section \<open>Winding Numbers\<close>
text\<open>By John Harrison et al. Ported from HOL Light by L C Paulson (2017)\<close>
theory Winding_Numbers
imports
Polytope
Jordan_Curve
Riemann_Mapping
begin
lemma simply_connected_inside_simple_path:
fixes p :: "real \<Rightarrow> complex"
shows "simple_path p \<Longrightarrow> simply_connected(inside(path_image p))"
using Jordan_inside_outside connected_simple_path_image inside_simple_curve_imp_closed simply_connected_eq_frontier_properties
by fastforce
lemma simply_connected_Int:
fixes S :: "complex set"
assumes "open S" "open T" "simply_connected S" "simply_connected T" "connected (S \<inter> T)"
shows "simply_connected (S \<inter> T)"
using assms by (force simp: simply_connected_eq_winding_number_zero open_Int)
subsection\<open>Winding number for a triangle\<close>
lemma wn_triangle1:
assumes "0 \<in> interior(convex hull {a,b,c})"
shows "\<not> (Im(a/b) \<le> 0 \<and> 0 \<le> Im(b/c))"
proof -
{ assume 0: "Im(a/b) \<le> 0" "0 \<le> Im(b/c)"
have "0 \<notin> interior (convex hull {a,b,c})"
proof (cases "a=0 \<or> b=0 \<or> c=0")
case True then show ?thesis
by (auto simp: not_in_interior_convex_hull_3)
next
case False
then have "b \<noteq> 0" by blast
{ fix x y::complex and u::real
assume eq_f': "Im x * Re b \<le> Im b * Re x" "Im y * Re b \<le> Im b * Re y" "0 \<le> u" "u \<le> 1"
then have "((1 - u) * Im x) * Re b \<le> Im b * ((1 - u) * Re x)"
by (simp add: mult_left_mono mult.assoc mult.left_commute [of "Im b"])
then have "((1 - u) * Im x + u * Im y) * Re b \<le> Im b * ((1 - u) * Re x + u * Re y)"
using eq_f' ordered_comm_semiring_class.comm_mult_left_mono
by (fastforce simp add: algebra_simps)
}
with False 0 have "convex hull {a,b,c} \<le> {z. Im z * Re b \<le> Im b * Re z}"
apply (simp add: Complex.Im_divide divide_simps complex_neq_0 [symmetric])
apply (simp add: algebra_simps)
apply (rule hull_minimal)
apply (auto simp: algebra_simps convex_alt)
done
moreover have "0 \<notin> interior({z. Im z * Re b \<le> Im b * Re z})"
proof
assume "0 \<in> interior {z. Im z * Re b \<le> Im b * Re z}"
then obtain e where "e>0" and e: "ball 0 e \<subseteq> {z. Im z * Re b \<le> Im b * Re z}"
by (meson mem_interior)
define z where "z \<equiv> - sgn (Im b) * (e/3) + sgn (Re b) * (e/3) * \<i>"
have "z \<in> ball 0 e"
using \<open>e>0\<close>
apply (simp add: z_def dist_norm)
apply (rule le_less_trans [OF norm_triangle_ineq4])
apply (simp add: norm_mult abs_sgn_eq)
done
then have "z \<in> {z. Im z * Re b \<le> Im b * Re z}"
using e by blast
then show False
using \<open>e>0\<close> \<open>b \<noteq> 0\<close>
apply (simp add: z_def dist_norm sgn_if less_eq_real_def mult_less_0_iff complex.expand split: if_split_asm)
apply (auto simp: algebra_simps)
apply (meson less_asym less_trans mult_pos_pos neg_less_0_iff_less)
by (metis less_asym mult_pos_pos neg_less_0_iff_less)
qed
ultimately show ?thesis
using interior_mono by blast
qed
} with assms show ?thesis by blast
qed
lemma wn_triangle2_0:
assumes "0 \<in> interior(convex hull {a,b,c})"
shows
"0 < Im((b - a) * cnj (b)) \<and>
0 < Im((c - b) * cnj (c)) \<and>
0 < Im((a - c) * cnj (a))
\<or>
Im((b - a) * cnj (b)) < 0 \<and>
0 < Im((b - c) * cnj (b)) \<and>
0 < Im((a - b) * cnj (a)) \<and>
0 < Im((c - a) * cnj (c))"
proof -
have [simp]: "{b,c,a} = {a,b,c}" "{c,a,b} = {a,b,c}" by auto
show ?thesis
using wn_triangle1 [OF assms] wn_triangle1 [of b c a] wn_triangle1 [of c a b] assms
by (auto simp: algebra_simps Im_complex_div_gt_0 Im_complex_div_lt_0 not_le not_less)
qed
lemma wn_triangle2:
assumes "z \<in> interior(convex hull {a,b,c})"
shows "0 < Im((b - a) * cnj (b - z)) \<and>
0 < Im((c - b) * cnj (c - z)) \<and>
0 < Im((a - c) * cnj (a - z))
\<or>
Im((b - a) * cnj (b - z)) < 0 \<and>
0 < Im((b - c) * cnj (b - z)) \<and>
0 < Im((a - b) * cnj (a - z)) \<and>
0 < Im((c - a) * cnj (c - z))"
proof -
have 0: "0 \<in> interior(convex hull {a-z, b-z, c-z})"
using assms convex_hull_translation [of "-z" "{a,b,c}"]
interior_translation [of "-z"]
by (simp cong: image_cong_simp)
show ?thesis using wn_triangle2_0 [OF 0]
by simp
qed
lemma wn_triangle3:
assumes z: "z \<in> interior(convex hull {a,b,c})"
and "0 < Im((b-a) * cnj (b-z))"
"0 < Im((c-b) * cnj (c-z))"
"0 < Im((a-c) * cnj (a-z))"
shows "winding_number (linepath a b +++ linepath b c +++ linepath c a) z = 1"
proof -
have znot[simp]: "z \<notin> closed_segment a b" "z \<notin> closed_segment b c" "z \<notin> closed_segment c a"
using z interior_of_triangle [of a b c]
by (auto simp: closed_segment_def)
have gt0: "0 < Re (winding_number (linepath a b +++ linepath b c +++ linepath c a) z)"
using assms
by (simp add: winding_number_linepath_pos_lt path_image_join winding_number_join_pos_combined)
have lt2: "Re (winding_number (linepath a b +++ linepath b c +++ linepath c a) z) < 2"
using winding_number_lt_half_linepath [of _ a b]
using winding_number_lt_half_linepath [of _ b c]
using winding_number_lt_half_linepath [of _ c a] znot
apply (fastforce simp add: winding_number_join path_image_join)
done
show ?thesis
by (rule winding_number_eq_1) (simp_all add: path_image_join gt0 lt2)
qed
proposition winding_number_triangle:
assumes z: "z \<in> interior(convex hull {a,b,c})"
shows "winding_number(linepath a b +++ linepath b c +++ linepath c a) z =
(if 0 < Im((b - a) * cnj (b - z)) then 1 else -1)"
proof -
have [simp]: "{a,c,b} = {a,b,c}" by auto
have znot[simp]: "z \<notin> closed_segment a b" "z \<notin> closed_segment b c" "z \<notin> closed_segment c a"
using z interior_of_triangle [of a b c]
by (auto simp: closed_segment_def)
then have [simp]: "z \<notin> closed_segment b a" "z \<notin> closed_segment c b" "z \<notin> closed_segment a c"
using closed_segment_commute by blast+
have *: "winding_number (linepath a b +++ linepath b c +++ linepath c a) z =
winding_number (reversepath (linepath a c +++ linepath c b +++ linepath b a)) z"
by (simp add: reversepath_joinpaths winding_number_join not_in_path_image_join)
show ?thesis
using wn_triangle2 [OF z] apply (rule disjE)
apply (simp add: wn_triangle3 z)
apply (simp add: path_image_join winding_number_reversepath * wn_triangle3 z)
done
qed
subsection\<open>Winding numbers for simple closed paths\<close>
lemma winding_number_from_innerpath:
assumes "simple_path c1" and c1: "pathstart c1 = a" "pathfinish c1 = b"
and "simple_path c2" and c2: "pathstart c2 = a" "pathfinish c2 = b"
and "simple_path c" and c: "pathstart c = a" "pathfinish c = b"
and c1c2: "path_image c1 \<inter> path_image c2 = {a,b}"
and c1c: "path_image c1 \<inter> path_image c = {a,b}"
and c2c: "path_image c2 \<inter> path_image c = {a,b}"
and ne_12: "path_image c \<inter> inside(path_image c1 \<union> path_image c2) \<noteq> {}"
and z: "z \<in> inside(path_image c1 \<union> path_image c)"
and wn_d: "winding_number (c1 +++ reversepath c) z = d"
and "a \<noteq> b" "d \<noteq> 0"
obtains "z \<in> inside(path_image c1 \<union> path_image c2)" "winding_number (c1 +++ reversepath c2) z = d"
proof -
obtain 0: "inside(path_image c1 \<union> path_image c) \<inter> inside(path_image c2 \<union> path_image c) = {}"
and 1: "inside(path_image c1 \<union> path_image c) \<union> inside(path_image c2 \<union> path_image c) \<union>
(path_image c - {a,b}) = inside(path_image c1 \<union> path_image c2)"
by (rule split_inside_simple_closed_curve
[OF \<open>simple_path c1\<close> c1 \<open>simple_path c2\<close> c2 \<open>simple_path c\<close> c \<open>a \<noteq> b\<close> c1c2 c1c c2c ne_12])
have znot: "z \<notin> path_image c" "z \<notin> path_image c1" "z \<notin> path_image c2"
using union_with_outside z 1 by auto
have wn_cc2: "winding_number (c +++ reversepath c2) z = 0"
apply (rule winding_number_zero_in_outside)
apply (simp_all add: \<open>simple_path c2\<close> c c2 \<open>simple_path c\<close> simple_path_imp_path path_image_join)
by (metis "0" ComplI UnE disjoint_iff_not_equal sup.commute union_with_inside z znot)
show ?thesis
proof
show "z \<in> inside (path_image c1 \<union> path_image c2)"
using "1" z by blast
have "winding_number c1 z - winding_number c z = d "
using assms znot
by (metis wn_d winding_number_join simple_path_imp_path winding_number_reversepath add.commute path_image_reversepath path_reversepath pathstart_reversepath uminus_add_conv_diff)
then show "winding_number (c1 +++ reversepath c2) z = d"
using wn_cc2 by (simp add: winding_number_join simple_path_imp_path assms znot winding_number_reversepath)
qed
qed
lemma simple_closed_path_wn1:
fixes a::complex and e::real
assumes "0 < e"
and sp_pl: "simple_path(p +++ linepath (a - e) (a + e))"
and psp: "pathstart p = a + e"
and pfp: "pathfinish p = a - e"
and disj: "ball a e \<inter> path_image p = {}"
obtains z where "z \<in> inside (path_image (p +++ linepath (a - e) (a + e)))"
"cmod (winding_number (p +++ linepath (a - e) (a + e)) z) = 1"
proof -
