(* Title: HOL/Algebra/Group.thy
Author: Clemens Ballarin, started 4 February 2003
Based on work by Florian Kammueller, L C Paulson and Markus Wenzel.
With additional contributions from Martin Baillon and Paulo Emílio de Vilhena.
*)
theory Group
imports Complete_Lattice "HOL-Library.FuncSet"
begin
section \<open>Monoids and Groups\<close>
subsection \<open>Definitions\<close>
text \<open>
Definitions follow @{cite "Jacobson:1985"}.
\<close>
record 'a monoid = "'a partial_object" +
mult :: "['a, 'a] \<Rightarrow> 'a" (infixl "\<otimes>\<index>" 70)
one :: 'a ("\<one>\<index>")
definition
m_inv :: "('a, 'b) monoid_scheme => 'a => 'a" ("inv\<index> _" [81] 80)
where "inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub> x = (THE y. y \<in> carrier G \<and> x \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> y = \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> \<and> y \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> x = \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub>)"
definition
Units :: "_ => 'a set"
\<comment> \<open>The set of invertible elements\<close>
where "Units G = {y. y \<in> carrier G \<and> (\<exists>x \<in> carrier G. x \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> y = \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> \<and> y \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> x = \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub>)}"
locale monoid =
fixes G (structure)
assumes m_closed [intro, simp]:
"\<lbrakk>x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> y \<in> carrier G"
and m_assoc:
"\<lbrakk>x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G; z \<in> carrier G\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> (x \<otimes> y) \<otimes> z = x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> z)"
and one_closed [intro, simp]: "\<one> \<in> carrier G"
and l_one [simp]: "x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> \<one> \<otimes> x = x"
and r_one [simp]: "x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> \<one> = x"
lemma monoidI:
fixes G (structure)
assumes m_closed:
"!!x y. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> x \<otimes> y \<in> carrier G"
and one_closed: "\<one> \<in> carrier G"
and m_assoc:
"!!x y z. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G; z \<in> carrier G |] ==>
(x \<otimes> y) \<otimes> z = x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> z)"
and l_one: "!!x. x \<in> carrier G ==> \<one> \<otimes> x = x"
and r_one: "!!x. x \<in> carrier G ==> x \<otimes> \<one> = x"
shows "monoid G"
by (fast intro!: monoid.intro intro: assms)
lemma (in monoid) Units_closed [dest]:
"x \<in> Units G ==> x \<in> carrier G"
by (unfold Units_def) fast
lemma (in monoid) one_unique:
assumes "u \<in> carrier G"
and "\<And>x. x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> u \<otimes> x = x"
shows "u = \<one>"
using assms(2)[OF one_closed] r_one[OF assms(1)] by simp
lemma (in monoid) inv_unique:
assumes eq: "y \<otimes> x = \<one>" "x \<otimes> y' = \<one>"
and G: "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G" "y' \<in> carrier G"
shows "y = y'"
proof -
from G eq have "y = y \<otimes> (x \<otimes> y')" by simp
also from G have "... = (y \<otimes> x) \<otimes> y'" by (simp add: m_assoc)
also from G eq have "... = y'" by simp
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma (in monoid) Units_m_closed [simp, intro]:
assumes x: "x \<in> Units G" and y: "y \<in> Units G"
shows "x \<otimes> y \<in> Units G"
proof -
from x obtain x' where x: "x \<in> carrier G" "x' \<in> carrier G" and xinv: "x \<otimes> x' = \<one>" "x' \<otimes> x = \<one>"
unfolding Units_def by fast
from y obtain y' where y: "y \<in> carrier G" "y' \<in> carrier G" and yinv: "y \<otimes> y' = \<one>" "y' \<otimes> y = \<one>"
unfolding Units_def by fast
from x y xinv yinv have "y' \<otimes> (x' \<otimes> x) \<otimes> y = \<one>" by simp
moreover from x y xinv yinv have "x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> y') \<otimes> x' = \<one>" by simp
moreover note x y
ultimately show ?thesis unfolding Units_def
by simp (metis m_assoc m_closed)
qed
lemma (in monoid) Units_one_closed [intro, simp]:
"\<one> \<in> Units G"
by (unfold Units_def) auto
lemma (in monoid) Units_inv_closed [intro, simp]:
"x \<in> Units G ==> inv x \<in> carrier G"
apply (simp add: Units_def m_inv_def)
by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) inv_unique the_equality)
lemma (in monoid) Units_l_inv_ex:
"x \<in> Units G ==> \<exists>y \<in> carrier G. y \<otimes> x = \<one>"
by (unfold Units_def) auto
lemma (in monoid) Units_r_inv_ex:
"x \<in> Units G ==> \<exists>y \<in> carrier G. x \<otimes> y = \<one>"
by (unfold Units_def) auto
lemma (in monoid) Units_l_inv [simp]:
"x \<in> Units G ==> inv x \<otimes> x = \<one>"
apply (unfold Units_def m_inv_def, simp)
by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) inv_unique the_equality)
lemma (in monoid) Units_r_inv [simp]:
"x \<in> Units G ==> x \<otimes> inv x = \<one>"
by (metis (full_types) Units_closed Units_inv_closed Units_l_inv Units_r_inv_ex inv_unique)
lemma (in monoid) inv_one [simp]:
"inv \<one> = \<one>"
by (metis Units_one_closed Units_r_inv l_one monoid.Units_inv_closed monoid_axioms)
lemma (in monoid) Units_inv_Units [intro, simp]:
"x \<in> Units G ==> inv x \<in> Units G"
proof -
assume x: "x \<in> Units G"
show "inv x \<in> Units G"
by (auto simp add: Units_def
intro: Units_l_inv Units_r_inv x Units_closed [OF x])
qed
lemma (in monoid) Units_l_cancel [simp]:
"[| x \<in> Units G; y \<in> carrier G; z \<in> carrier G |] ==>
(x \<otimes> y = x \<otimes> z) = (y = z)"
proof
assume eq: "x \<otimes> y = x \<otimes> z"
and G: "x \<in> Units G" "y \<in> carrier G" "z \<in> carrier G"
then have "(inv x \<otimes> x) \<otimes> y = (inv x \<otimes> x) \<otimes> z"
by (simp add: m_assoc Units_closed del: Units_l_inv)
with G show "y = z" by simp
next
assume eq: "y = z"
and G: "x \<in> Units G" "y \<in> carrier G" "z \<in> carrier G"
then show "x \<otimes> y = x \<otimes> z" by simp
qed
lemma (in monoid) Units_inv_inv [simp]:
"x \<in> Units G ==> inv (inv x) = x"
proof -
assume x: "x \<in> Units G"
then have "inv x \<otimes> inv (inv x) = inv x \<otimes> x" by simp
with x show ?thesis by (simp add: Units_closed del: Units_l_inv Units_r_inv)
qed
lemma (in monoid) inv_inj_on_Units:
"inj_on (m_inv G) (Units G)"
proof (rule inj_onI)
fix x y
assume G: "x \<in> Units G" "y \<in> Units G" and eq: "inv x = inv y"
then have "inv (inv x) = inv (inv y)" by simp
with G show "x = y" by simp
qed
lemma (in monoid) Units_inv_comm:
assumes inv: "x \<otimes> y = \<one>"
and G: "x \<in> Units G" "y \<in> Units G"
shows "y \<otimes> x = \<one>"
proof -
from G have "x \<otimes> y \<otimes> x = x \<otimes> \<one>" by (auto simp add: inv Units_closed)
with G show ?thesis by (simp del: r_one add: m_assoc Units_closed)
qed
lemma (in monoid) carrier_not_empty: "carrier G \<noteq> {}"
by auto
(* Jacobson defines submonoid here. *)
(* Jacobson defines the order of a monoid here. *)
subsection \<open>Groups\<close>
text \<open>
A group is a monoid all of whose elements are invertible.
