(* Title: HOL/Quadratic_Reciprocity/Residues.thy
ID: $Id$
Authors: Jeremy Avigad, David Gray, and Adam Kramer
*)
header {* Residue Sets *}
theory Residues imports Int2 begin
text {*
\medskip Define the residue of a set, the standard residue,
quadratic residues, and prove some basic properties. *}
definition
ResSet :: "int => int set => bool" where
"ResSet m X = (\<forall>y1 y2. (y1 \<in> X & y2 \<in> X & [y1 = y2] (mod m) --> y1 = y2))"
definition
StandardRes :: "int => int => int" where
"StandardRes m x = x mod m"
definition
QuadRes :: "int => int => bool" where
"QuadRes m x = (\<exists>y. ([(y ^ 2) = x] (mod m)))"
definition
Legendre :: "int => int => int" where
"Legendre a p = (if ([a = 0] (mod p)) then 0
else if (QuadRes p a) then 1
else -1)"
definition
SR :: "int => int set" where
"SR p = {x. (0 \<le> x) & (x < p)}"
definition
SRStar :: "int => int set" where
"SRStar p = {x. (0 < x) & (x < p)}"
subsection {* Some useful properties of StandardRes *}
lemma StandardRes_prop1: "[x = StandardRes m x] (mod m)"
by (auto simp add: StandardRes_def zcong_zmod)
lemma StandardRes_prop2: "0 < m ==> (StandardRes m x1 = StandardRes m x2)
= ([x1 = x2] (mod m))"
by (auto simp add: StandardRes_def zcong_zmod_eq)
lemma StandardRes_prop3: "(~[x = 0] (mod p)) = (~(StandardRes p x = 0))"
by (auto simp add: StandardRes_def zcong_def zdvd_iff_zmod_eq_0)
lemma StandardRes_prop4: "2 < m
==> [StandardRes m x * StandardRes m y = (x * y)] (mod m)"
by (auto simp add: StandardRes_def zcong_zmod_eq
zmod_zmult_distrib [of x y m])
lemma StandardRes_lbound: "0 < p ==> 0 \<le> StandardRes p x"
by (auto simp add: StandardRes_def pos_mod_sign)
lemma StandardRes_ubound: "0 < p ==> StandardRes p x < p"
by (auto simp add: StandardRes_def pos_mod_bound)
lemma StandardRes_eq_zcong:
"(StandardRes m x = 0) = ([x = 0](mod m))"
by (auto simp add: StandardRes_def zcong_eq_zdvd_prop dvd_def)
subsection {* Relations between StandardRes, SRStar, and SR *}
lemma SRStar_SR_prop: "x \<in> SRStar p ==> x \<in> SR p"
by (auto simp add: SRStar_def SR_def)
lemma StandardRes_SR_prop: "x \<in> SR p ==> StandardRes p x = x"
by (auto simp add: SR_def StandardRes_def mod_pos_pos_trivial)
lemma StandardRes_SRStar_prop1: "2 < p ==> (StandardRes p x \<in> SRStar p)
= (~[x = 0] (mod p))"
apply (auto simp add: StandardRes_prop3 StandardRes_def
SRStar_def pos_mod_bound)
apply (subgoal_tac "0 < p")
apply (drule_tac a = x in pos_mod_sign, arith, simp)
done
lemma StandardRes_SRStar_prop1a: "x \<in> SRStar p ==> ~([x = 0] (mod p))"
by (auto simp add: SRStar_def zcong_def zdvd_not_zless)
lemma StandardRes_SRStar_prop2: "[| 2 < p; zprime p; x \<in> SRStar p |]
==> StandardRes p (MultInv p x) \<in> SRStar p"
apply (frule_tac x = "(MultInv p x)" in StandardRes_SRStar_prop1, simp)
apply (rule MultInv_prop3)
apply (auto simp add: SRStar_def zcong_def zdvd_not_zless)
done