have "arc p" and arc_lp: "arc (linepath (a - e) (a + e))"
and pap: "path_image p \<inter> path_image (linepath (a - e) (a + e)) \<subseteq> {pathstart p, a-e}"
using simple_path_join_loop_eq [of "linepath (a - e) (a + e)" p] assms by auto
have mid_eq_a: "midpoint (a - e) (a + e) = a"
by (simp add: midpoint_def)
then have "a \<in> path_image(p +++ linepath (a - e) (a + e))"
apply (simp add: assms path_image_join)
by (metis midpoint_in_closed_segment)
have "a \<in> frontier(inside (path_image(p +++ linepath (a - e) (a + e))))"
apply (simp add: assms Jordan_inside_outside)
apply (simp_all add: assms path_image_join)
by (metis mid_eq_a midpoint_in_closed_segment)
with \<open>0 < e\<close> obtain c where c: "c \<in> inside (path_image(p +++ linepath (a - e) (a + e)))"
and dac: "dist a c < e"
by (auto simp: frontier_straddle)
then have "c \<notin> path_image(p +++ linepath (a - e) (a + e))"
using inside_no_overlap by blast
then have "c \<notin> path_image p"
"c \<notin> closed_segment (a - of_real e) (a + of_real e)"
by (simp_all add: assms path_image_join)
with \<open>0 < e\<close> dac have "c \<notin> affine hull {a - of_real e, a + of_real e}"
by (simp add: segment_as_ball not_le)
with \<open>0 < e\<close> have *: "\<not> collinear {a - e, c,a + e}"
using collinear_3_affine_hull [of "a-e" "a+e"] by (auto simp: insert_commute)
have 13: "1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 = (1::real)" by simp
have "(1/3) *\<^sub>R (a - of_real e) + (1/3) *\<^sub>R c + (1/3) *\<^sub>R (a + of_real e) \<in> interior(convex hull {a - e, c, a + e})"
using interior_convex_hull_3_minimal [OF * DIM_complex]
by clarsimp (metis 13 zero_less_divide_1_iff zero_less_numeral)
then obtain z where z: "z \<in> interior(convex hull {a - e, c, a + e})" by force
have [simp]: "z \<notin> closed_segment (a - e) c"
by (metis DIM_complex Diff_iff IntD2 inf_sup_absorb interior_of_triangle z)
have [simp]: "z \<notin> closed_segment (a + e) (a - e)"
by (metis DIM_complex DiffD2 Un_iff interior_of_triangle z)
have [simp]: "z \<notin> closed_segment c (a + e)"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) DIM_complex DiffD2 Un_insert_right inf_sup_aci(5) insertCI interior_of_triangle mk_disjoint_insert z)
show thesis
proof
have "norm (winding_number (linepath (a - e) c +++ linepath c (a + e) +++ linepath (a + e) (a - e)) z) = 1"
using winding_number_triangle [OF z] by simp
have zin: "z \<in> inside (path_image (linepath (a + e) (a - e)) \<union> path_image p)"
and zeq: "winding_number (linepath (a + e) (a - e) +++ reversepath p) z =
winding_number (linepath (a - e) c +++ linepath c (a + e) +++ linepath (a + e) (a - e)) z"
proof (rule winding_number_from_innerpath
[of "linepath (a + e) (a - e)" "a+e" "a-e" p
"linepath (a + e) c +++ linepath c (a - e)" z
"winding_number (linepath (a - e) c +++ linepath c (a + e) +++ linepath (a + e) (a - e)) z"])
show sp_aec: "simple_path (linepath (a + e) c +++ linepath c (a - e))"
proof (rule arc_imp_simple_path [OF arc_join])
show "arc (linepath (a + e) c)"
by (metis \<open>c \<notin> path_image p\<close> arc_linepath pathstart_in_path_image psp)
show "arc (linepath c (a - e))"
by (metis \<open>c \<notin> path_image p\<close> arc_linepath pathfinish_in_path_image pfp)
show "path_image (linepath (a + e) c) \<inter> path_image (linepath c (a - e)) \<subseteq> {pathstart (linepath c (a - e))}"
by clarsimp (metis "*" IntI Int_closed_segment closed_segment_commute singleton_iff)
qed auto
show "simple_path p"
using \<open>arc p\<close> arc_simple_path by blast
show sp_ae2: "simple_path (linepath (a + e) (a - e))"
using \<open>arc p\<close> arc_distinct_ends pfp psp by fastforce
show pa: "pathfinish (linepath (a + e) (a - e)) = a - e"
"pathstart (linepath (a + e) c +++ linepath c (a - e)) = a + e"
"pathfinish (linepath (a + e) c +++ linepath c (a - e)) = a - e"
"pathstart p = a + e" "pathfinish p = a - e"
"pathstart (linepath (a + e) (a - e)) = a + e"
by (simp_all add: assms)
show 1: "path_image (linepath (a + e) (a - e)) \<inter> path_image p = {a + e, a - e}"
proof
show "path_image (linepath (a + e) (a - e)) \<inter> path_image p \<subseteq> {a + e, a - e}"
using pap closed_segment_commute psp segment_convex_hull by fastforce
show "{a + e, a - e} \<subseteq> path_image (linepath (a + e) (a - e)) \<inter> path_image p"
using pap pathfinish_in_path_image pathstart_in_path_image pfp psp by fastforce
qed
show 2: "path_image (linepath (a + e) (a - e)) \<inter> path_image (linepath (a + e) c +++ linepath c (a - e)) =
{a + e, a - e}" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
have "\<not> collinear {c, a + e, a - e}"
using * by (simp add: insert_commute)
then have "convex hull {a + e, a - e} \<inter> convex hull {a + e, c} = {a + e}"
"convex hull {a + e, a - e} \<inter> convex hull {c, a - e} = {a - e}"
by (metis (full_types) Int_closed_segment insert_commute segment_convex_hull)+
then show "?lhs \<subseteq> ?rhs"
by (metis Int_Un_distrib equalityD1 insert_is_Un path_image_join path_image_linepath path_join_eq path_linepath segment_convex_hull simple_path_def sp_aec)
show "?rhs \<subseteq> ?lhs"
using segment_convex_hull by (simp add: path_image_join)
qed
have "path_image p \<inter> path_image (linepath (a + e) c) \<subseteq> {a + e}"
proof (clarsimp simp: path_image_join)
fix x
assume "x \<in> path_image p" and x_ac: "x \<in> closed_segment (a + e) c"
then have "dist x a \<ge> e"
by (metis IntI all_not_in_conv disj dist_commute mem_ball not_less)
with x_ac dac \<open>e > 0\<close> show "x = a + e"
by (auto simp: norm_minus_commute dist_norm closed_segment_eq_open dest: open_segment_furthest_le [where y=a])
qed
moreover
have "path_image p \<inter> path_image (linepath c (a - e)) \<subseteq> {a - e}"
proof (clarsimp simp: path_image_join)
fix x
assume "x \<in> path_image p" and x_ac: "x \<in> closed_segment c (a - e)"
then have "dist x a \<ge> e"
by (metis IntI all_not_in_conv disj dist_commute mem_ball not_less)
with x_ac dac \<open>e > 0\<close> show "x = a - e"
by (auto simp: norm_minus_commute dist_norm closed_segment_eq_open dest: open_segment_furthest_le [where y=a])
qed
ultimately
have "path_image p \<inter> path_image (linepath (a + e) c +++ linepath c (a - e)) \<subseteq> {a + e, a - e}"
by (force simp: path_image_join)
then show 3: "path_image p \<inter> path_image (linepath (a + e) c +++ linepath c (a - e)) = {a + e, a - e}"
apply (rule equalityI)
apply (clarsimp simp: path_image_join)
apply (metis pathstart_in_path_image psp pathfinish_in_path_image pfp)
done
show 4: "path_image (linepath (a + e) c +++ linepath c (a - e)) \<inter>
inside (path_image (linepath (a + e) (a - e)) \<union> path_image p) \<noteq> {}"
apply (clarsimp simp: path_image_join segment_convex_hull disjoint_iff_not_equal)
by (metis (no_types, hide_lams) UnI1 Un_commute c closed_segment_commute ends_in_segment(1) path_image_join
path_image_linepath pathstart_linepath pfp segment_convex_hull)
show zin_inside: "z \<in> inside (path_image (linepath (a + e) (a - e)) \<union>
path_image (linepath (a + e) c +++ linepath c (a - e)))"
apply (simp add: path_image_join)
by (metis z inside_of_triangle DIM_complex Un_commute closed_segment_commute)
show 5: "winding_number
(linepath (a + e) (a - e) +++ reversepath (linepath (a + e) c +++ linepath c (a - e))) z =
winding_number (linepath (a - e) c +++ linepath c (a + e) +++ linepath (a + e) (a - e)) z"
by (simp add: reversepath_joinpaths path_image_join winding_number_join)
show 6: "winding_number (linepath (a - e) c +++ linepath c (a + e) +++ linepath (a + e) (a - e)) z \<noteq> 0"
by (simp add: winding_number_triangle z)
show "winding_number (linepath (a + e) (a - e) +++ reversepath p) z =
winding_number (linepath (a - e) c +++ linepath c (a + e) +++ linepath (a + e) (a - e)) z"
by (metis 1 2 3 4 5 6 pa sp_aec sp_ae2 \<open>arc p\<close> \<open>simple_path p\<close> arc_distinct_ends winding_number_from_innerpath zin_inside)
qed (use assms \<open>e > 0\<close> in auto)
show "z \<in> inside (path_image (p +++ linepath (a - e) (a + e)))"
using zin by (simp add: assms path_image_join Un_commute closed_segment_commute)
then have "cmod (winding_number (p +++ linepath (a - e) (a + e)) z) =
cmod ((winding_number(reversepath (p +++ linepath (a - e) (a + e))) z))"
apply (subst winding_number_reversepath)
using simple_path_imp_path sp_pl apply blast
apply (metis IntI emptyE inside_no_overlap)
by (simp add: inside_def)
also have "... = cmod (winding_number(linepath (a + e) (a - e) +++ reversepath p) z)"
by (simp add: pfp reversepath_joinpaths)
also have "... = cmod (winding_number (linepath (a - e) c +++ linepath c (a + e) +++ linepath (a + e) (a - e)) z)"
by (simp add: zeq)
also have "... = 1"
using z by (simp add: interior_of_triangle winding_number_triangle)
finally show "cmod (winding_number (p +++ linepath (a - e) (a + e)) z) = 1" .