\<close>
locale group = monoid +
assumes Units: "carrier G <= Units G"
lemma (in group) is_group [iff]: "group G" by (rule group_axioms)
lemma (in group) is_monoid [iff]: "monoid G"
by (rule monoid_axioms)
theorem groupI:
fixes G (structure)
assumes m_closed [simp]:
"!!x y. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> x \<otimes> y \<in> carrier G"
and one_closed [simp]: "\<one> \<in> carrier G"
and m_assoc:
"!!x y z. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G; z \<in> carrier G |] ==>
(x \<otimes> y) \<otimes> z = x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> z)"
and l_one [simp]: "!!x. x \<in> carrier G ==> \<one> \<otimes> x = x"
and l_inv_ex: "!!x. x \<in> carrier G ==> \<exists>y \<in> carrier G. y \<otimes> x = \<one>"
shows "group G"
proof -
have l_cancel [simp]:
"!!x y z. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G; z \<in> carrier G |] ==>
(x \<otimes> y = x \<otimes> z) = (y = z)"
proof
fix x y z
assume eq: "x \<otimes> y = x \<otimes> z"
and G: "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G" "z \<in> carrier G"
with l_inv_ex obtain x_inv where xG: "x_inv \<in> carrier G"
and l_inv: "x_inv \<otimes> x = \<one>" by fast
from G eq xG have "(x_inv \<otimes> x) \<otimes> y = (x_inv \<otimes> x) \<otimes> z"
by (simp add: m_assoc)
with G show "y = z" by (simp add: l_inv)
next
fix x y z
assume eq: "y = z"
and G: "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G" "z \<in> carrier G"
then show "x \<otimes> y = x \<otimes> z" by simp
qed
have r_one:
"!!x. x \<in> carrier G ==> x \<otimes> \<one> = x"
proof -
fix x
assume x: "x \<in> carrier G"
with l_inv_ex obtain x_inv where xG: "x_inv \<in> carrier G"
and l_inv: "x_inv \<otimes> x = \<one>" by fast
from x xG have "x_inv \<otimes> (x \<otimes> \<one>) = x_inv \<otimes> x"
by (simp add: m_assoc [symmetric] l_inv)
with x xG show "x \<otimes> \<one> = x" by simp
qed
have inv_ex:
"\<And>x. x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>y \<in> carrier G. y \<otimes> x = \<one> \<and> x \<otimes> y = \<one>"
proof -
fix x
assume x: "x \<in> carrier G"
with l_inv_ex obtain y where y: "y \<in> carrier G"
and l_inv: "y \<otimes> x = \<one>" by fast
from x y have "y \<otimes> (x \<otimes> y) = y \<otimes> \<one>"
by (simp add: m_assoc [symmetric] l_inv r_one)
with x y have r_inv: "x \<otimes> y = \<one>"
by simp
from x y show "\<exists>y \<in> carrier G. y \<otimes> x = \<one> \<and> x \<otimes> y = \<one>"
by (fast intro: l_inv r_inv)
qed
then have carrier_subset_Units: "carrier G \<subseteq> Units G"
by (unfold Units_def) fast
show ?thesis
by standard (auto simp: r_one m_assoc carrier_subset_Units)
qed
lemma (in monoid) group_l_invI:
assumes l_inv_ex:
"!!x. x \<in> carrier G ==> \<exists>y \<in> carrier G. y \<otimes> x = \<one>"
shows "group G"
by (rule groupI) (auto intro: m_assoc l_inv_ex)
lemma (in group) Units_eq [simp]:
"Units G = carrier G"
proof
show "Units G \<subseteq> carrier G" by fast
next
show "carrier G \<subseteq> Units G" by (rule Units)
qed
lemma (in group) inv_closed [intro, simp]:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> inv x \<in> carrier G"
using Units_inv_closed by simp
lemma (in group) l_inv_ex [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> \<exists>y \<in> carrier G. y \<otimes> x = \<one>"
using Units_l_inv_ex by simp
lemma (in group) r_inv_ex [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> \<exists>y \<in> carrier G. x \<otimes> y = \<one>"
using Units_r_inv_ex by simp
lemma (in group) l_inv [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> inv x \<otimes> x = \<one>"
by simp
subsection \<open>Cancellation Laws and Basic Properties\<close>
lemma (in group) inv_eq_1_iff [simp]:
assumes "x \<in> carrier G" shows "inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub> x = \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> \<longleftrightarrow> x = \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub>"
proof -
have "x = \<one>" if "inv x = \<one>"
proof -
have "inv x \<otimes> x = \<one>"
using assms l_inv by blast
then show "x = \<one>"
using that assms by simp
qed
then show ?thesis
by auto
qed
lemma (in group) r_inv [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> x \<otimes> inv x = \<one>"
by simp
lemma (in group) right_cancel [simp]:
"[| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G; z \<in> carrier G |] ==>
(y \<otimes> x = z \<otimes> x) = (y = z)"
by (metis inv_closed m_assoc r_inv r_one)
lemma (in group) inv_inv [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> inv (inv x) = x"
using Units_inv_inv by simp
lemma (in group) inv_inj:
"inj_on (m_inv G) (carrier G)"
using inv_inj_on_Units by simp
lemma (in group) inv_mult_group:
"[| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> inv (x \<otimes> y) = inv y \<otimes> inv x"
proof -
assume G: "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G"
then have "inv (x \<otimes> y) \<otimes> (x \<otimes> y) = (inv y \<otimes> inv x) \<otimes> (x \<otimes> y)"
by (simp add: m_assoc) (simp add: m_assoc [symmetric])
with G show ?thesis by (simp del: l_inv Units_l_inv)
qed
lemma (in group) inv_comm:
"[| x \<otimes> y = \<one>; x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> y \<otimes> x = \<one>"
by (rule Units_inv_comm) auto
lemma (in group) inv_equality:
"[|y \<otimes> x = \<one>; x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G|] ==> inv x = y"
using inv_unique r_inv by blast
lemma (in group) inv_solve_left:
"\<lbrakk> a \<in> carrier G; b \<in> carrier G; c \<in> carrier G \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a = inv b \<otimes> c \<longleftrightarrow> c = b \<otimes> a"
by (metis inv_equality l_inv_ex l_one m_assoc r_inv)
lemma (in group) inv_solve_left':
"\<lbrakk> a \<in> carrier G; b \<in> carrier G; c \<in> carrier G \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> inv b \<otimes> c = a \<longleftrightarrow> c = b \<otimes> a"
by (metis inv_equality l_inv_ex l_one m_assoc r_inv)
lemma (in group) inv_solve_right:
"\<lbrakk> a \<in> carrier G; b \<in> carrier G; c \<in> carrier G \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a = b \<otimes> inv c \<longleftrightarrow> b = a \<otimes> c"
by (metis inv_equality l_inv_ex l_one m_assoc r_inv)
lemma (in group) inv_solve_right':
"\<lbrakk>a \<in> carrier G; b \<in> carrier G; c \<in> carrier G\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> b \<otimes> inv c = a \<longleftrightarrow> b = a \<otimes> c"
by (auto simp: m_assoc)
subsection \<open>Power\<close>
consts
pow :: "[('a, 'm) monoid_scheme, 'a, 'b::semiring_1] => 'a" (infixr "[^]\<index>" 75)
overloading nat_pow == "pow :: [_, 'a, nat] => 'a"
begin
definition "nat_pow G a n = rec_nat \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (%u b. b \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> a) n"
end
lemma (in monoid) nat_pow_closed [intro, simp]:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> x [^] (n::nat) \<in> carrier G"
by (induct n) (simp_all add: nat_pow_def)
lemma (in monoid) nat_pow_0 [simp]:
"x [^] (0::nat) = \<one>"
by (simp add: nat_pow_def)
lemma (in monoid) nat_pow_Suc [simp]:
"x [^] (Suc n) = x [^] n \<otimes> x"
by (simp add: nat_pow_def)
lemma (in monoid) nat_pow_one [simp]:
"\<one> [^] (n::nat) = \<one>"
by (induct n) simp_all
lemma (in monoid) nat_pow_mult:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> x [^] (n::nat) \<otimes> x [^] m = x [^] (n + m)"
by (induct m) (simp_all add: m_assoc [THEN sym])
lemma (in monoid) nat_pow_comm:
"x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> (x [^] (n::nat)) \<otimes> (x [^] (m :: nat)) = (x [^] m) \<otimes> (x [^] n)"
using nat_pow_mult[of x n m] nat_pow_mult[of x m n] by (simp add: add.commute)
lemma (in monoid) nat_pow_Suc2:
"x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> x [^] (Suc n) = x \<otimes> (x [^] n)"
using nat_pow_mult[of x 1 n] Suc_eq_plus1[of n]
by (metis One_nat_def Suc_eq_plus1_left l_one nat.rec(1) nat_pow_Suc nat_pow_def)
lemma (in monoid) nat_pow_pow:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> (x [^] n) [^] m = x [^] (n * m::nat)"
by (induct m) (simp, simp add: nat_pow_mult add.commute)
lemma (in monoid) nat_pow_consistent:
"x [^] (n :: nat) = x [^]\<^bsub>(G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)\<^esub> n"
unfolding nat_pow_def by simp
lemma nat_pow_0 [simp]: "x [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (0::nat) = \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub>"
by (simp add: nat_pow_def)
lemma nat_pow_Suc [simp]: "x [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (Suc n) = (x [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> n)\<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> x"
by (simp add: nat_pow_def)
lemma (in group) nat_pow_inv:
assumes "x \<in> carrier G" shows "(inv x) [^] (i :: nat) = inv (x [^] i)"
proof (induction i)
case 0 thus ?case by simp
next
case (Suc i)
have "(inv x) [^] Suc i = ((inv x) [^] i) \<otimes> inv x"
by simp
also have " ... = (inv (x [^] i)) \<otimes> inv x"
by (simp add: Suc.IH Suc.prems)
also have " ... = inv (x \<otimes> (x [^] i))"
by (simp add: assms inv_mult_group)
also have " ... = inv (x [^] (Suc i))"
using assms nat_pow_Suc2 by auto
finally show ?case .
