageE, erule ssubst, rule rangeI)
apply (erule ssubst, subst double_complement, erule inv_image_comp [symmetric])
done
subsection {* Set variable instantiation examples *}
text {*
From W. W. Bledsoe and Guohui Feng, SET-VAR. JAR 11 (3), 1993, pages
293-314.
Isabelle can prove the easy examples without any special mechanisms,
but it can't prove the hard ones.
*}
lemma "\<exists>A. (\<forall>x \<in> A. x \<le> (0::int))"
-- {* Example 1, page 295. *}
by force
lemma "D \<in> F \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>G. \<forall>A \<in> G. \<exists>B \<in> F. A \<subseteq> B"
-- {* Example 2. *}
by force
lemma "P a \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>A. (\<forall>x \<in> A. P x) \<and> (\<exists>y. y \<in> A)"
-- {* Example 3. *}
by force
lemma "a < b \<and> b < (c::int) \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>A. a \<notin> A \<and> b \<in> A \<and> c \<notin> A"
-- {* Example 4. *}
by force
lemma "P (f b) \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>s A. (\<forall>x \<in> A. P x) \<and> f s \<in> A"
-- {*Example 5, page 298. *}
by force
lemma "P (f b) \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>s A. (\<forall>x \<in> A. P x) \<and> f s \<in> A"
-- {* Example 6. *}
by force
lemma "\<exists>A. a \<notin> A"
-- {* Example 7. *}
by force
lemma "(\<forall>u v. u < (0::int) \<longrightarrow> u \<noteq> abs v)
\<longrightarrow> (\<exists>A::int set. (\<forall>y. abs y \<notin> A) \<and> -2 \<in> A)"
-- {* Example 8. *}
by force -- {* not @{text blast}, which can't simplify @{text "-2 < 0"} *}
text {* Example 9 omitted (requires the reals). *}
text {* The paper has no Example 10! *}
lemma "(\<forall>A. 0 \<in> A \<and> (\<forall>x \<in> A. Suc x \<in> A) \<longrightarrow> n \<in> A) \<and>
P 0 \<and> (\<forall>x. P x \<longrightarrow> P (Suc x)) \<longrightarrow> P n"
-- {* Example 11: needs a hint. *}
apply clarify
apply (drule_tac x = "{x. P x}" in spec)
apply force
done
lemma
"(\<forall>A. (0, 0) \<in> A \<and> (\<forall>x y. (x, y) \<in> A \<longrightarrow> (Suc x, Suc y) \<in> A) \<longrightarrow> (n, m) \<in> A)
\<and> P n \<longrightarrow> P m"
-- {* Example 12. *}
by auto
lemma
"(\<forall>x. (\<exists>u. x = 2 * u) = (\<not> (\<exists>v. Suc x = 2 * v))) \<longrightarrow>
(\<exists>A. \<forall>x. (x \<in> A) = (Suc x \<notin> A))"
-- {* Example EO1: typo in article, and with the obvious fix it seems
to require arithmetic reasoning. *}
apply clarify
apply (rule_tac x = "{x. \<exists>u. x = 2 * u}" in exI, auto)
apply (case_tac v, auto)
apply (drule_tac x = "Suc v" and P = "\<lambda>x. ?a x \<noteq> ?b x" in spec, force)
done
end