qed
qed
lemma simple_closed_path_wn2:
fixes a::complex and d e::real
assumes "0 < d" "0 < e"
and sp_pl: "simple_path(p +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e))"
and psp: "pathstart p = a + e"
and pfp: "pathfinish p = a - d"
obtains z where "z \<in> inside (path_image (p +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)))"
"cmod (winding_number (p +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)) z) = 1"
proof -
have [simp]: "a + of_real x \<in> closed_segment (a - \<alpha>) (a - \<beta>) \<longleftrightarrow> x \<in> closed_segment (-\<alpha>) (-\<beta>)" for x \<alpha> \<beta>::real
using closed_segment_translation_eq [of a]
by (metis (no_types, hide_lams) add_uminus_conv_diff of_real_minus of_real_closed_segment)
have [simp]: "a - of_real x \<in> closed_segment (a + \<alpha>) (a + \<beta>) \<longleftrightarrow> -x \<in> closed_segment \<alpha> \<beta>" for x \<alpha> \<beta>::real
by (metis closed_segment_translation_eq diff_conv_add_uminus of_real_closed_segment of_real_minus)
have "arc p" and arc_lp: "arc (linepath (a - d) (a + e))" and "path p"
and pap: "path_image p \<inter> closed_segment (a - d) (a + e) \<subseteq> {a+e, a-d}"
using simple_path_join_loop_eq [of "linepath (a - d) (a + e)" p] assms arc_imp_path by auto
have "0 \<in> closed_segment (-d) e"
using \<open>0 < d\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close> closed_segment_eq_real_ivl by auto
then have "a \<in> path_image (linepath (a - d) (a + e))"
using of_real_closed_segment [THEN iffD2]
by (force dest: closed_segment_translation_eq [of a, THEN iffD2] simp del: of_real_closed_segment)
then have "a \<notin> path_image p"
using \<open>0 < d\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close> pap by auto
then obtain k where "0 < k" and k: "ball a k \<inter> (path_image p) = {}"
using \<open>0 < e\<close> \<open>path p\<close> not_on_path_ball by blast
define kde where "kde \<equiv> (min k (min d e)) / 2"
have "0 < kde" "kde < k" "kde < d" "kde < e"
using \<open>0 < k\<close> \<open>0 < d\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close> by (auto simp: kde_def)
let ?q = "linepath (a + kde) (a + e) +++ p +++ linepath (a - d) (a - kde)"
have "- kde \<in> closed_segment (-d) e"
using \<open>0 < kde\<close> \<open>kde < d\<close> \<open>kde < e\<close> closed_segment_eq_real_ivl by auto
then have a_diff_kde: "a - kde \<in> closed_segment (a - d) (a + e)"
using of_real_closed_segment [THEN iffD2]
by (force dest: closed_segment_translation_eq [of a, THEN iffD2] simp del: of_real_closed_segment)
then have clsub2: "closed_segment (a - d) (a - kde) \<subseteq> closed_segment (a - d) (a + e)"
by (simp add: subset_closed_segment)
then have "path_image p \<inter> closed_segment (a - d) (a - kde) \<subseteq> {a + e, a - d}"
using pap by force
moreover
have "a + e \<notin> path_image p \<inter> closed_segment (a - d) (a - kde)"
using \<open>0 < kde\<close> \<open>kde < d\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close> by (auto simp: closed_segment_eq_real_ivl)
ultimately have sub_a_diff_d: "path_image p \<inter> closed_segment (a - d) (a - kde) \<subseteq> {a - d}"
by blast
have "kde \<in> closed_segment (-d) e"
using \<open>0 < kde\<close> \<open>kde < d\<close> \<open>kde < e\<close> closed_segment_eq_real_ivl by auto
then have a_diff_kde: "a + kde \<in> closed_segment (a - d) (a + e)"
using of_real_closed_segment [THEN iffD2]
by (force dest: closed_segment_translation_eq [of "a", THEN iffD2] simp del: of_real_closed_segment)
then have clsub1: "closed_segment (a + kde) (a + e) \<subseteq> closed_segment (a - d) (a + e)"
by (simp add: subset_closed_segment)
then have "closed_segment (a + kde) (a + e) \<inter> path_image p \<subseteq> {a + e, a - d}"
using pap by force
moreover
have "closed_segment (a + kde) (a + e) \<inter> closed_segment (a - d) (a - kde) = {}"
proof (clarsimp intro!: equals0I)
fix y
assume y1: "y \<in> closed_segment (a + kde) (a + e)"
and y2: "y \<in> closed_segment (a - d) (a - kde)"
obtain u where u: "y = a + of_real u" and "0 < u"
using y1 \<open>0 < kde\<close> \<open>kde < e\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close> apply (clarsimp simp: in_segment)
apply (rule_tac u = "(1 - u)*kde + u*e" in that)
apply (auto simp: scaleR_conv_of_real algebra_simps)
by (meson le_less_trans less_add_same_cancel2 less_eq_real_def mult_left_mono)
moreover
obtain v where v: "y = a + of_real v" and "v \<le> 0"
using y2 \<open>0 < kde\<close> \<open>0 < d\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close> apply (clarsimp simp: in_segment)
apply (rule_tac v = "- ((1 - u)*d + u*kde)" in that)
apply (force simp: scaleR_conv_of_real algebra_simps)
by (meson less_eq_real_def neg_le_0_iff_le segment_bound_lemma)
ultimately show False
by auto
qed
moreover have "a - d \<notin> closed_segment (a + kde) (a + e)"
using \<open>0 < kde\<close> \<open>kde < d\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close> by (auto simp: closed_segment_eq_real_ivl)
ultimately have sub_a_plus_e:
"closed_segment (a + kde) (a + e) \<inter> (path_image p \<union> closed_segment (a - d) (a - kde))
\<subseteq> {a + e}"
by auto
have "kde \<in> closed_segment (-kde) e"
using \<open>0 < kde\<close> \<open>kde < d\<close> \<open>kde < e\<close> closed_segment_eq_real_ivl by auto
then have a_add_kde: "a + kde \<in> closed_segment (a - kde) (a + e)"
using of_real_closed_segment [THEN iffD2]
by (force dest: closed_segment_translation_eq [of "a", THEN iffD2] simp del: of_real_closed_segment)
have "closed_segment (a - kde) (a + kde) \<inter> closed_segment (a + kde) (a + e) = {a + kde}"
by (metis a_add_kde Int_closed_segment)
moreover
have "path_image p \<inter> closed_segment (a - kde) (a + kde) = {}"
proof (rule equals0I, clarify)
fix y assume "y \<in> path_image p" "y \<in> closed_segment (a - kde) (a + kde)"
with equals0D [OF k, of y] \<open>0 < kde\<close> \<open>kde < k\<close> show False
by (auto simp: dist_norm dest: dist_decreases_closed_segment [where c=a])
qed
moreover
have "- kde \<in> closed_segment (-d) kde"
using \<open>0 < kde\<close> \<open>kde < d\<close> \<open>kde < e\<close> closed_segment_eq_real_ivl by auto
then have a_diff_kde': "a - kde \<in> closed_segment (a - d) (a + kde)"
using of_real_closed_segment [THEN iffD2]
by (force dest: closed_segment_translation_eq [of a, THEN iffD2] simp del: of_real_closed_segment)
then have "closed_segment (a - d) (a - kde) \<inter> closed_segment (a - kde) (a + kde) = {a - kde}"
by (metis Int_closed_segment)
ultimately
have pa_subset_pm_kde: "path_image ?q \<inter> closed_segment (a - kde) (a + kde) \<subseteq> {a - kde, a + kde}"
by (auto simp: path_image_join assms)
have ge_kde1: "\<exists>y. x = a + y \<and> y \<ge> kde" if "x \<in> closed_segment (a + kde) (a + e)" for x
using that \<open>kde < e\<close> mult_le_cancel_left
apply (auto simp: in_segment)
apply (rule_tac x="(1-u)*kde + u*e" in exI)
apply (fastforce simp: algebra_simps scaleR_conv_of_real)
done
have ge_kde2: "\<exists>y. x = a + y \<and> y \<le> -kde" if "x \<in> closed_segment (a - d) (a - kde)" for x
using that \<open>kde < d\<close> affine_ineq
apply (auto simp: in_segment)
apply (rule_tac x="- ((1-u)*d + u*kde)" in exI)
apply (fastforce simp: algebra_simps scaleR_conv_of_real)
done
have notin_paq: "x \<notin> path_image ?q" if "dist a x < kde" for x
using that using \<open>0 < kde\<close> \<open>kde < d\<close> \<open>kde < k\<close>
apply (auto simp: path_image_join assms dist_norm dest!: ge_kde1 ge_kde2)
by (meson k disjoint_iff_not_equal le_less_trans less_eq_real_def mem_ball that)