qed
overloading int_pow == "pow :: [_, 'a, int] => 'a"
begin
definition "int_pow G a z =
(let p = rec_nat \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (%u b. b \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> a)
in if z < 0 then inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (p (nat (-z))) else p (nat z))"
end
lemma int_pow_int: "x [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (int n) = x [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> n"
by(simp add: int_pow_def nat_pow_def)
lemma pow_nat:
assumes "i\<ge>0"
shows "x [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> nat i = x [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> i"
proof (cases i rule: int_cases)
case (nonneg n)
then show ?thesis
by (simp add: int_pow_int)
next
case (neg n)
then show ?thesis
using assms by linarith
qed
lemma int_pow_0 [simp]: "x [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (0::int) = \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub>"
by (simp add: int_pow_def)
lemma int_pow_def2: "a [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> z =
(if z < 0 then inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (a [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (nat (-z))) else a [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (nat z))"
by (simp add: int_pow_def nat_pow_def)
lemma (in group) int_pow_one [simp]:
"\<one> [^] (z::int) = \<one>"
by (simp add: int_pow_def2)
lemma (in group) int_pow_closed [intro, simp]:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> x [^] (i::int) \<in> carrier G"
by (simp add: int_pow_def2)
lemma (in group) int_pow_1 [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> x [^] (1::int) = x"
by (simp add: int_pow_def2)
lemma (in group) int_pow_neg:
"x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> x [^] (-i::int) = inv (x [^] i)"
by (simp add: int_pow_def2)
lemma (in group) int_pow_neg_int: "x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> x [^] -(int n) = inv (x [^] n)"
by (simp add: int_pow_neg int_pow_int)
lemma (in group) int_pow_mult:
assumes "x \<in> carrier G" shows "x [^] (i + j::int) = x [^] i \<otimes> x [^] j"
proof -
have [simp]: "-i - j = -j - i" by simp
show ?thesis
by (auto simp: assms int_pow_def2 inv_solve_left inv_solve_right nat_add_distrib [symmetric] nat_pow_mult)
qed
lemma (in group) int_pow_inv:
"x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> (inv x) [^] (i :: int) = inv (x [^] i)"
by (metis int_pow_def2 nat_pow_inv)
lemma (in group) int_pow_pow:
assumes "x \<in> carrier G"
shows "(x [^] (n :: int)) [^] (m :: int) = x [^] (n * m :: int)"
proof (cases)
assume n_ge: "n \<ge> 0" thus ?thesis
proof (cases)
assume m_ge: "m \<ge> 0" thus ?thesis
using n_ge nat_pow_pow[OF assms, of "nat n" "nat m"] int_pow_def2 [where G=G]
by (simp add: mult_less_0_iff nat_mult_distrib)
next
assume m_lt: "\<not> m \<ge> 0"
with n_ge show ?thesis
apply (simp add: int_pow_def2 mult_less_0_iff)
by (metis assms mult_minus_right n_ge nat_mult_distrib nat_pow_pow)
qed
next
assume n_lt: "\<not> n \<ge> 0" thus ?thesis
proof (cases)
assume m_ge: "m \<ge> 0"
have "inv x [^] (nat m * nat (- n)) = inv x [^] nat (- (m * n))"
by (metis (full_types) m_ge mult_minus_right nat_mult_distrib)
with m_ge n_lt show ?thesis
by (simp add: int_pow_def2 mult_less_0_iff assms mult.commute nat_pow_inv nat_pow_pow)
next
assume m_lt: "\<not> m \<ge> 0" thus ?thesis
using n_lt by (auto simp: int_pow_def2 mult_less_0_iff assms nat_mult_distrib_neg nat_pow_inv nat_pow_pow)
qed
qed
lemma (in group) int_pow_diff:
"x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> x [^] (n - m :: int) = x [^] n \<otimes> inv (x [^] m)"
by(simp only: diff_conv_add_uminus int_pow_mult int_pow_neg)
lemma (in group) inj_on_multc: "c \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> inj_on (\<lambda>x. x \<otimes> c) (carrier G)"
by(simp add: inj_on_def)
lemma (in group) inj_on_cmult: "c \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> inj_on (\<lambda>x. c \<otimes> x) (carrier G)"
by(simp add: inj_on_def)
lemma (in monoid) group_commutes_pow:
fixes n::nat
shows "\<lbrakk>x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x; x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x [^] n \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x [^] n"
apply (induction n, auto)
by (metis m_assoc nat_pow_closed)
lemma (in monoid) pow_mult_distrib:
assumes eq: "x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x" and xy: "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G"
shows "(x \<otimes> y) [^] (n::nat) = x [^] n \<otimes> y [^] n"
proof (induct n)
case (Suc n)
have "x \<otimes> (y [^] n \<otimes> y) = y [^] n \<otimes> x \<otimes> y"
by (simp add: eq group_commutes_pow m_assoc xy)
then show ?case
using assms Suc.hyps m_assoc by auto
qed auto
lemma (in group) int_pow_mult_distrib:
assumes eq: "x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x" and xy: "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G"
shows "(x \<otimes> y) [^] (i::int) = x [^] i \<otimes> y [^] i"
proof (cases i rule: int_cases)
case (nonneg n)
then show ?thesis
by (metis eq int_pow_int pow_mult_distrib xy)
next
case (neg n)
then show ?thesis
unfolding neg
apply (simp add: xy int_pow_neg_int del: of_nat_Suc)
by (metis eq inv_mult_group local.nat_pow_Suc nat_pow_closed pow_mult_distrib xy)
qed
lemma (in group) pow_eq_div2:
fixes m n :: nat
assumes x_car: "x \<in> carrier G"
assumes pow_eq: "x [^] m = x [^] n"
shows "x [^] (m - n) = \<one>"
proof (cases "m < n")
case False
have "\<one> \<otimes> x [^] m = x [^] m" by (simp add: x_car)
also have "\<dots> = x [^] (m - n) \<otimes> x [^] n"
using False by (simp add: nat_pow_mult x_car)
also have "\<dots> = x [^] (m - n) \<otimes> x [^] m"
by (simp add: pow_eq)
finally show ?thesis
by (metis nat_pow_closed one_closed right_cancel x_car)
qed simp
subsection \<open>Submonoids\<close>
locale submonoid = \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Martin Baillon\<close>\<close>
fixes H and G (structure)
assumes subset: "H \<subseteq> carrier G"
and m_closed [intro, simp]: "\<lbrakk>x \<in> H; y \<in> H\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> y \<in> H"
and one_closed [simp]: "\<one> \<in> H"
lemma (in submonoid) is_submonoid: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Martin Baillon\<close>\<close>
"submonoid H G" by (rule submonoid_axioms)
lemma (in submonoid) mem_carrier [simp]: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Martin Baillon\<close>\<close>
"x \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> carrier G"
using subset by blast
lemma (in submonoid) submonoid_is_monoid [intro]: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Martin Baillon\<close>\<close>
assumes "monoid G"
shows "monoid (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>)"
proof -
interpret monoid G by fact
show ?thesis
by (simp add: monoid_def m_assoc)
qed
lemma submonoid_nonempty: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Martin Baillon\<close>\<close>
"~ submonoid {} G"
by (blast dest: submonoid.one_closed)
lemma (in submonoid) finite_monoid_imp_card_positive: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Martin Baillon\<close>\<close>
"finite (carrier G) ==> 0 < card H"
proof (rule classical)
assume "finite (carrier G)" and a: "~ 0 < card H"
then have "finite H" by (blast intro: finite_subset [OF subset])
with is_submonoid a have "submonoid {} G" by simp
with submonoid_nonempty show ?thesis by contradiction
qed
lemma (in monoid) monoid_incl_imp_submonoid : \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Martin Baillon\<close>\<close>
assumes "H \<subseteq> carrier G"
and "monoid (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>)"
shows "submonoid H G"
proof (intro submonoid.intro[OF assms(1)])
have ab_eq : "\<And> a b. a \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> a \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>\<^esub> b = a \<otimes> b" using assms by simp
have "\<And>a b. a \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> a \<otimes> b \<in> carrier (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>) "
using assms ab_eq unfolding group_def using monoid.m_closed by fastforce
thus "\<And>a b. a \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> a \<otimes> b \<in> H" by simp
show "\<one> \<in> H " using monoid.one_closed[OF assms(2)] assms by simp
qed
lemma (in monoid) inv_unique': \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Martin Baillon\<close>\<close>
assumes "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G"
shows "\<lbrakk> x \<otimes> y = \<one>; y \<otimes> x = \<one> \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> y = inv x"
proof -
assume "x \<otimes> y = \<one>" and l_inv: "y \<otimes> x = \<one>"
hence unit: "x \<in> Units G"
using assms unfolding Units_def by auto
show "y = inv x"
using inv_unique[OF l_inv Units_r_inv[OF unit] assms Units_inv_closed[OF unit]] .
qed
lemma (in monoid) m_inv_monoid_consistent: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "x \<in> Units (G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)" and "submonoid H G"
shows "inv\<^bsub>(G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)\<^esub> x = inv x"
proof -
have monoid: "monoid (G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)"
using submonoid.submonoid_is_monoid[OF assms(2) monoid_axioms] .
obtain y where y: "y \<in> H" "x \<otimes> y = \<one>" "y \<otimes> x = \<one>"
using assms(1) unfolding Units_def by auto
have x: "x \<in> H" and in_carrier: "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G"
using y(1) submonoid.subset[OF assms(2)] assms(1) unfolding Units_def by auto
show ?thesis
using monoid.inv_unique'[OF monoid, of x y] x y
using inv_unique'[OF in_carrier y(2-3)] by auto
qed
subsection \<open>Subgroups\<close>
locale subgroup =
fixes H and G (structure)
assumes subset: "H \<subseteq> carrier G"
and m_closed [intro, simp]: "\<lbrakk>x \<in> H; y \<in> H\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> y \<in> H"
and one_closed [simp]: "\<one> \<in> H"
and m_inv_closed [intro,simp]: "x \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> inv x \<in> H"
lemma (in subgroup) is_subgroup:
"subgroup H G" by (rule subgroup_axioms)
declare (in subgroup) group.intro [intro]
lemma (in subgroup) mem_carrier [simp]:
"x \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> carrier G"
using subset by blast
lemma (in subgroup) subgroup_is_group [intro]:
assumes "group G"
shows "group (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>)"
proof -
interpret group G by fact
have "Group.monoid (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>)"
by (simp add: monoid_axioms submonoid.intro submonoid.submonoid_is_monoid subset)
then show ?thesis
by (rule monoid.group_l_invI) (auto intro: l_inv mem_carrier)
qed
lemma subgroup_is_submonoid:
assumes "subgroup H G" shows "submonoid H G"
using assms by (auto intro: submonoid.intro simp add: subgroup_def)
lemma (in group) subgroup_Units:
assumes "subgroup H G" shows "H \<subseteq> Units (G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)"
using group.Units[OF subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF assms group_axioms]] by simp
lemma (in group) m_inv_consistent [simp]:
assumes "subgroup H G" "x \<in> H"
shows "inv\<^bsub>(G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)\<^esub> x = inv x"
using assms m_inv_monoid_consistent[OF _ subgroup_is_submonoid] subgroup_Units[of H] by auto
lemma (in group) int_pow_consistent: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "subgroup H G" "x \<in> H"
shows "x [^] (n :: int) = x [^]\<^bsub>(G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)\<^esub> n"
proof (cases)
assume ge: "n \<ge> 0"
hence "x [^] n = x [^] (nat n)"
using int_pow_def2 [of G] by auto
also have " ... = x [^]\<^bsub>(G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)\<^esub> (nat n)"
using nat_pow_consistent by simp
also have " ... = x [^]\<^bsub>(G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)\<^esub> n"
by (metis ge int_nat_eq int_pow_int)
finally show ?thesis .
next
assume "\<not> n \<ge> 0" hence lt: "n < 0" by simp
hence "x [^] n = inv (x [^] (nat (- n)))"
using int_pow_def2 [of G] by auto
also have " ... = (inv x) [^] (nat (- n))"
by (metis assms nat_pow_inv subgroup.mem_carrier)
also have " ... = (inv\<^bsub>(G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)\<^esub> x) [^]\<^bsub>(G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)\<^esub> (nat (- n))"
using m_inv_consistent[OF assms] nat_pow_consistent by auto
also have " ... = inv\<^bsub>(G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)\<^esub> (x [^]\<^bsub>(G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)\<^esub> (nat (- n)))"
using group.nat_pow_inv[OF subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF assms(1) is_group]] assms(2) by auto
also have " ... = x [^]\<^bsub>(G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>)\<^esub> n"
by (simp add: int_pow_def2 lt)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
text \<open>
Since \<^term>\<open>H\<close> is nonempty, it contains some element \<^term>\<open>x\<close>. Since
it is closed under inverse, it contains \<open>inv x\<close>. Since
it is closed under product, it contains \<open>x \<otimes> inv x = \<one>\<close>.