lemma StandardRes_SRStar_prop3: "x \<in> SRStar p ==> StandardRes p x = x"
by (auto simp add: SRStar_SR_prop StandardRes_SR_prop)
lemma StandardRes_SRStar_prop4: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; x \<in> SRStar p |]
==> StandardRes p x \<in> SRStar p"
by (frule StandardRes_SRStar_prop3, auto)
lemma SRStar_mult_prop1: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; x \<in> SRStar p; y \<in> SRStar p|]
==> (StandardRes p (x * y)):SRStar p"
apply (frule_tac x = x in StandardRes_SRStar_prop4, auto)
apply (frule_tac x = y in StandardRes_SRStar_prop4, auto)
apply (auto simp add: StandardRes_SRStar_prop1 zcong_zmult_prop3)
done
lemma SRStar_mult_prop2: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0](mod p));
x \<in> SRStar p |]
==> StandardRes p (a * MultInv p x) \<in> SRStar p"
apply (frule_tac x = x in StandardRes_SRStar_prop2, auto)
apply (frule_tac x = "MultInv p x" in StandardRes_SRStar_prop1)
apply (auto simp add: StandardRes_SRStar_prop1 zcong_zmult_prop3)
done
lemma SRStar_card: "2 < p ==> int(card(SRStar p)) = p - 1"
by (auto simp add: SRStar_def int_card_bdd_int_set_l_l)
lemma SRStar_finite: "2 < p ==> finite( SRStar p)"
by (auto simp add: SRStar_def bdd_int_set_l_l_finite)
subsection {* Properties relating ResSets with StandardRes *}
lemma aux: "x mod m = y mod m ==> [x = y] (mod m)"
apply (subgoal_tac "x = y ==> [x = y](mod m)")
apply (subgoal_tac "[x mod m = y mod m] (mod m) ==> [x = y] (mod m)")
apply (auto simp add: zcong_zmod [of x y m])
done
lemma StandardRes_inj_on_ResSet: "ResSet m X ==> (inj_on (StandardRes m) X)"
apply (auto simp add: ResSet_def StandardRes_def inj_on_def)
apply (drule_tac m = m in aux, auto)
done
lemma StandardRes_Sum: "[| finite X; 0 < m |]
==> [setsum f X = setsum (StandardRes m o f) X](mod m)"
apply (rule_tac F = X in finite_induct)
apply (auto intro!: zcong_zadd simp add: StandardRes_prop1)
done
lemma SR_pos: "0 < m ==> (StandardRes m ` X) \<subseteq> {x. 0 \<le> x & x < m}"
by (auto simp add: StandardRes_ubound StandardRes_lbound)
lemma ResSet_finite: "0 < m ==> ResSet m X ==> finite X"
apply (rule_tac f = "StandardRes m" in finite_imageD)
apply (rule_tac B = "{x. (0 :: int) \<le> x & x < m}" in finite_subset)
apply (auto simp add: StandardRes_inj_on_ResSet bdd_int_set_l_finite SR_pos)
done
lemma mod_mod_is_mod: "[x = x mod m](mod m)"
by (auto simp add: zcong_zmod)
lemma StandardRes_prod: "[| finite X; 0 < m |]
==> [setprod f X = setprod (StandardRes m o f) X] (mod m)"
apply (rule_tac F = X in finite_induct)
apply (auto intro!: zcong_zmult simp add: StandardRes_prop1)
done
lemma ResSet_image:
"[| 0 < m; ResSet m A; \<forall>x \<in> A. \<forall>y \<in> A. ([f x = f y](mod m) --> x = y) |] ==>
ResSet m (f ` A)"
by (auto simp add: ResSet_def)
subsection {* Property for SRStar *}
lemma ResSet_SRStar_prop: "ResSet p (SRStar p)"
by (auto simp add: SRStar_def ResSet_def zcong_zless_imp_eq)
end