obtain z where zin: "z \<in> inside (path_image (?q +++ linepath (a - kde) (a + kde)))"
and z1: "cmod (winding_number (?q +++ linepath (a - kde) (a + kde)) z) = 1"
proof (rule simple_closed_path_wn1 [of kde ?q a])
show "simple_path (?q +++ linepath (a - kde) (a + kde))"
proof (intro simple_path_join_loop conjI)
show "arc ?q"
proof (rule arc_join)
show "arc (linepath (a + kde) (a + e))"
using \<open>kde < e\<close> \<open>arc p\<close> by (force simp: pfp)
show "arc (p +++ linepath (a - d) (a - kde))"
using \<open>kde < d\<close> \<open>kde < e\<close> \<open>arc p\<close> sub_a_diff_d by (force simp: pfp intro: arc_join)
qed (auto simp: psp pfp path_image_join sub_a_plus_e)
show "arc (linepath (a - kde) (a + kde))"
using \<open>0 < kde\<close> by auto
qed (use pa_subset_pm_kde in auto)
qed (use \<open>0 < kde\<close> notin_paq in auto)
have eq: "path_image (?q +++ linepath (a - kde) (a + kde)) = path_image (p +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e))"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
show "?lhs \<subseteq> ?rhs"
using clsub1 clsub2 apply (auto simp: path_image_join assms)
by (meson subsetCE subset_closed_segment)
show "?rhs \<subseteq> ?lhs"
apply (simp add: path_image_join assms Un_ac)
by (metis Un_closed_segment Un_assoc a_diff_kde a_diff_kde' le_supI2 subset_refl)
qed
show thesis
proof
show zzin: "z \<in> inside (path_image (p +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)))"
by (metis eq zin)
then have znotin: "z \<notin> path_image p"
by (metis ComplD Un_iff inside_Un_outside path_image_join pathfinish_linepath pathstart_reversepath pfp reversepath_linepath)
have znotin_de: "z \<notin> closed_segment (a - d) (a + kde)"
by (metis ComplD Un_iff Un_closed_segment a_diff_kde inside_Un_outside path_image_join path_image_linepath pathstart_linepath pfp zzin)
have "winding_number (linepath (a - d) (a + e)) z =
winding_number (linepath (a - d) (a + kde)) z + winding_number (linepath (a + kde) (a + e)) z"
apply (rule winding_number_split_linepath)
apply (simp add: a_diff_kde)
by (metis ComplD Un_iff inside_Un_outside path_image_join path_image_linepath pathstart_linepath pfp zzin)
also have "... = winding_number (linepath (a + kde) (a + e)) z +
(winding_number (linepath (a - d) (a - kde)) z +
winding_number (linepath (a - kde) (a + kde)) z)"
by (simp add: winding_number_split_linepath [of "a-kde", symmetric] znotin_de a_diff_kde')
finally have "winding_number (p +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)) z =
winding_number p z + winding_number (linepath (a + kde) (a + e)) z +
(winding_number (linepath (a - d) (a - kde)) z +
winding_number (linepath (a - kde) (a + kde)) z)"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) ComplD Un_iff \<open>arc p\<close> add.assoc arc_imp_path eq path_image_join path_join_path_ends path_linepath simple_path_imp_path sp_pl union_with_outside winding_number_join zin)
also have "... = winding_number ?q z + winding_number (linepath (a - kde) (a + kde)) z"
using \<open>path p\<close> znotin assms zzin clsub1
apply (subst winding_number_join, auto)
apply (metis (no_types, hide_lams) ComplD Un_iff contra_subsetD inside_Un_outside path_image_join path_image_linepath pathstart_linepath)
apply (metis Un_iff Un_closed_segment a_diff_kde' not_in_path_image_join path_image_linepath znotin_de)
by (metis Un_iff Un_closed_segment a_diff_kde' path_image_linepath path_linepath pathstart_linepath winding_number_join znotin_de)
also have "... = winding_number (?q +++ linepath (a - kde) (a + kde)) z"
using \<open>path p\<close> assms zin
apply (subst winding_number_join [symmetric], auto)
apply (metis ComplD Un_iff path_image_join pathfinish_join pathfinish_linepath pathstart_linepath union_with_outside)
by (metis Un_iff Un_closed_segment a_diff_kde' znotin_de)
finally have "winding_number (p +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)) z =
winding_number (?q +++ linepath (a - kde) (a + kde)) z" .
then show "cmod (winding_number (p +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)) z) = 1"
by (simp add: z1)
qed
qed
lemma simple_closed_path_wn3:
fixes p :: "real \<Rightarrow> complex"
assumes "simple_path p" and loop: "pathfinish p = pathstart p"
obtains z where "z \<in> inside (path_image p)" "cmod (winding_number p z) = 1"
proof -
have ins: "inside(path_image p) \<noteq> {}" "open(inside(path_image p))"
"connected(inside(path_image p))"
and out: "outside(path_image p) \<noteq> {}" "open(outside(path_image p))"
"connected(outside(path_image p))"
and bo: "bounded(inside(path_image p))" "\<not> bounded(outside(path_image p))"
and ins_out: "inside(path_image p) \<inter> outside(path_image p) = {}"
"inside(path_image p) \<union> outside(path_image p) = - path_image p"
and fro: "frontier(inside(path_image p)) = path_image p"
"frontier(outside(path_image p)) = path_image p"
using Jordan_inside_outside [OF assms] by auto
obtain a where a: "a \<in> inside(path_image p)"
using \<open>inside (path_image p) \<noteq> {}\<close> by blast
obtain d::real where "0 < d" and d_fro: "a - d \<in> frontier (inside (path_image p))"
and d_int: "\<And>\<epsilon>. \<lbrakk>0 \<le> \<epsilon>; \<epsilon> < d\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (a - \<epsilon>) \<in> inside (path_image p)"
apply (rule ray_to_frontier [of "inside (path_image p)" a "-1"])
using \<open>bounded (inside (path_image p))\<close> \<open>open (inside (path_image p))\<close> a interior_eq
apply (auto simp: of_real_def)
done
obtain e::real where "0 < e" and e_fro: "a + e \<in> frontier (inside (path_image p))"
and e_int: "\<And>\<epsilon>. \<lbrakk>0 \<le> \<epsilon>; \<epsilon> < e\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (a + \<epsilon>) \<in> inside (path_image p)"
apply (rule ray_to_frontier [of "inside (path_image p)" a 1])
using \<open>bounded (inside (path_image p))\<close> \<open>open (inside (path_image p))\<close> a interior_eq
apply (auto simp: of_real_def)
done
obtain t0 where "0 \<le> t0" "t0 \<le> 1" and pt: "p t0 = a - d"
using a d_fro fro by (auto simp: path_image_def)
obtain q where "simple_path q" and q_ends: "pathstart q = a - d" "pathfinish q = a - d"
and q_eq_p: "path_image q = path_image p"
and wn_q_eq_wn_p: "\<And>z. z \<in> inside(path_image p) \<Longrightarrow> winding_number q z = winding_number p z"
proof
show "simple_path (shiftpath t0 p)"
by (simp add: pathstart_shiftpath pathfinish_shiftpath
simple_path_shiftpath path_image_shiftpath \<open>0 \<le> t0\<close> \<open>t0 \<le> 1\<close> assms)
show "pathstart (shiftpath t0 p) = a - d"
using pt by (simp add: \<open>t0 \<le> 1\<close> pathstart_shiftpath)
show "pathfinish (shiftpath t0 p) = a - d"
by (simp add: \<open>0 \<le> t0\<close> loop pathfinish_shiftpath pt)
show "path_image (shiftpath t0 p) = path_image p"
by (simp add: \<open>0 \<le> t0\<close> \<open>t0 \<le> 1\<close> loop path_image_shiftpath)
show "winding_number (shiftpath t0 p) z = winding_number p z"
if "z \<in> inside (path_image p)" for z
by (metis ComplD Un_iff \<open>0 \<le> t0\<close> \<open>t0 \<le> 1\<close> \<open>simple_path p\<close> atLeastAtMost_iff inside_Un_outside
loop simple_path_imp_path that winding_number_shiftpath)
qed
have ad_not_ae: "a - d \<noteq> a + e"
by (metis \<open>0 < d\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close> add.left_inverse add_left_cancel add_uminus_conv_diff
le_add_same_cancel2 less_eq_real_def not_less of_real_add of_real_def of_real_eq_0_iff pt)
have ad_ae_q: "{a - d, a + e} \<subseteq> path_image q"
using \<open>path_image q = path_image p\<close> d_fro e_fro fro(1) by auto
have ada: "open_segment (a - d) a \<subseteq> inside (path_image p)"
proof (clarsimp simp: in_segment)