\<close>
lemma (in group) one_in_subset:
"[| H \<subseteq> carrier G; H \<noteq> {}; \<forall>a \<in> H. inv a \<in> H; \<forall>a\<in>H. \<forall>b\<in>H. a \<otimes> b \<in> H |]
==> \<one> \<in> H"
by force
text \<open>A characterization of subgroups: closed, non-empty subset.\<close>
lemma (in group) subgroupI:
assumes subset: "H \<subseteq> carrier G" and non_empty: "H \<noteq> {}"
and inv: "!!a. a \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> inv a \<in> H"
and mult: "!!a b. \<lbrakk>a \<in> H; b \<in> H\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a \<otimes> b \<in> H"
shows "subgroup H G"
proof (simp add: subgroup_def assms)
show "\<one> \<in> H" by (rule one_in_subset) (auto simp only: assms)
qed
lemma (in group) subgroupE:
assumes "subgroup H G"
shows "H \<subseteq> carrier G"
and "H \<noteq> {}"
and "\<And>a. a \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> inv a \<in> H"
and "\<And>a b. \<lbrakk> a \<in> H; b \<in> H \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a \<otimes> b \<in> H"
using assms unfolding subgroup_def[of H G] by auto
declare monoid.one_closed [iff] group.inv_closed [simp]
monoid.l_one [simp] monoid.r_one [simp] group.inv_inv [simp]
lemma subgroup_nonempty:
"\<not> subgroup {} G"
by (blast dest: subgroup.one_closed)
lemma (in subgroup) finite_imp_card_positive: "finite (carrier G) \<Longrightarrow> 0 < card H"
using subset one_closed card_gt_0_iff finite_subset by blast
lemma (in subgroup) subgroup_is_submonoid : \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Martin Baillon\<close>\<close>
"submonoid H G"
by (simp add: submonoid.intro subset)
lemma (in group) submonoid_subgroupI : \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Martin Baillon\<close>\<close>
assumes "submonoid H G"
and "\<And>a. a \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> inv a \<in> H"
shows "subgroup H G"
by (metis assms subgroup_def submonoid_def)
lemma (in group) group_incl_imp_subgroup: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Martin Baillon\<close>\<close>
assumes "H \<subseteq> carrier G"
and "group (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>)"
shows "subgroup H G"
proof (intro submonoid_subgroupI[OF monoid_incl_imp_submonoid[OF assms(1)]])
show "monoid (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>)" using group_def assms by blast
have ab_eq : "\<And> a b. a \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> b \<in> H \<Longrightarrow> a \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>\<^esub> b = a \<otimes> b" using assms by simp
fix a assume aH : "a \<in> H"
have " inv\<^bsub>G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>\<^esub> a \<in> carrier G"
using assms aH group.inv_closed[OF assms(2)] by auto
moreover have "\<one>\<^bsub>G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>\<^esub> = \<one>" using assms monoid.one_closed ab_eq one_def by simp
hence "a \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>\<^esub> inv\<^bsub>G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>\<^esub> a= \<one>"
using assms ab_eq aH group.r_inv[OF assms(2)] by simp
hence "a \<otimes> inv\<^bsub>G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>\<^esub> a= \<one>"
using aH assms group.inv_closed[OF assms(2)] ab_eq by simp
ultimately have "inv\<^bsub>G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>\<^esub> a = inv a"
by (metis aH assms(1) contra_subsetD group.inv_inv is_group local.inv_equality)
moreover have "inv\<^bsub>G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>\<^esub> a \<in> H"
using aH group.inv_closed[OF assms(2)] by auto
ultimately show "inv a \<in> H" by auto
qed
subsection \<open>Direct Products\<close>
definition
DirProd :: "_ \<Rightarrow> _ \<Rightarrow> ('a \<times> 'b) monoid" (infixr "\<times>\<times>" 80) where
"G \<times>\<times> H =
\<lparr>carrier = carrier G \<times> carrier H,
mult = (\<lambda>(g, h) (g', h'). (g \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> g', h \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h')),
one = (\<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub>, \<one>\<^bsub>H\<^esub>)\<rparr>"
lemma DirProd_monoid:
assumes "monoid G" and "monoid H"
shows "monoid (G \<times>\<times> H)"
proof -
interpret G: monoid G by fact
interpret H: monoid H by fact
from assms
show ?thesis by (unfold monoid_def DirProd_def, auto)
qed
text\<open>Does not use the previous result because it's easier just to use auto.\<close>
lemma DirProd_group:
assumes "group G" and "group H"
shows "group (G \<times>\<times> H)"
proof -
interpret G: group G by fact
interpret H: group H by fact
show ?thesis by (rule groupI)
(auto intro: G.m_assoc H.m_assoc G.l_inv H.l_inv
simp add: DirProd_def)
qed
lemma carrier_DirProd [simp]: "carrier (G \<times>\<times> H) = carrier G \<times> carrier H"
by (simp add: DirProd_def)
lemma one_DirProd [simp]: "\<one>\<^bsub>G \<times>\<times> H\<^esub> = (\<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub>, \<one>\<^bsub>H\<^esub>)"
by (simp add: DirProd_def)
lemma mult_DirProd [simp]: "(g, h) \<otimes>\<^bsub>(G \<times>\<times> H)\<^esub> (g', h') = (g \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> g', h \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h')"
by (simp add: DirProd_def)
lemma mult_DirProd': "x \<otimes>\<^bsub>(G \<times>\<times> H)\<^esub> y = (fst x \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> fst y, snd x \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> snd y)"
by (subst mult_DirProd [symmetric]) simp
lemma DirProd_assoc: "(G \<times>\<times> H \<times>\<times> I) = (G \<times>\<times> (H \<times>\<times> I))"
by auto
lemma inv_DirProd [simp]:
assumes "group G" and "group H"
assumes g: "g \<in> carrier G"
and h: "h \<in> carrier H"
shows "m_inv (G \<times>\<times> H) (g, h) = (inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub> g, inv\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h)"
proof -
interpret G: group G by fact
interpret H: group H by fact
interpret Prod: group "G \<times>\<times> H"
by (auto intro: DirProd_group group.intro group.axioms assms)
show ?thesis by (simp add: Prod.inv_equality g h)
qed
lemma DirProd_subgroups :
assumes "group G"
and "subgroup H G"
and "group K"
and "subgroup I K"
shows "subgroup (H \<times> I) (G \<times>\<times> K)"
proof (intro group.group_incl_imp_subgroup[OF DirProd_group[OF assms(1)assms(3)]])
have "H \<subseteq> carrier G" "I \<subseteq> carrier K" using subgroup.subset assms by blast+
thus "(H \<times> I) \<subseteq> carrier (G \<times>\<times> K)" unfolding DirProd_def by auto
have "Group.group ((G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>) \<times>\<times> (K\<lparr>carrier := I\<rparr>))"
using DirProd_group[OF subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF assms(2)assms(1)]
subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF assms(4)assms(3)]].
moreover have "((G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>) \<times>\<times> (K\<lparr>carrier := I\<rparr>)) = ((G \<times>\<times> K)\<lparr>carrier := H \<times> I\<rparr>)"
unfolding DirProd_def using assms by simp
ultimately show "Group.group ((G \<times>\<times> K)\<lparr>carrier := H \<times> I\<rparr>)" by simp
qed
subsection \<open>Homomorphisms (mono and epi) and Isomorphisms\<close>
definition
hom :: "_ => _ => ('a => 'b) set" where
"hom G H =
{h. h \<in> carrier G \<rightarrow> carrier H \<and>
(\<forall>x \<in> carrier G. \<forall>y \<in> carrier G. h (x \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> y) = h x \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h y)}"
lemma homI:
"\<lbrakk>\<And>x. x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> h x \<in> carrier H;
\<And>x y. \<lbrakk>x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> h (x \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> y) = h x \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> h \<in> hom G H"
by (auto simp: hom_def)
lemma hom_carrier: "h \<in> hom G H \<Longrightarrow> h ` carrier G \<subseteq> carrier H"
by (auto simp: hom_def)
lemma hom_in_carrier: "\<lbrakk>h \<in> hom G H; x \<in> carrier G\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> h x \<in> carrier H"
by (auto simp: hom_def)
lemma hom_compose:
"\<lbrakk> f \<in> hom G H; g \<in> hom H I \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> g \<circ> f \<in> hom G I"
unfolding hom_def by (auto simp add: Pi_iff)
lemma (in group) hom_restrict:
assumes "h \<in> hom G H" and "\<And>g. g \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> h g = t g" shows "t \<in> hom G H"
using assms unfolding hom_def by (auto simp add: Pi_iff)
lemma (in group) hom_compose:
"[|h \<in> hom G H; i \<in> hom H I|] ==> compose (carrier G) i h \<in> hom G I"
by (fastforce simp add: hom_def compose_def)
lemma (in group) restrict_hom_iff [simp]:
"(\<lambda>x. if x \<in> carrier G then f x else g x) \<in> hom G H \<longleftrightarrow> f \<in> hom G H"
by (simp add: hom_def Pi_iff)