fix u::real assume "0 < u" "u < 1"
with d_int have "a - (1 - u) * d \<in> inside (path_image p)"
by (metis \<open>0 < d\<close> add.commute diff_add_cancel left_diff_distrib' less_add_same_cancel2 less_eq_real_def mult.left_neutral zero_less_mult_iff)
then show "(1 - u) *\<^sub>R (a - d) + u *\<^sub>R a \<in> inside (path_image p)"
by (simp add: diff_add_eq of_real_def real_vector.scale_right_diff_distrib)
qed
have aae: "open_segment a (a + e) \<subseteq> inside (path_image p)"
proof (clarsimp simp: in_segment)
fix u::real assume "0 < u" "u < 1"
with e_int have "a + u * e \<in> inside (path_image p)"
by (meson \<open>0 < e\<close> less_eq_real_def mult_less_cancel_right2 not_less zero_less_mult_iff)
then show "(1 - u) *\<^sub>R a + u *\<^sub>R (a + e) \<in> inside (path_image p)"
apply (simp add: algebra_simps)
by (simp add: diff_add_eq of_real_def real_vector.scale_right_diff_distrib)
qed
have "complex_of_real (d * d + (e * e + d * (e + e))) \<noteq> 0"
using ad_not_ae
by (metis \<open>0 < d\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close> add_strict_left_mono less_add_same_cancel1 not_sum_squares_lt_zero
of_real_eq_0_iff zero_less_double_add_iff_zero_less_single_add zero_less_mult_iff)
then have a_in_de: "a \<in> open_segment (a - d) (a + e)"
using ad_not_ae \<open>0 < d\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close>
apply (auto simp: in_segment algebra_simps scaleR_conv_of_real)
apply (rule_tac x="d / (d+e)" in exI)
apply (auto simp: field_simps)
done
then have "open_segment (a - d) (a + e) \<subseteq> inside (path_image p)"
using ada a aae Un_open_segment [of a "a-d" "a+e"] by blast
then have "path_image q \<inter> open_segment (a - d) (a + e) = {}"
using inside_no_overlap by (fastforce simp: q_eq_p)
with ad_ae_q have paq_Int_cs: "path_image q \<inter> closed_segment (a - d) (a + e) = {a - d, a + e}"
by (simp add: closed_segment_eq_open)
obtain t where "0 \<le> t" "t \<le> 1" and qt: "q t = a + e"
using a e_fro fro ad_ae_q by (auto simp: path_defs)
then have "t \<noteq> 0"
by (metis ad_not_ae pathstart_def q_ends(1))
then have "t \<noteq> 1"
by (metis ad_not_ae pathfinish_def q_ends(2) qt)
have q01: "q 0 = a - d" "q 1 = a - d"
using q_ends by (auto simp: pathstart_def pathfinish_def)
obtain z where zin: "z \<in> inside (path_image (subpath t 0 q +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)))"
and z1: "cmod (winding_number (subpath t 0 q +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)) z) = 1"
proof (rule simple_closed_path_wn2 [of d e "subpath t 0 q" a], simp_all add: q01)
show "simple_path (subpath t 0 q +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e))"
proof (rule simple_path_join_loop, simp_all add: qt q01)
have "inj_on q (closed_segment t 0)"
using \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>simple_path q\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close> \<open>t \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>t \<noteq> 1\<close>
by (fastforce simp: simple_path_def inj_on_def closed_segment_eq_real_ivl)
then show "arc (subpath t 0 q)"
using \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>simple_path q\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close> \<open>t \<noteq> 0\<close>
by (simp add: arc_subpath_eq simple_path_imp_path)
show "arc (linepath (a - d) (a + e))"
by (simp add: ad_not_ae)
show "path_image (subpath t 0 q) \<inter> closed_segment (a - d) (a + e) \<subseteq> {a + e, a - d}"
using qt paq_Int_cs \<open>simple_path q\<close> \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close>
by (force simp: dest: rev_subsetD [OF _ path_image_subpath_subset] intro: simple_path_imp_path)
qed
qed (auto simp: \<open>0 < d\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close> qt)
have pa01_Un: "path_image (subpath 0 t q) \<union> path_image (subpath 1 t q) = path_image q"
unfolding path_image_subpath
using \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close> by (force simp: path_image_def image_iff)
with paq_Int_cs have pa_01q:
"(path_image (subpath 0 t q) \<union> path_image (subpath 1 t q)) \<inter> closed_segment (a - d) (a + e) = {a - d, a + e}"
by metis
have z_notin_ed: "z \<notin> closed_segment (a + e) (a - d)"
using zin q01 by (simp add: path_image_join closed_segment_commute inside_def)
have z_notin_0t: "z \<notin> path_image (subpath 0 t q)"
by (metis (no_types, hide_lams) IntI Un_upper1 subsetD empty_iff inside_no_overlap path_image_join
path_image_subpath_commute pathfinish_subpath pathstart_def pathstart_linepath q_ends(1) qt subpath_trivial zin)
have [simp]: "- winding_number (subpath t 0 q) z = winding_number (subpath 0 t q) z"
by (metis \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>simple_path q\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close> atLeastAtMost_iff zero_le_one
path_image_subpath_commute path_subpath real_eq_0_iff_le_ge_0
reversepath_subpath simple_path_imp_path winding_number_reversepath z_notin_0t)
obtain z_in_q: "z \<in> inside(path_image q)"
and wn_q: "winding_number (subpath 0 t q +++ subpath t 1 q) z = - winding_number (subpath t 0 q +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)) z"
proof (rule winding_number_from_innerpath
[of "subpath 0 t q" "a-d" "a+e" "subpath 1 t q" "linepath (a - d) (a + e)"
z "- winding_number (subpath t 0 q +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)) z"],
simp_all add: q01 qt pa01_Un reversepath_subpath)
show "simple_path (subpath 0 t q)" "simple_path (subpath 1 t q)"
by (simp_all add: \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>simple_path q\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close> \<open>t \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>t \<noteq> 1\<close> simple_path_subpath)
show "simple_path (linepath (a - d) (a + e))"
using ad_not_ae by blast
show "path_image (subpath 0 t q) \<inter> path_image (subpath 1 t q) = {a - d, a + e}" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
show "?lhs \<subseteq> ?rhs"
using \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>simple_path q\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close> \<open>t \<noteq> 1\<close> q_ends qt q01
by (force simp: pathfinish_def qt simple_path_def path_image_subpath)
show "?rhs \<subseteq> ?lhs"
using \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close> q01 qt by (force simp: path_image_subpath)
qed
show "path_image (subpath 0 t q) \<inter> closed_segment (a - d) (a + e) = {a - d, a + e}" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
show "?lhs \<subseteq> ?rhs" using paq_Int_cs pa01_Un by fastforce
show "?rhs \<subseteq> ?lhs" using \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close> q01 qt by (force simp: path_image_subpath)
qed
show "path_image (subpath 1 t q) \<inter> closed_segment (a - d) (a + e) = {a - d, a + e}" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
show "?lhs \<subseteq> ?rhs" by (auto simp: pa_01q [symmetric])
show "?rhs \<subseteq> ?lhs" using \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close> q01 qt by (force simp: path_image_subpath)
qed
show "closed_segment (a - d) (a + e) \<inter> inside (path_image q) \<noteq> {}"
using a a_in_de open_closed_segment pa01_Un q_eq_p by fastforce
show "z \<in> inside (path_image (subpath 0 t q) \<union> closed_segment (a - d) (a + e))"
by (metis path_image_join path_image_linepath path_image_subpath_commute pathfinish_subpath pathstart_linepath q01(1) zin)
show "winding_number (subpath 0 t q +++ linepath (a + e) (a - d)) z =
- winding_number (subpath t 0 q +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)) z"
using z_notin_ed z_notin_0t \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>simple_path q\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close>
by (simp add: simple_path_imp_path qt q01 path_image_subpath_commute closed_segment_commute winding_number_join winding_number_reversepath [symmetric])
show "- d \<noteq> e"
using ad_not_ae by auto
show "winding_number (subpath t 0 q +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)) z \<noteq> 0"
using z1 by auto
qed
show ?thesis
proof
show "z \<in> inside (path_image p)"
using q_eq_p z_in_q by auto
then have [simp]: "z \<notin> path_image q"
by (metis disjoint_iff_not_equal inside_no_overlap q_eq_p)
have [simp]: "z \<notin> path_image (subpath 1 t q)"
using inside_def pa01_Un z_in_q by fastforce
have "winding_number(subpath 0 t q +++ subpath t 1 q) z = winding_number(subpath 0 1 q) z"
using z_notin_0t \<open>0 \<le> t\<close> \<open>simple_path q\<close> \<open>t \<le> 1\<close>
by (simp add: simple_path_imp_path qt path_image_subpath_commute winding_number_join winding_number_subpath_combine)
with wn_q have "winding_number (subpath t 0 q +++ linepath (a - d) (a + e)) z = - winding_number q z"
by auto
with z1 have "cmod (winding_number q z) = 1"
by simp
with z1 wn_q_eq_wn_p show "cmod (winding_number p z) = 1"
using z1 wn_q_eq_wn_p by (simp add: \<open>z \<in> inside (path_image p)\<close>)
qed
qed
proposition simple_closed_path_winding_number_inside:
assumes "simple_path \<gamma>"
obtains "\<And>z. z \<in> inside(path_image \<gamma>) \<Longrightarrow> winding_number \<gamma> z = 1"
| "\<And>z. z \<in> inside(path_image \<gamma>) \<Longrightarrow> winding_number \<gamma> z = -1"
proof (cases "pathfinish \<gamma> = pathstart \<gamma>")
case True
have "path \<gamma>"
by (simp add: assms simple_path_imp_path)
then have const: "winding_number \<gamma> constant_on inside(path_image \<gamma>)"
proof (rule winding_number_constant)
show "connected (inside(path_image \<gamma>))"
by (simp add: Jordan_inside_outside True assms)
qed (use inside_no_overlap True in auto)
obtain z where zin: "z \<in> inside (path_image \<gamma>)" and z1: "cmod (winding_number \<gamma> z) = 1"
using simple_closed_path_wn3 [of \<gamma>] True assms by blast
have "winding_number \<gamma> z \<in> \<int>"
using zin integer_winding_number [OF \<open>path \<gamma>\<close> True] inside_def by blast
with z1 consider "winding_number \<gamma> z = 1" | "winding_number \<gamma> z = -1"
apply (auto simp: Ints_def abs_if split: if_split_asm)
by (metis of_int_1 of_int_eq_iff of_int_minus)
with that const zin show ?thesis
unfolding constant_on_def by metis
next
case False
then show ?thesis
using inside_simple_curve_imp_closed assms that(2) by blast
qed
lemma simple_closed_path_abs_winding_number_inside:
assumes "simple_path \<gamma>" "z \<in> inside(path_image \<gamma>)"
shows "\<bar>Re (winding_number \<gamma> z)\<bar> = 1"
by (metis assms norm_minus_cancel norm_one one_complex.simps(1) real_norm_def simple_closed_path_winding_number_inside uminus_complex.simps(1))
lemma simple_closed_path_norm_winding_number_inside:
assumes "simple_path \<gamma>" "z \<in> inside(path_image \<gamma>)"
shows "norm (winding_number \<gamma> z) = 1"
proof -
have "pathfinish \<gamma> = pathstart \<gamma>"
using assms inside_simple_curve_imp_closed by blast
with assms integer_winding_number have "winding_number \<gamma> z \<in> \<int>"
by (simp add: inside_def simple_path_def)
then show ?thesis
by (metis assms norm_minus_cancel norm_one simple_closed_path_winding_number_inside)
qed
lemma simple_closed_path_winding_number_cases:
"\<lbrakk>simple_path \<gamma>; pathfinish \<gamma> = pathstart \<gamma>; z \<notin> path_image \<gamma>\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> winding_number \<gamma> z \<in> {-1,0,1}"
apply (simp add: inside_Un_outside [of "path_image \<gamma>", symmetric, unfolded set_eq_iff Set.Compl_iff] del: inside_Un_outside)
apply (rule simple_closed_path_winding_number_inside)
using simple_path_def winding_number_zero_in_outside by blast+
lemma simple_closed_path_winding_number_pos:
"\<lbrakk>simple_path \<gamma>; pathfinish \<gamma> = pathstart \<gamma>; z \<notin> path_image \<gamma>; 0 < Re(winding_number \<gamma> z)\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> winding_number \<gamma> z = 1"
using simple_closed_path_winding_number_cases
by fastforce
subsection \<open>Winding number for rectangular paths\<close>
definition\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> rectpath where
"rectpath a1 a3 = (let a2 = Complex (Re a3) (Im a1); a4 = Complex (Re a1) (Im a3)
in linepath a1 a2 +++ linepath a2 a3 +++ linepath a3 a4 +++ linepath a4 a1)"
lemma path_rectpath [simp, intro]: "path (rectpath a b)"
by (simp add: Let_def rectpath_def)
lemma valid_path_rectpath [simp, intro]: "valid_path (rectpath a b)"
by (simp add: Let_def rectpath_def)
lemma pathstart_rectpath [simp]: "pathstart (rectpath a1 a3) = a1"
by (simp add: rectpath_def Let_def)
lemma pathfinish_rectpath [simp]: "pathfinish (rectpath a1 a3) = a1"
by (simp add: rectpath_def Let_def)
lemma simple_path_rectpath [simp, intro]:
assumes "Re a1 \<noteq> Re a3" "Im a1 \<noteq> Im a3"
shows "simple_path (rectpath a1 a3)"
unfolding rectpath_def Let_def using assms
by (intro simple_path_join_loop arc_join arc_linepath)
(auto simp: complex_eq_iff path_image_join closed_segment_same_Re closed_segment_same_Im)
lemma path_image_rectpath:
assumes "Re a1 \<le> Re a3" "Im a1 \<le> Im a3"
shows "path_image (rectpath a1 a3) =
{z. Re z \<in> {Re a1, Re a3} \<and> Im z \<in> {Im a1..Im a3}} \<union>
{z. Im z \<in> {Im a1, Im a3} \<and> Re z \<in> {Re a1..Re a3}}" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
define a2 a4 where "a2 = Complex (Re a3) (Im a1)" and "a4 = Complex (Re a1) (Im a3)"
have "?lhs = closed_segment a1 a2 \<union> closed_segment a2 a3 \<union>
closed_segment a4 a3 \<union> closed_segment a1 a4"
by (simp_all add: rectpath_def Let_def path_image_join closed_segment_commute
a2_def a4_def Un_assoc)
also have "\<dots> = ?rhs" using assms
by (auto simp: rectpath_def Let_def path_image_join a2_def a4_def
closed_segment_same_Re closed_segment_same_Im closed_segment_eq_real_ivl)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma path_image_rectpath_subset_cbox:
assumes "Re a \<le> Re b" "Im a \<le> Im b"
shows "path_image (rectpath a b) \<subseteq> cbox a b"
using assms by (auto simp: path_image_rectpath in_cbox_complex_iff)
lemma path_image_rectpath_inter_box:
assumes "Re a \<le> Re b" "Im a \<le> Im b"
shows "path_image (rectpath a b) \<inter> box a b = {}"
using assms by (auto simp: path_image_rectpath in_box_complex_iff)
lemma path_image_rectpath_cbox_minus_box:
assumes "Re a \<le> Re b" "Im a \<le> Im b"
shows "path_image (rectpath a b) = cbox a b - box a b"
using assms by (auto simp: path_image_rectpath in_cbox_complex_iff
in_box_complex_iff)
proposition winding_number_rectpath:
assumes "z \<in> box a1 a3"
shows "winding_number (rectpath a1 a3) z = 1"
proof -
from assms have less: "Re a1 < Re a3" "Im a1 < Im a3"
by (auto simp: in_box_complex_iff)
define a2 a4 where "a2 = Complex (Re a3) (Im a1)" and "a4 = Complex (Re a1) (Im a3)"
let ?l1 = "linepath a1 a2" and ?l2 = "linepath a2 a3"
and ?l3 = "linepath a3 a4" and ?l4 = "linepath a4 a1"
from assms and less have "z \<notin> path_image (rectpath a1 a3)"
by (auto simp: path_image_rectpath_cbox_minus_box)
also have "path_image (rectpath a1 a3) =
path_image ?l1 \<union> path_image ?l2 \<union> path_image ?l3 \<union> path_image ?l4"
by (simp add: rectpath_def Let_def path_image_join Un_assoc a2_def a4_def)
finally have "z \<notin> \<dots>" .