definition iso :: "_ => _ => ('a => 'b) set"
where "iso G H = {h. h \<in> hom G H \<and> bij_betw h (carrier G) (carrier H)}"
definition is_iso :: "_ \<Rightarrow> _ \<Rightarrow> bool" (infixr "\<cong>" 60)
where "G \<cong> H = (iso G H \<noteq> {})"
definition mon where "mon G H = {f \<in> hom G H. inj_on f (carrier G)}"
definition epi where "epi G H = {f \<in> hom G H. f ` (carrier G) = carrier H}"
lemma isoI:
"\<lbrakk>h \<in> hom G H; bij_betw h (carrier G) (carrier H)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> h \<in> iso G H"
by (auto simp: iso_def)
lemma is_isoI: "h \<in> iso G H \<Longrightarrow> G \<cong> H"
using is_iso_def by auto
lemma epi_iff_subset:
"f \<in> epi G G' \<longleftrightarrow> f \<in> hom G G' \<and> carrier G' \<subseteq> f ` carrier G"
by (auto simp: epi_def hom_def)
lemma iso_iff_mon_epi: "f \<in> iso G H \<longleftrightarrow> f \<in> mon G H \<and> f \<in> epi G H"
by (auto simp: iso_def mon_def epi_def bij_betw_def)
lemma iso_set_refl: "(\<lambda>x. x) \<in> iso G G"
by (simp add: iso_def hom_def inj_on_def bij_betw_def Pi_def)
lemma id_iso: "id \<in> iso G G"
by (simp add: iso_def hom_def inj_on_def bij_betw_def Pi_def)
corollary iso_refl [simp]: "G \<cong> G"
using iso_set_refl unfolding is_iso_def by auto
lemma iso_iff:
"h \<in> iso G H \<longleftrightarrow> h \<in> hom G H \<and> h ` (carrier G) = carrier H \<and> inj_on h (carrier G)"
by (auto simp: iso_def hom_def bij_betw_def)
lemma iso_imp_homomorphism:
"h \<in> iso G H \<Longrightarrow> h \<in> hom G H"
by (simp add: iso_iff)
lemma trivial_hom:
"group H \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. one H) \<in> hom G H"
by (auto simp: hom_def Group.group_def)
lemma (in group) hom_eq:
assumes "f \<in> hom G H" "\<And>x. x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> f' x = f x"
shows "f' \<in> hom G H"
using assms by (auto simp: hom_def)
lemma (in group) iso_eq:
assumes "f \<in> iso G H" "\<And>x. x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> f' x = f x"
shows "f' \<in> iso G H"
using assms by (fastforce simp: iso_def inj_on_def bij_betw_def hom_eq image_iff)
lemma (in group) iso_set_sym:
assumes "h \<in> iso G H"
shows "inv_into (carrier G) h \<in> iso H G"
proof -
have h: "h \<in> hom G H" "bij_betw h (carrier G) (carrier H)"
using assms by (auto simp add: iso_def bij_betw_inv_into)
then have HG: "bij_betw (inv_into (carrier G) h) (carrier H) (carrier G)"
by (simp add: bij_betw_inv_into)
have "inv_into (carrier G) h \<in> hom H G"
unfolding hom_def
proof safe
show *: "\<And>x. x \<in> carrier H \<Longrightarrow> inv_into (carrier G) h x \<in> carrier G"
by (meson HG bij_betwE)
show "inv_into (carrier G) h (x \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> y) = inv_into (carrier G) h x \<otimes> inv_into (carrier G) h y"
if "x \<in> carrier H" "y \<in> carrier H" for x y
proof (rule inv_into_f_eq)
show "inj_on h (carrier G)"
using bij_betw_def h(2) by blast
show "inv_into (carrier G) h x \<otimes> inv_into (carrier G) h y \<in> carrier G"
by (simp add: * that)
show "h (inv_into (carrier G) h x \<otimes> inv_into (carrier G) h y) = x \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> y"
using h bij_betw_inv_into_right [of h] unfolding hom_def by (simp add: "*" that)
qed
qed
then show ?thesis
by (simp add: Group.iso_def bij_betw_inv_into h)
qed
corollary (in group) iso_sym: "G \<cong> H \<Longrightarrow> H \<cong> G"
using iso_set_sym unfolding is_iso_def by auto
lemma iso_set_trans:
"\<lbrakk>h \<in> Group.iso G H; i \<in> Group.iso H I\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> i \<circ> h \<in> Group.iso G I"
by (force simp: iso_def hom_compose intro: bij_betw_trans)
corollary iso_trans [trans]: "\<lbrakk>G \<cong> H ; H \<cong> I\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> G \<cong> I"
using iso_set_trans unfolding is_iso_def by blast
lemma iso_same_card: "G \<cong> H \<Longrightarrow> card (carrier G) = card (carrier H)"
using bij_betw_same_card unfolding is_iso_def iso_def by auto
lemma iso_finite: "G \<cong> H \<Longrightarrow> finite(carrier G) \<longleftrightarrow> finite(carrier H)"
by (auto simp: is_iso_def iso_def bij_betw_finite)
lemma mon_compose:
"\<lbrakk>f \<in> mon G H; g \<in> mon H K\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (g \<circ> f) \<in> mon G K"
by (auto simp: mon_def intro: hom_compose comp_inj_on inj_on_subset [OF _ hom_carrier])
lemma mon_compose_rev:
"\<lbrakk>f \<in> hom G H; g \<in> hom H K; (g \<circ> f) \<in> mon G K\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f \<in> mon G H"
using inj_on_imageI2 by (auto simp: mon_def)
lemma epi_compose:
"\<lbrakk>f \<in> epi G H; g \<in> epi H K\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (g \<circ> f) \<in> epi G K"
using hom_compose by (force simp: epi_def hom_compose simp flip: image_image)
lemma epi_compose_rev:
"\<lbrakk>f \<in> hom G H; g \<in> hom H K; (g \<circ> f) \<in> epi G K\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> g \<in> epi H K"
by (fastforce simp: epi_def hom_def Pi_iff image_def set_eq_iff)
lemma iso_compose_rev:
"\<lbrakk>f \<in> hom G H; g \<in> hom H K; (g \<circ> f) \<in> iso G K\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f \<in> mon G H \<and> g \<in> epi H K"
unfolding iso_iff_mon_epi using mon_compose_rev epi_compose_rev by blast
lemma epi_iso_compose_rev:
assumes "f \<in> epi G H" "g \<in> hom H K" "(g \<circ> f) \<in> iso G K"
shows "f \<in> iso G H \<and> g \<in> iso H K"
proof
show "f \<in> iso G H"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) assms epi_def iso_compose_rev iso_iff_mon_epi mem_Collect_eq)
then have "f \<in> hom G H \<and> bij_betw f (carrier G) (carrier H)"
using Group.iso_def \<open>f \<in> Group.iso G H\<close> by blast
then have "bij_betw g (carrier H) (carrier K)"
using Group.iso_def assms(3) bij_betw_comp_iff by blast
then show "g \<in> iso H K"
using Group.iso_def assms(2) by blast
qed
lemma mon_left_invertible:
"\<lbrakk>f \<in> hom G H; \<And>x. x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> g(f x) = x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f \<in> mon G H"
by (simp add: mon_def inj_on_def) metis
lemma epi_right_invertible:
"\<lbrakk>g \<in> hom H G; f \<in> carrier G \<rightarrow> carrier H; \<And>x. x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> g(f x) = x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> g \<in> epi H G"
by (force simp: Pi_iff epi_iff_subset image_subset_iff_funcset subset_iff)
lemma (in monoid) hom_imp_img_monoid: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "h \<in> hom G H"
shows "monoid (H \<lparr> carrier := h ` (carrier G), one := h \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> \<rparr>)" (is "monoid ?h_img")
proof (rule monoidI)
show "\<one>\<^bsub>?h_img\<^esub> \<in> carrier ?h_img"
by auto
next
fix x y z assume "x \<in> carrier ?h_img" "y \<in> carrier ?h_img" "z \<in> carrier ?h_img"
then obtain g1 g2 g3
where g1: "g1 \<in> carrier G" "x = h g1"
and g2: "g2 \<in> carrier G" "y = h g2"
and g3: "g3 \<in> carrier G" "z = h g3"
using image_iff[where ?f = h and ?A = "carrier G"] by auto
have aux_lemma:
"\<And>a b. \<lbrakk> a \<in> carrier G; b \<in> carrier G \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> h a \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> h b = h (a \<otimes> b)"
using assms unfolding hom_def by auto
show "x \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> \<one>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> = x"
using aux_lemma[OF g1(1) one_closed] g1(2) r_one[OF g1(1)] by simp
show "\<one>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> x = x"
using aux_lemma[OF one_closed g1(1)] g1(2) l_one[OF g1(1)] by simp
have "x \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> y = h (g1 \<otimes> g2)"
using aux_lemma g1 g2 by auto
thus "x \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> y \<in> carrier ?h_img"
using g1(1) g2(1) by simp
have "(x \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> y) \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> z = h ((g1 \<otimes> g2) \<otimes> g3)"
using aux_lemma g1 g2 g3 by auto
also have " ... = h (g1 \<otimes> (g2 \<otimes> g3))"
using m_assoc[OF g1(1) g2(1) g3(1)] by simp
also have " ... = x \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> (y \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> z)"
using aux_lemma g1 g2 g3 by auto
finally show "(x \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> y) \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> z = x \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> (y \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> z)" .
qed
lemma (in group) hom_imp_img_group: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "h \<in> hom G H"
shows "group (H \<lparr> carrier := h ` (carrier G), one := h \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> \<rparr>)" (is "group ?h_img")
proof -
interpret monoid ?h_img
using hom_imp_img_monoid[OF assms] .
show ?thesis
proof (unfold_locales)
show "carrier ?h_img \<subseteq> Units ?h_img"
proof (auto simp add: Units_def)
have aux_lemma:
"\<And>g1 g2. \<lbrakk> g1 \<in> carrier G; g2 \<in> carrier G \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> h g1 \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h g2 = h (g1 \<otimes> g2)"
using assms unfolding hom_def by auto
fix g1 assume g1: "g1 \<in> carrier G"
thus "\<exists>g2 \<in> carrier G. (h g2) \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> (h g1) = h \<one> \<and> (h g1) \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> (h g2) = h \<one>"
using aux_lemma[OF g1 inv_closed[OF g1]]
aux_lemma[OF inv_closed[OF g1] g1]
inv_closed by auto
qed
qed
qed
lemma (in group) iso_imp_group: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "G \<cong> H" and "monoid H"
shows "group H"
proof -
obtain \<phi> where phi: "\<phi> \<in> iso G H" "inv_into (carrier G) \<phi> \<in> iso H G"
using iso_set_sym assms unfolding is_iso_def by blast
define \<psi> where psi_def: "\<psi> = inv_into (carrier G) \<phi>"
have surj: "\<phi> ` (carrier G) = (carrier H)" "\<psi> ` (carrier H) = (carrier G)"
and inj: "inj_on \<phi> (carrier G)" "inj_on \<psi> (carrier H)"
and phi_hom: "\<And>g1 g2. \<lbrakk> g1 \<in> carrier G; g2 \<in> carrier G \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<phi> (g1 \<otimes> g2) = (\<phi> g1) \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> (\<phi> g2)"
and psi_hom: "\<And>h1 h2. \<lbrakk> h1 \<in> carrier H; h2 \<in> carrier H \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<psi> (h1 \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h2) = (\<psi> h1) \<otimes> (\<psi> h2)"
using phi psi_def unfolding iso_def bij_betw_def hom_def by auto
have phi_one: "\<phi> \<one> = \<one>\<^bsub>H\<^esub>"
proof -
have "(\<phi> \<one>) \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> \<one>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> = (\<phi> \<one>) \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> (\<phi> \<one>)"
by (metis assms(2) image_eqI monoid.r_one one_closed phi_hom r_one surj(1))
thus ?thesis
by (metis (no_types, hide_lams) Units_eq Units_one_closed assms(2) f_inv_into_f imageI
monoid.l_one monoid.one_closed phi_hom psi_def r_one surj)
qed
have "carrier H \<subseteq> Units H"
proof
fix h assume h: "h \<in> carrier H"
let ?inv_h = "\<phi> (inv (\<psi> h))"
have "h \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> ?inv_h = \<phi> (\<psi> h) \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> ?inv_h"
by (simp add: f_inv_into_f h psi_def surj(1))
also have " ... = \<phi> ((\<psi> h) \<otimes> inv (\<psi> h))"
by (metis h imageI inv_closed phi_hom surj(2))
also have " ... = \<phi> \<one>"
by (simp add: h inv_into_into psi_def surj(1))
finally have 1: "h \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> ?inv_h = \<one>\<^bsub>H\<^esub>"
using phi_one by simp
have "?inv_h \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h = ?inv_h \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> \<phi> (\<psi> h)"
by (simp add: f_inv_into_f h psi_def surj(1))
also have " ... = \<phi> (inv (\<psi> h) \<otimes> (\<psi> h))"
by (metis h imageI inv_closed phi_hom surj(2))
also have " ... = \<phi> \<one>"
by (simp add: h inv_into_into psi_def surj(1))
finally have 2: "?inv_h \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h = \<one>\<^bsub>H\<^esub>"
using phi_one by simp
thus "h \<in> Units H" unfolding Units_def using 1 2 h surj by fastforce
qed
thus ?thesis unfolding group_def group_axioms_def using assms(2) by simp
qed
corollary (in group) iso_imp_img_group: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "h \<in> iso G H"
shows "group (H \<lparr> one := h \<one> \<rparr>)"
proof -
let ?h_img = "H \<lparr> carrier := h ` (carrier G), one := h \<one> \<rparr>"
have "h \<in> iso G ?h_img"
using assms unfolding iso_def hom_def bij_betw_def by auto
hence "G \<cong> ?h_img"
unfolding is_iso_def by auto
hence "group ?h_img"
using iso_imp_group[of ?h_img] hom_imp_img_monoid[of h H] assms unfolding iso_def by simp
moreover have "carrier H = carrier ?h_img"
using assms unfolding iso_def bij_betw_def by simp
hence "H \<lparr> one := h \<one> \<rparr> = ?h_img"
by simp
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
subsubsection \<open>HOL Light's concept of an isomorphism pair\<close>
definition group_isomorphisms
where
"group_isomorphisms G H f g \<equiv>
f \<in> hom G H \<and> g \<in> hom H G \<and>
(\<forall>x \<in> carrier G. g(f x) = x) \<and>
(\<forall>y \<in> carrier H. f(g y) = y)"
lemma group_isomorphisms_sym: "group_isomorphisms G H f g \<Longrightarrow> group_isomorphisms H G g f"
by (auto simp: group_isomorphisms_def)
lemma group_isomorphisms_imp_iso: "group_isomorphisms G H f g \<Longrightarrow> f \<in> iso G H"
by (auto simp: iso_def inj_on_def image_def group_isomorphisms_def hom_def bij_betw_def Pi_iff, metis+)
lemma (in group) iso_iff_group_isomorphisms:
"f \<in> iso G H \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>g. group_isomorphisms G H f g)"
proof safe
show "\<exists>g. group_isomorphisms G H f g" if "f \<in> Group.iso G H"
unfolding group_isomorphisms_def
proof (intro exI conjI)
let ?g = "inv_into (carrier G) f"
show "\<forall>x\<in>carrier G. ?g (f x) = x"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) Group.iso_def bij_betw_inv_into_left mem_Collect_eq that)
show "\<forall>y\<in>carrier H. f (?g y) = y"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) Group.iso_def bij_betw_inv_into_right mem_Collect_eq that)
qed (use Group.iso_def iso_set_sym that in \<open>blast+\<close>)
next
fix g
assume "group_isomorphisms G H f g"
then show "f \<in> Group.iso G H"
by (auto simp: iso_def group_isomorphisms_def hom_in_carrier intro: bij_betw_byWitness)
qed
subsubsection \<open>Involving direct products\<close>
lemma DirProd_commute_iso_set:
shows "(\<lambda>(x,y). (y,x)) \<in> iso (G \<times>\<times> H) (H \<times>\<times> G)"
by (auto simp add: iso_def hom_def inj_on_def bij_betw_def)
corollary DirProd_commute_iso :
"(G \<times>\<times> H) \<cong> (H \<times>\<times> G)"
using DirProd_commute_iso_set unfolding is_iso_def by blast
lemma DirProd_assoc_iso_set:
shows "(\<lambda>(x,y,z). (x,(y,z))) \<in> iso (G \<times>\<times> H \<times>\<times> I) (G \<times>\<times> (H \<times>\<times> I))"
by (auto simp add: iso_def hom_def inj_on_def bij_betw_def)
lemma (in group) DirProd_iso_set_trans:
assumes "g \<in> iso G G2"
and "h \<in> iso H I"
shows "(\<lambda>(x,y). (g x, h y)) \<in> iso (G \<times>\<times> H) (G2 \<times>\<times> I)"
proof-
have "(\<lambda>(x,y). (g x, h y)) \<in> hom (G \<times>\<times> H) (G2 \<times>\<times> I)"
using assms unfolding iso_def hom_def by auto
moreover have " inj_on (\<lambda>(x,y). (g x, h y)) (carrier (G \<times>\<times> H))"
using assms unfolding iso_def DirProd_def bij_betw_def inj_on_def by auto
moreover have "(\<lambda>(x, y). (g x, h y)) ` carrier (G \<times>\<times> H) = carrier (G2 \<times>\<times> I)"
using assms unfolding iso_def bij_betw_def image_def DirProd_def by fastforce
ultimately show "(\<lambda>(x,y). (g x, h y)) \<in> iso (G \<times>\<times> H) (G2 \<times>\<times> I)"
unfolding iso_def bij_betw_def by auto
qed
corollary (in group) DirProd_iso_trans :
assumes "G \<cong> G2" and "H \<cong> I"
shows "G \<times>\<times> H \<cong> G2 \<times>\<times> I"
using DirProd_iso_set_trans assms unfolding is_iso_def by blast
lemma hom_pairwise: "f \<in> hom G (DirProd H K) \<longleftrightarrow> (fst \<circ> f) \<in> hom G H \<and> (snd \<circ> f) \<in> hom G K"
apply (auto simp: hom_def mult_DirProd' dest: Pi_mem)
apply (metis Product_Type.mem_Times_iff comp_eq_dest_lhs funcset_mem)
by (metis mult_DirProd prod.collapse)
lemma hom_paired:
"(\<lambda>x. (f x,g x)) \<in> hom G (DirProd H K) \<longleftrightarrow> f \<in> hom G H \<and> g \<in> hom G K"
by (simp add: hom_pairwise o_def)
lemma hom_paired2:
assumes "group G" "group H"
shows "(\<lambda>(x,y). (f x,g y)) \<in> hom (DirProd G H) (DirProd G' H') \<longleftrightarrow> f \<in> hom G G' \<and> g \<in> hom H H'"
using assms
by (fastforce simp: hom_def Pi_def dest!: group.is_monoid)
lemma iso_paired2:
assumes "group G" "group H"
shows "(\<lambda>(x,y). (f x,g y)) \<in> iso (DirProd G H) (DirProd G' H') \<longleftrightarrow> f \<in> iso G G' \<and> g \<in> iso H H'"
using assms
by (fastforce simp add: iso_def inj_on_def bij_betw_def hom_paired2 image_paired_Times
times_eq_iff group_def monoid.carrier_not_empty)
lemma hom_of_fst:
assumes "group H"
shows "(f \<circ> fst) \<in> hom (DirProd G H) K \<longleftrightarrow> f \<in> hom G K"
proof -
interpret group H
by (rule assms)
show ?thesis
using one_closed by (auto simp: hom_def Pi_def)
qed
lemma hom_of_snd:
assumes "group G"
shows "(f \<circ> snd) \<in> hom (DirProd G H) K \<longleftrightarrow> f \<in> hom H K"
proof -
interpret group G
by (rule assms)
show ?thesis
using one_closed by (auto simp: hom_def Pi_def)
qed
subsection\<open>The locale for a homomorphism between two groups\<close>
text\<open>Basis for homomorphism proofs: we assume two groups \<^term>\<open>G\<close> and
\<^term>\<open>H\<close>, with a homomorphism \<^term>\<open>h\<close> between them\<close>
locale group_hom = G?: group G + H?: group H for G (structure) and H (structure) +
fixes h
assumes homh [simp]: "h \<in> hom G H"
declare group_hom.homh [simp]
lemma (in group_hom) hom_mult [simp]:
"[| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> h (x \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> y) = h x \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h y"
proof -
assume "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G"
with homh [unfolded hom_def] show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma (in group_hom) hom_closed [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> h x \<in> carrier H"
proof -
assume "x \<in> carrier G"
with homh [unfolded hom_def] show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma (in group_hom) one_closed: "h \<one> \<in> carrier H"
by simp
lemma (in group_hom) hom_one [simp]: "h \<one> = \<one>\<^bsub>H\<^esub>"
proof -
have "h \<one> \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> \<one>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> = h \<one> \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h \<one>"
by (simp add: hom_mult [symmetric] del: hom_mult)
then show ?thesis