moreover have "\<forall>l\<in>{?l1,?l2,?l3,?l4}. Re (winding_number l z) > 0"
unfolding ball_simps HOL.simp_thms a2_def a4_def
by (intro conjI; (rule winding_number_linepath_pos_lt;
(insert assms, auto simp: a2_def a4_def in_box_complex_iff mult_neg_neg))+)
ultimately have "Re (winding_number (rectpath a1 a3) z) > 0"
by (simp add: winding_number_join path_image_join rectpath_def Let_def a2_def a4_def)
thus "winding_number (rectpath a1 a3) z = 1" using assms less
by (intro simple_closed_path_winding_number_pos simple_path_rectpath)
(auto simp: path_image_rectpath_cbox_minus_box)
qed
proposition winding_number_rectpath_outside:
assumes "Re a1 \<le> Re a3" "Im a1 \<le> Im a3"
assumes "z \<notin> cbox a1 a3"
shows "winding_number (rectpath a1 a3) z = 0"
using assms by (intro winding_number_zero_outside[OF _ _ _ assms(3)]
path_image_rectpath_subset_cbox) simp_all
text\<open>A per-function version for continuous logs, a kind of monodromy\<close>
proposition\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> winding_number_compose_exp:
assumes "path p"
shows "winding_number (exp \<circ> p) 0 = (pathfinish p - pathstart p) / (2 * of_real pi * \<i>)"
proof -
obtain e where "0 < e" and e: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> e \<le> norm(exp(p t))"
proof
have "closed (path_image (exp \<circ> p))"
by (simp add: assms closed_path_image holomorphic_on_exp holomorphic_on_imp_continuous_on path_continuous_image)
then show "0 < setdist {0} (path_image (exp \<circ> p))"
by (metis exp_not_eq_zero imageE image_comp infdist_eq_setdist infdist_pos_not_in_closed path_defs(4) path_image_nonempty)
next
fix t::real
assume "t \<in> {0..1}"
have "setdist {0} (path_image (exp \<circ> p)) \<le> dist 0 (exp (p t))"
apply (rule setdist_le_dist)
using \<open>t \<in> {0..1}\<close> path_image_def by fastforce+
then show "setdist {0} (path_image (exp \<circ> p)) \<le> cmod (exp (p t))"
by simp
qed
have "bounded (path_image p)"
by (simp add: assms bounded_path_image)
then obtain B where "0 < B" and B: "path_image p \<subseteq> cball 0 B"
by (meson bounded_pos mem_cball_0 subsetI)
let ?B = "cball (0::complex) (B+1)"
have "uniformly_continuous_on ?B exp"
using holomorphic_on_exp holomorphic_on_imp_continuous_on
by (force intro: compact_uniformly_continuous)
then obtain d where "d > 0"
and d: "\<And>x x'. \<lbrakk>x\<in>?B; x'\<in>?B; dist x' x < d\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> norm (exp x' - exp x) < e"
using \<open>e > 0\<close> by (auto simp: uniformly_continuous_on_def dist_norm)
then have "min 1 d > 0"
by force
then obtain g where pfg: "polynomial_function g" and "g 0 = p 0" "g 1 = p 1"
and gless: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> norm(g t - p t) < min 1 d"
using path_approx_polynomial_function [OF \<open>path p\<close>] \<open>d > 0\<close> \<open>0 < e\<close>
unfolding pathfinish_def pathstart_def by meson
have "winding_number (exp \<circ> p) 0 = winding_number (exp \<circ> g) 0"
proof (rule winding_number_nearby_paths_eq [symmetric])
show "path (exp \<circ> p)" "path (exp \<circ> g)"
by (simp_all add: pfg assms holomorphic_on_exp holomorphic_on_imp_continuous_on path_continuous_image path_polynomial_function)
next
fix t :: "real"
assume t: "t \<in> {0..1}"
with gless have "norm(g t - p t) < 1"
using min_less_iff_conj by blast
moreover have ptB: "norm (p t) \<le> B"
using B t by (force simp: path_image_def)
ultimately have "cmod (g t) \<le> B + 1"
by (meson add_mono_thms_linordered_field(4) le_less_trans less_imp_le norm_triangle_sub)
with ptB gless t have "cmod ((exp \<circ> g) t - (exp \<circ> p) t) < e"
by (auto simp: dist_norm d)
with e t show "cmod ((exp \<circ> g) t - (exp \<circ> p) t) < cmod ((exp \<circ> p) t - 0)"
by fastforce
qed (use \<open>g 0 = p 0\<close> \<open>g 1 = p 1\<close> in \<open>auto simp: pathfinish_def pathstart_def\<close>)
also have "... = 1 / (of_real (2 * pi) * \<i>) * contour_integral (exp \<circ> g) (\<lambda>w. 1 / (w - 0))"
proof (rule winding_number_valid_path)
have "continuous_on (path_image g) (deriv exp)"
by (metis DERIV_exp DERIV_imp_deriv continuous_on_cong holomorphic_on_exp holomorphic_on_imp_continuous_on)
then show "valid_path (exp \<circ> g)"
by (simp add: field_differentiable_within_exp pfg valid_path_compose valid_path_polynomial_function)
show "0 \<notin> path_image (exp \<circ> g)"
by (auto simp: path_image_def)
qed
also have "... = 1 / (of_real (2 * pi) * \<i>) * integral {0..1} (\<lambda>x. vector_derivative g (at x))"
proof (simp add: contour_integral_integral, rule integral_cong)
fix t :: "real"
assume t: "t \<in> {0..1}"
show "vector_derivative (exp \<circ> g) (at t) / exp (g t) = vector_derivative g (at t)"
proof -
have "(exp \<circ> g has_vector_derivative vector_derivative (exp \<circ> g) (at t)) (at t)"
by (meson DERIV_exp differentiable_def field_vector_diff_chain_at has_vector_derivative_def
has_vector_derivative_polynomial_function pfg vector_derivative_works)
moreover have "(exp \<circ> g has_vector_derivative vector_derivative g (at t) * exp (g t)) (at t)"
apply (rule field_vector_diff_chain_at)
apply (metis has_vector_derivative_polynomial_function pfg vector_derivative_at)
using DERIV_exp has_field_derivative_def apply blast
done
ultimately show ?thesis
by (simp add: divide_simps, rule vector_derivative_unique_at)
qed
qed
also have "... = (pathfinish p - pathstart p) / (2 * of_real pi * \<i>)"
proof -
have "((\<lambda>x. vector_derivative g (at x)) has_integral g 1 - g 0) {0..1}"
apply (rule fundamental_theorem_of_calculus [OF zero_le_one])
by (metis has_vector_derivative_at_within has_vector_derivative_polynomial_function pfg vector_derivative_at)
then show ?thesis
apply (simp add: pathfinish_def pathstart_def)
using \<open>g 0 = p 0\<close> \<open>g 1 = p 1\<close> by auto
qed
finally show ?thesis .
qed
subsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>The winding number defines a continuous logarithm for the path itself\<close>
lemma winding_number_as_continuous_log:
assumes "path p" and \<zeta>: "\<zeta> \<notin> path_image p"
obtains q where "path q"
"pathfinish q - pathstart q = 2 * of_real pi * \<i> * winding_number p \<zeta>"
"\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p t = \<zeta> + exp(q t)"
proof -
let ?q = "\<lambda>t. 2 * of_real pi * \<i> * winding_number(subpath 0 t p) \<zeta> + Ln(pathstart p - \<zeta>)"
show ?thesis
proof
have *: "continuous (at t within {0..1}) (\<lambda>x. winding_number (subpath 0 x p) \<zeta>)"
if t: "t \<in> {0..1}" for t
proof -
let ?B = "ball (p t) (norm(p t - \<zeta>))"
have "p t \<noteq> \<zeta>"
using path_image_def that \<zeta> by blast
then have "simply_connected ?B"
by (simp add: convex_imp_simply_connected)
then have "\<And>f::complex\<Rightarrow>complex. continuous_on ?B f \<and> (\<forall>\<zeta> \<in> ?B. f \<zeta> \<noteq> 0)
\<longrightarrow> (\<exists>g. continuous_on ?B g \<and> (\<forall>\<zeta> \<in> ?B. f \<zeta> = exp (g \<zeta>)))"
by (simp add: simply_connected_eq_continuous_log)
moreover have "continuous_on ?B (\<lambda>w. w - \<zeta>)"
by (intro continuous_intros)
moreover have "(\<forall>z \<in> ?B. z - \<zeta> \<noteq> 0)"
by (auto simp: dist_norm)
ultimately obtain g where contg: "continuous_on ?B g"
and geq: "\<And>z. z \<in> ?B \<Longrightarrow> z - \<zeta> = exp (g z)" by blast
obtain d where "0 < d" and d:
"\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<in> {0..1}; dist x t < d\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> dist (p x) (p t) < cmod (p t - \<zeta>)"
using \<open>path p\<close> t unfolding path_def continuous_on_iff
by (metis \<open>p t \<noteq> \<zeta>\<close> right_minus_eq zero_less_norm_iff)
have "((\<lambda>x. winding_number (\<lambda>w. subpath 0 x p w - \<zeta>) 0 -
winding_number (\<lambda>w. subpath 0 t p w - \<zeta>) 0) \<longlongrightarrow> 0)
(at t within {0..1})"
proof (rule Lim_transform_within [OF _ \<open>d > 0\<close>])
have "continuous (at t within {0..1}) (g o p)"
proof (rule continuous_within_compose)
show "continuous (at t within {0..1}) p"
using \<open>path p\<close> continuous_on_eq_continuous_within path_def that by blast
show "continuous (at (p t) within p ` {0..1}) g"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) open_ball UNIV_I \<open>p t \<noteq> \<zeta>\<close> centre_in_ball contg continuous_on_eq_continuous_at continuous_within_topological right_minus_eq zero_less_norm_iff)
qed
with LIM_zero have "((\<lambda>u. (g (subpath t u p 1) - g (subpath t u p 0))) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) (at t within {0..1})"
by (auto simp: subpath_def continuous_within o_def)
then show "((\<lambda>u. (g (subpath t u p 1) - g (subpath t u p 0)) / (2 * of_real pi * \<i>)) \<longlongrightarrow> 0)
(at t within {0..1})"
by (simp add: tendsto_divide_zero)
show "(g (subpath t u p 1) - g (subpath t u p 0)) / (2 * of_real pi * \<i>) =
winding_number (\<lambda>w. subpath 0 u p w - \<zeta>) 0 - winding_number (\<lambda>w. subpath 0 t p w - \<zeta>) 0"
if "u \<in> {0..1}" "0 < dist u t" "dist u t < d" for u
proof -
have "closed_segment t u \<subseteq> {0..1}"
using closed_segment_eq_real_ivl t that by auto