by (metis H.Units_eq H.Units_l_cancel H.one_closed local.one_closed)
qed
lemma hom_one:
assumes "h \<in> hom G H" "group G" "group H"
shows "h (one G) = one H"
apply (rule group_hom.hom_one)
by (simp add: assms group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def)
lemma hom_mult:
"\<lbrakk>h \<in> hom G H; x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> h (x \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> y) = h x \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h y"
by (auto simp: hom_def)
lemma (in group_hom) inv_closed [simp]:
"x \<in> carrier G ==> h (inv x) \<in> carrier H"
by simp
lemma (in group_hom) hom_inv [simp]:
assumes "x \<in> carrier G" shows "h (inv x) = inv\<^bsub>H\<^esub> (h x)"
proof -
have "h x \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h (inv x) = h x \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> inv\<^bsub>H\<^esub> (h x)"
using assms by (simp flip: hom_mult)
with assms show ?thesis by (simp del: H.r_inv H.Units_r_inv)
qed
lemma (in group) int_pow_is_hom: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Joachim Breitner\<close>\<close>
"x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> (([^]) x) \<in> hom \<lparr> carrier = UNIV, mult = (+), one = 0::int \<rparr> G "
unfolding hom_def by (simp add: int_pow_mult)
lemma (in group_hom) img_is_subgroup: "subgroup (h ` (carrier G)) H" \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
apply (rule subgroupI)
apply (auto simp add: image_subsetI)
apply (metis G.inv_closed hom_inv image_iff)
by (metis G.monoid_axioms hom_mult image_eqI monoid.m_closed)
lemma (in group_hom) subgroup_img_is_subgroup: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "subgroup I G"
shows "subgroup (h ` I) H"
proof -
have "h \<in> hom (G \<lparr> carrier := I \<rparr>) H"
using G.subgroupE[OF assms] subgroup.mem_carrier[OF assms] homh
unfolding hom_def by auto
hence "group_hom (G \<lparr> carrier := I \<rparr>) H h"
using subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF assms G.is_group] is_group
unfolding group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def by simp
thus ?thesis
using group_hom.img_is_subgroup[of "G \<lparr> carrier := I \<rparr>" H h] by simp
qed
lemma (in group_hom) induced_group_hom: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "subgroup I G"
shows "group_hom (G \<lparr> carrier := I \<rparr>) (H \<lparr> carrier := h ` I \<rparr>) h"
proof -
have "h \<in> hom (G \<lparr> carrier := I \<rparr>) (H \<lparr> carrier := h ` I \<rparr>)"
using homh subgroup.mem_carrier[OF assms] unfolding hom_def by auto
thus ?thesis
unfolding group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def
using subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF assms G.is_group]
subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF subgroup_img_is_subgroup[OF assms] is_group] by simp
qed
lemma (in group) canonical_inj_is_hom: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "subgroup H G"
shows "group_hom (G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>) G id"
unfolding group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def hom_def
using subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF assms is_group]
is_group subgroup.subset[OF assms] by auto
lemma (in group_hom) hom_nat_pow: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
"x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> h (x [^] (n :: nat)) = (h x) [^]\<^bsub>H\<^esub> n"
by (induction n) auto
lemma (in group_hom) hom_int_pow: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
"x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> h (x [^] (n :: int)) = (h x) [^]\<^bsub>H\<^esub> n"
using hom_nat_pow by (simp add: int_pow_def2)
lemma hom_nat_pow:
"\<lbrakk>h \<in> hom G H; x \<in> carrier G; group G; group H\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> h (x [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (n :: nat)) = (h x) [^]\<^bsub>H\<^esub> n"
by (simp add: group_hom.hom_nat_pow group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def)
lemma hom_int_pow:
"\<lbrakk>h \<in> hom G H; x \<in> carrier G; group G; group H\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> h (x [^]\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (n :: int)) = (h x) [^]\<^bsub>H\<^esub> n"
by (simp add: group_hom.hom_int_pow group_hom_axioms.intro group_hom_def)
subsection \<open>Commutative Structures\<close>
text \<open>
Naming convention: multiplicative structures that are commutative
are called \emph{commutative}, additive structures are called
\emph{Abelian}.
\<close>
locale comm_monoid = monoid +
assumes m_comm: "\<lbrakk>x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x"
lemma (in comm_monoid) m_lcomm:
"\<lbrakk>x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G; z \<in> carrier G\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> z) = y \<otimes> (x \<otimes> z)"
proof -
assume xyz: "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G" "z \<in> carrier G"
from xyz have "x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> z) = (x \<otimes> y) \<otimes> z" by (simp add: m_assoc)
also from xyz have "... = (y \<otimes> x) \<otimes> z" by (simp add: m_comm)
also from xyz have "... = y \<otimes> (x \<otimes> z)" by (simp add: m_assoc)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemmas (in comm_monoid) m_ac = m_assoc m_comm m_lcomm
lemma comm_monoidI:
fixes G (structure)
assumes m_closed:
"!!x y. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> x \<otimes> y \<in> carrier G"
and one_closed: "\<one> \<in> carrier G"
and m_assoc:
"!!x y z. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G; z \<in> carrier G |] ==>
(x \<otimes> y) \<otimes> z = x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> z)"
and l_one: "!!x. x \<in> carrier G ==> \<one> \<otimes> x = x"
and m_comm:
"!!x y. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x"
shows "comm_monoid G"
using l_one
by (auto intro!: comm_monoid.intro comm_monoid_axioms.intro monoid.intro
intro: assms simp: m_closed one_closed m_comm)
lemma (in monoid) monoid_comm_monoidI:
assumes m_comm:
"!!x y. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x"
shows "comm_monoid G"
by (rule comm_monoidI) (auto intro: m_assoc m_comm)
lemma (in comm_monoid) submonoid_is_comm_monoid :
assumes "submonoid H G"
shows "comm_monoid (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>)"
proof (intro monoid.monoid_comm_monoidI)
show "monoid (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>)"
using submonoid.submonoid_is_monoid assms comm_monoid_axioms comm_monoid_def by blast
show "\<And>x y. x \<in> carrier (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>) \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> carrier (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>)
\<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>\<^esub> y = y \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>\<^esub> x"
by simp (meson assms m_comm submonoid.mem_carrier)
qed
locale comm_group = comm_monoid + group
lemma (in group) group_comm_groupI:
assumes m_comm: "!!x y. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x"
shows "comm_group G"
by standard (simp_all add: m_comm)
lemma comm_groupI:
fixes G (structure)
assumes m_closed:
"!!x y. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> x \<otimes> y \<in> carrier G"
and one_closed: "\<one> \<in> carrier G"
and m_assoc:
"!!x y z. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G; z \<in> carrier G |] ==>
(x \<otimes> y) \<otimes> z = x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> z)"
and m_comm:
"!!x y. [| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x"
and l_one: "!!x. x \<in> carrier G ==> \<one> \<otimes> x = x"
and l_inv_ex: "!!x. x \<in> carrier G ==> \<exists>y \<in> carrier G. y \<otimes> x = \<one>"
shows "comm_group G"
by (fast intro: group.group_comm_groupI groupI assms)
lemma comm_groupE:
fixes G (structure)
assumes "comm_group G"
shows "\<And>x y. \<lbrakk> x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> y \<in> carrier G"
and "\<one> \<in> carrier G"
and "\<And>x y z. \<lbrakk> x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G; z \<in> carrier G \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (x \<otimes> y) \<otimes> z = x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> z)"
and "\<And>x y. \<lbrakk> x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> y = y \<otimes> x"
and "\<And>x. x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> \<one> \<otimes> x = x"
and "\<And>x. x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>y \<in> carrier G. y \<otimes> x = \<one>"
apply (simp_all add: group.axioms assms comm_group.axioms comm_monoid.m_comm comm_monoid.m_ac(1))
by (simp_all add: Group.group.axioms(1) assms comm_group.axioms(2) monoid.m_closed group.r_inv_ex)
lemma (in comm_group) inv_mult:
"[| x \<in> carrier G; y \<in> carrier G |] ==> inv (x \<otimes> y) = inv x \<otimes> inv y"
by (simp add: m_ac inv_mult_group)
lemma (in comm_monoid) nat_pow_distrib:
fixes n::nat
assumes "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G"
shows "(x \<otimes> y) [^] n = x [^] n \<otimes> y [^] n"
by (simp add: assms pow_mult_distrib m_comm)
lemma (in comm_group) int_pow_distrib:
assumes "x \<in> carrier G" "y \<in> carrier G"
shows "(x \<otimes> y) [^] (i::int) = x [^] i \<otimes> y [^] i"
by (simp add: assms int_pow_mult_distrib m_comm)
lemma (in comm_monoid) hom_imp_img_comm_monoid: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "h \<in> hom G H"
shows "comm_monoid (H \<lparr> carrier := h ` (carrier G), one := h \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> \<rparr>)" (is "comm_monoid ?h_img")
proof (rule monoid.monoid_comm_monoidI)
show "monoid ?h_img"
using hom_imp_img_monoid[OF assms] .
next
fix x y assume "x \<in> carrier ?h_img" "y \<in> carrier ?h_img"
then obtain g1 g2
where g1: "g1 \<in> carrier G" "x = h g1"
and g2: "g2 \<in> carrier G" "y = h g2"
by auto
have "x \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> y = h (g1 \<otimes> g2)"
using g1 g2 assms unfolding hom_def by auto
also have " ... = h (g2 \<otimes> g1)"
using m_comm[OF g1(1) g2(1)] by simp
also have " ... = y \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> x"
using g1 g2 assms unfolding hom_def by auto
finally show "x \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> y = y \<otimes>\<^bsub>(?h_img)\<^esub> x" .