then have piB: "path_image(subpath t u p) \<subseteq> ?B"
apply (clarsimp simp add: path_image_subpath_gen)
by (metis subsetD le_less_trans \<open>dist u t < d\<close> d dist_commute dist_in_closed_segment)
have *: "path (g \<circ> subpath t u p)"
apply (rule path_continuous_image)
using \<open>path p\<close> t that apply auto[1]
using piB contg continuous_on_subset by blast
have "(g (subpath t u p 1) - g (subpath t u p 0)) / (2 * of_real pi * \<i>)
= winding_number (exp \<circ> g \<circ> subpath t u p) 0"
using winding_number_compose_exp [OF *]
by (simp add: pathfinish_def pathstart_def o_assoc)
also have "... = winding_number (\<lambda>w. subpath t u p w - \<zeta>) 0"
proof (rule winding_number_cong)
have "exp(g y) = y - \<zeta>" if "y \<in> (subpath t u p) ` {0..1}" for y
by (metis that geq path_image_def piB subset_eq)
then show "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>0 \<le> x; x \<le> 1\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (exp \<circ> g \<circ> subpath t u p) x = subpath t u p x - \<zeta>"
by auto
qed
also have "... = winding_number (\<lambda>w. subpath 0 u p w - \<zeta>) 0 -
winding_number (\<lambda>w. subpath 0 t p w - \<zeta>) 0"
apply (simp add: winding_number_offset [symmetric])
using winding_number_subpath_combine [OF \<open>path p\<close> \<zeta>, of 0 t u] \<open>t \<in> {0..1}\<close> \<open>u \<in> {0..1}\<close>
by (simp add: add.commute eq_diff_eq)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
qed
then show ?thesis
by (subst winding_number_offset) (simp add: continuous_within LIM_zero_iff)
qed
show "path ?q"
unfolding path_def
by (intro continuous_intros) (simp add: continuous_on_eq_continuous_within *)
have "\<zeta> \<noteq> p 0"
by (metis \<zeta> pathstart_def pathstart_in_path_image)
then show "pathfinish ?q - pathstart ?q = 2 * of_real pi * \<i> * winding_number p \<zeta>"
by (simp add: pathfinish_def pathstart_def)
show "p t = \<zeta> + exp (?q t)" if "t \<in> {0..1}" for t
proof -
have "path (subpath 0 t p)"
using \<open>path p\<close> that by auto
moreover
have "\<zeta> \<notin> path_image (subpath 0 t p)"
using \<zeta> [unfolded path_image_def] that by (auto simp: path_image_subpath)
ultimately show ?thesis
using winding_number_exp_2pi [of "subpath 0 t p" \<zeta>] \<open>\<zeta> \<noteq> p 0\<close>
by (auto simp: exp_add algebra_simps pathfinish_def pathstart_def subpath_def)
qed
qed
qed
subsection \<open>Winding number equality is the same as path/loop homotopy in C - {0}\<close>
lemma winding_number_homotopic_loops_null_eq:
assumes "path p" and \<zeta>: "\<zeta> \<notin> path_image p"
shows "winding_number p \<zeta> = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>a. homotopic_loops (-{\<zeta>}) p (\<lambda>t. a))"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume [simp]: ?lhs
obtain q where "path q"
and qeq: "pathfinish q - pathstart q = 2 * of_real pi * \<i> * winding_number p \<zeta>"
and peq: "\<And>t. t \<in> {0..1} \<Longrightarrow> p t = \<zeta> + exp(q t)"
using winding_number_as_continuous_log [OF assms] by blast
have *: "homotopic_with_canon (\<lambda>r. pathfinish r = pathstart r)
{0..1} (-{\<zeta>}) ((\<lambda>w. \<zeta> + exp w) \<circ> q) ((\<lambda>w. \<zeta> + exp w) \<circ> (\<lambda>t. 0))"
proof (rule homotopic_with_compose_continuous_left)
show "homotopic_with_canon (\<lambda>f. pathfinish ((\<lambda>w. \<zeta> + exp w) \<circ> f) = pathstart ((\<lambda>w. \<zeta> + exp w) \<circ> f))
{0..1} UNIV q (\<lambda>t. 0)"
proof (rule homotopic_with_mono, simp_all add: pathfinish_def pathstart_def)
have "homotopic_loops UNIV q (\<lambda>t. 0)"
by (rule homotopic_loops_linear) (use qeq \<open>path q\<close> in \<open>auto simp: path_defs\<close>)
then have "homotopic_with (\<lambda>r. r 1 = r 0) (top_of_set {0..1}) euclidean q (\<lambda>t. 0)"
by (simp add: homotopic_loops_def pathfinish_def pathstart_def)
then show "homotopic_with (\<lambda>h. exp (h 1) = exp (h 0)) (top_of_set {0..1}) euclidean q (\<lambda>t. 0)"
by (rule homotopic_with_mono) simp
qed
show "continuous_on UNIV (\<lambda>w. \<zeta> + exp w)"
by (rule continuous_intros)+
show "range (\<lambda>w. \<zeta> + exp w) \<subseteq> -{\<zeta>}"
by auto
qed
then have "homotopic_with_canon (\<lambda>r. pathfinish r = pathstart r) {0..1} (-{\<zeta>}) p (\<lambda>x. \<zeta> + 1)"
by (rule homotopic_with_eq) (auto simp: o_def peq pathfinish_def pathstart_def)
then have "homotopic_loops (-{\<zeta>}) p (\<lambda>t. \<zeta> + 1)"
by (simp add: homotopic_loops_def)
then show ?rhs ..
next
assume ?rhs
then obtain a where "homotopic_loops (-{\<zeta>}) p (\<lambda>t. a)" ..
then have "winding_number p \<zeta> = winding_number (\<lambda>t. a) \<zeta>" "a \<noteq> \<zeta>"
using winding_number_homotopic_loops homotopic_loops_imp_subset by (force simp:)+
moreover have "winding_number (\<lambda>t. a) \<zeta> = 0"
by (metis winding_number_zero_const \<open>a \<noteq> \<zeta>\<close>)
ultimately show ?lhs by metis
qed
lemma winding_number_homotopic_paths_null_explicit_eq:
assumes "path p" and \<zeta>: "\<zeta> \<notin> path_image p"
shows "winding_number p \<zeta> = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> homotopic_paths (-{\<zeta>}) p (linepath (pathstart p) (pathstart p))"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then show ?rhs
apply (auto simp: winding_number_homotopic_loops_null_eq [OF assms])
apply (rule homotopic_loops_imp_homotopic_paths_null)
apply (simp add: linepath_refl)
done
next
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs
by (metis \<zeta> pathstart_in_path_image winding_number_homotopic_paths winding_number_trivial)
qed
lemma winding_number_homotopic_paths_null_eq:
assumes "path p" and \<zeta>: "\<zeta> \<notin> path_image p"
shows "winding_number p \<zeta> = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>a. homotopic_paths (-{\<zeta>}) p (\<lambda>t. a))"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then show ?rhs
by (auto simp: winding_number_homotopic_paths_null_explicit_eq [OF assms] linepath_refl)
next
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs
by (metis \<zeta> homotopic_paths_imp_pathfinish pathfinish_def pathfinish_in_path_image winding_number_homotopic_paths winding_number_zero_const)
qed
proposition winding_number_homotopic_paths_eq:
assumes "path p" and \<zeta>p: "\<zeta> \<notin> path_image p"
and "path q" and \<zeta>q: "\<zeta> \<notin> path_image q"
and qp: "pathstart q = pathstart p" "pathfinish q = pathfinish p"
shows "winding_number p \<zeta> = winding_number q \<zeta> \<longleftrightarrow> homotopic_paths (-{\<zeta>}) p q"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then have "winding_number (p +++ reversepath q) \<zeta> = 0"
using assms by (simp add: winding_number_join winding_number_reversepath)
moreover
have "path (p +++ reversepath q)" "\<zeta> \<notin> path_image (p +++ reversepath q)"
using assms by (auto simp: not_in_path_image_join)
ultimately obtain a where "homotopic_paths (- {\<zeta>}) (p +++ reversepath q) (linepath a a)"
using winding_number_homotopic_paths_null_explicit_eq by blast
then show ?rhs
using homotopic_paths_imp_pathstart assms
by (fastforce simp add: dest: homotopic_paths_imp_homotopic_loops homotopic_paths_loop_parts)
next
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs
by (simp add: winding_number_homotopic_paths)
qed
lemma winding_number_homotopic_loops_eq:
assumes "path p" and \<zeta>p: "\<zeta> \<notin> path_image p"
and "path q" and \<zeta>q: "\<zeta> \<notin> path_image q"
and loops: "pathfinish p = pathstart p" "pathfinish q = pathstart q"
shows "winding_number p \<zeta> = winding_number q \<zeta> \<longleftrightarrow> homotopic_loops (-{\<zeta>}) p q"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume L: ?lhs
have "pathstart p \<noteq> \<zeta>" "pathstart q \<noteq> \<zeta>"
using \<zeta>p \<zeta>q by blast+
moreover have "path_connected (-{\<zeta>})"
by (simp add: path_connected_punctured_universe)
ultimately obtain r where "path r" and rim: "path_image r \<subseteq> -{\<zeta>}"
and pas: "pathstart r = pathstart p" and paf: "pathfinish r = pathstart q"
by (auto simp: path_connected_def)
then have "pathstart r \<noteq> \<zeta>" by blast
have "homotopic_loops (- {\<zeta>}) p (r +++ q +++ reversepath r)"
proof (rule homotopic_paths_imp_homotopic_loops)
show "homotopic_paths (- {\<zeta>}) p (r +++ q +++ reversepath r)"
by (metis (mono_tags, hide_lams) \<open>path r\<close> L \<zeta>p \<zeta>q \<open>path p\<close> \<open>path q\<close> homotopic_loops_conjugate loops not_in_path_image_join paf pas path_image_reversepath path_imp_reversepath path_join_eq pathfinish_join pathfinish_reversepath pathstart_join pathstart_reversepath rim subset_Compl_singleton winding_number_homotopic_loops winding_number_homotopic_paths_eq)
qed (use loops pas in auto)
moreover have "homotopic_loops (- {\<zeta>}) (r +++ q +++ reversepath r) q"
using rim \<zeta>q by (auto simp: homotopic_loops_conjugate paf \<open>path q\<close> \<open>path r\<close> loops)
ultimately show ?rhs
using homotopic_loops_trans by metis
next
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs
by (simp add: winding_number_homotopic_loops)
qed
end