qed
lemma (in comm_group) hom_group_mult:
assumes "f \<in> hom H G" "g \<in> hom H G"
shows "(\<lambda>x. f x \<otimes>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> g x) \<in> hom H G"
using assms by (auto simp: hom_def Pi_def m_ac)
lemma (in comm_group) hom_imp_img_comm_group: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "h \<in> hom G H"
shows "comm_group (H \<lparr> carrier := h ` (carrier G), one := h \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> \<rparr>)"
unfolding comm_group_def
using hom_imp_img_group[OF assms] hom_imp_img_comm_monoid[OF assms] by simp
lemma (in comm_group) iso_imp_img_comm_group: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "h \<in> iso G H"
shows "comm_group (H \<lparr> one := h \<one>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> \<rparr>)"
proof -
let ?h_img = "H \<lparr> carrier := h ` (carrier G), one := h \<one> \<rparr>"
have "comm_group ?h_img"
using hom_imp_img_comm_group[of h H] assms unfolding iso_def by auto
moreover have "carrier H = carrier ?h_img"
using assms unfolding iso_def bij_betw_def by simp
hence "H \<lparr> one := h \<one> \<rparr> = ?h_img"
by simp
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma (in comm_group) iso_imp_comm_group: \<^marker>\<open>contributor \<open>Paulo Emílio de Vilhena\<close>\<close>
assumes "G \<cong> H" "monoid H"
shows "comm_group H"
proof -
obtain h where h: "h \<in> iso G H"
using assms(1) unfolding is_iso_def by auto
hence comm_gr: "comm_group (H \<lparr> one := h \<one> \<rparr>)"
using iso_imp_img_comm_group[of h H] by simp
hence "\<And>x. x \<in> carrier H \<Longrightarrow> h \<one> \<otimes>\<^bsub>H\<^esub> x = x"
using monoid.l_one[of "H \<lparr> one := h \<one> \<rparr>"] unfolding comm_group_def comm_monoid_def by simp
moreover have "h \<one> \<in> carrier H"
using h one_closed unfolding iso_def hom_def by auto
ultimately have "h \<one> = \<one>\<^bsub>H\<^esub>"
using monoid.one_unique[OF assms(2), of "h \<one>"] by simp
hence "H = H \<lparr> one := h \<one> \<rparr>"
by simp
thus ?thesis
using comm_gr by simp
qed
(*A subgroup of a subgroup is a subgroup of the group*)
lemma (in group) incl_subgroup:
assumes "subgroup J G"
and "subgroup I (G\<lparr>carrier:=J\<rparr>)"
shows "subgroup I G" unfolding subgroup_def
proof
have H1: "I \<subseteq> carrier (G\<lparr>carrier:=J\<rparr>)" using assms(2) subgroup.subset by blast
also have H2: "...\<subseteq>J" by simp
also have "...\<subseteq>(carrier G)" by (simp add: assms(1) subgroup.subset)
finally have H: "I \<subseteq> carrier G" by simp
have "(\<And>x y. \<lbrakk>x \<in> I ; y \<in> I\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> y \<in> I)" using assms(2) by (auto simp add: subgroup_def)
thus "I \<subseteq> carrier G \<and> (\<forall>x y. x \<in> I \<longrightarrow> y \<in> I \<longrightarrow> x \<otimes> y \<in> I)" using H by blast
have K: "\<one> \<in> I" using assms(2) by (auto simp add: subgroup_def)
have "(\<And>x. x \<in> I \<Longrightarrow> inv x \<in> I)" using assms subgroup.m_inv_closed H
by (metis H1 H2 m_inv_consistent subsetCE)
thus "\<one> \<in> I \<and> (\<forall>x. x \<in> I \<longrightarrow> inv x \<in> I)" using K by blast
qed
(*A subgroup included in another subgroup is a subgroup of the subgroup*)
lemma (in group) subgroup_incl:
assumes "subgroup I G" and "subgroup J G" and "I \<subseteq> J"
shows "subgroup I (G \<lparr> carrier := J \<rparr>)"
using group.group_incl_imp_subgroup[of "G \<lparr> carrier := J \<rparr>" I]
assms(1-2)[THEN subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF _ group_axioms]] assms(3) by auto
subsection \<open>The Lattice of Subgroups of a Group\<close>
text_raw \<open>\label{sec:subgroup-lattice}\<close>
theorem (in group) subgroups_partial_order:
"partial_order \<lparr>carrier = {H. subgroup H G}, eq = (=), le = (\<subseteq>)\<rparr>"
by standard simp_all
lemma (in group) subgroup_self:
"subgroup (carrier G) G"
by (rule subgroupI) auto
lemma (in group) subgroup_imp_group:
"subgroup H G ==> group (G\<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>)"
by (erule subgroup.subgroup_is_group) (rule group_axioms)
lemma (in group) subgroup_mult_equality:
"\<lbrakk> subgroup H G; h1 \<in> H; h2 \<in> H \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> h1 \<otimes>\<^bsub>G \<lparr> carrier := H \<rparr>\<^esub> h2 = h1 \<otimes> h2"
unfolding subgroup_def by simp
theorem (in group) subgroups_Inter:
assumes subgr: "(\<And>H. H \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> subgroup H G)"
and not_empty: "A \<noteq> {}"
shows "subgroup (\<Inter>A) G"
proof (rule subgroupI)
from subgr [THEN subgroup.subset] and not_empty
show "\<Inter>A \<subseteq> carrier G" by blast
next
from subgr [THEN subgroup.one_closed]
show "\<Inter>A \<noteq> {}" by blast
next
fix x assume "x \<in> \<Inter>A"
with subgr [THEN subgroup.m_inv_closed]
show "inv x \<in> \<Inter>A" by blast
next
fix x y assume "x \<in> \<Inter>A" "y \<in> \<Inter>A"
with subgr [THEN subgroup.m_closed]
show "x \<otimes> y \<in> \<Inter>A" by blast
qed
lemma (in group) subgroups_Inter_pair :
assumes "subgroup I G"
and "subgroup J G"
shows "subgroup (I\<inter>J) G" using subgroups_Inter[ where ?A = "{I,J}"] assms by auto
theorem (in group) subgroups_complete_lattice:
"complete_lattice \<lparr>carrier = {H. subgroup H G}, eq = (=), le = (\<subseteq>)\<rparr>"
(is "complete_lattice ?L")
proof (rule partial_order.complete_lattice_criterion1)
show "partial_order ?L" by (rule subgroups_partial_order)
next
have "greatest ?L (carrier G) (carrier ?L)"
by (unfold greatest_def) (simp add: subgroup.subset subgroup_self)
then show "\<exists>G. greatest ?L G (carrier ?L)" ..
next
fix A
assume L: "A \<subseteq> carrier ?L" and non_empty: "A \<noteq> {}"
then have Int_subgroup: "subgroup (\<Inter>A) G"
by (fastforce intro: subgroups_Inter)
have "greatest ?L (\<Inter>A) (Lower ?L A)" (is "greatest _ ?Int _")
proof (rule greatest_LowerI)
fix H
assume H: "H \<in> A"
with L have subgroupH: "subgroup H G" by auto
from subgroupH have groupH: "group (G \<lparr>carrier := H\<rparr>)" (is "group ?H")
by (rule subgroup_imp_group)
from groupH have monoidH: "monoid ?H"
by (rule group.is_monoid)
from H have Int_subset: "?Int \<subseteq> H" by fastforce
then show "le ?L ?Int H" by simp
next
fix H
assume H: "H \<in> Lower ?L A"
with L Int_subgroup show "le ?L H ?Int"
by (fastforce simp: Lower_def intro: Inter_greatest)
next
show "A \<subseteq> carrier ?L" by (rule L)
next
show "?Int \<in> carrier ?L" by simp (rule Int_subgroup)
qed
then show "\<exists>I. greatest ?L I (Lower ?L A)" ..
qed
subsection\<open>The units in any monoid give rise to a group\<close>
text \<open>Thanks to Jeremy Avigad. The file Residues.thy provides some infrastructure to use
facts about the unit group within the ring locale.
\<close>
definition units_of :: "('a, 'b) monoid_scheme \<Rightarrow> 'a monoid"
where "units_of G =
\<lparr>carrier = Units G, Group.monoid.mult = Group.monoid.mult G, one = one G\<rparr>"
lemma (in monoid) units_group: "group (units_of G)"
proof -
have "\<And>x y z. \<lbrakk>x \<in> Units G; y \<in> Units G; z \<in> Units G\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> y \<otimes> z = x \<otimes> (y \<otimes> z)"
by (simp add: Units_closed m_assoc)
moreover have "\<And>x. x \<in> Units G \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>y\<in>Units G. y \<otimes> x = \<one>"
using Units_l_inv by blast
ultimately show ?thesis
unfolding units_of_def
by (force intro!: groupI)
qed
lemma (in comm_monoid) units_comm_group: "comm_group (units_of G)"
proof -
have "\<And>x y. \<lbrakk>x \<in> carrier (units_of G); y \<in> carrier (units_of G)\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes>\<^bsub>units_of G\<^esub> y = y \<otimes>\<^bsub>units_of G\<^esub> x"
by (simp add: Units_closed m_comm units_of_def)
then show ?thesis
by (rule group.group_comm_groupI [OF units_group]) auto
qed
lemma units_of_carrier: "carrier (units_of G) = Units G"
by (auto simp: units_of_def)
lemma units_of_mult: "mult (units_of G) = mult G"
by (auto simp: units_of_def)
lemma units_of_one: "one (units_of G) = one G"
by (auto simp: units_of_def)
lemma (in monoid) units_of_inv:
assumes "x \<in> Units G"
shows "m_inv (units_of G) x = m_inv G x"
by (simp add: assms group.inv_equality units_group units_of_carrier units_of_mult units_of_one)
lemma units_of_units [simp] : "Units (units_of G) = Units G"
unfolding units_of_def Units_def by force
lemma (in group) surj_const_mult: "a \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. a \<otimes> x) ` carrier G = carrier G"
apply (auto simp add: image_def)
by (metis inv_closed inv_solve_left m_closed)
lemma (in group) l_cancel_one [simp]: "x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> x \<otimes> a = x \<longleftrightarrow> a = one G"
by (metis Units_eq Units_l_cancel monoid.r_one monoid_axioms one_closed)
lemma (in group) r_cancel_one [simp]: "x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> a \<otimes> x = x \<longleftrightarrow> a = one G"
by (metis monoid.l_one monoid_axioms one_closed right_cancel)
lemma (in group) l_cancel_one' [simp]: "x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> x = x \<otimes> a \<longleftrightarrow> a = one G"
using l_cancel_one by fastforce
lemma (in group) r_cancel_one' [simp]: "x \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> a \<in> carrier G \<Longrightarrow> x = a \<otimes> x \<longleftrightarrow> a = one G"
using r_cancel_one by fastforce
declare pow_nat [simp] (*causes looping if added above, especially with int_pow_def2*)
end