(* Title: HOL/Probability/Probability_Measure.thy
Author: Johannes Hölzl, TU München
Author: Armin Heller, TU München
*)
header {*Probability measure*}
theory Probability_Measure
imports Lebesgue_Integration Radon_Nikodym Finite_Product_Measure
begin
lemma real_of_extreal_inverse[simp]:
fixes X :: extreal
shows "real (inverse X) = 1 / real X"
by (cases X) (auto simp: inverse_eq_divide)
lemma real_of_extreal_le_0[simp]: "real (X :: extreal) \<le> 0 \<longleftrightarrow> (X \<le> 0 \<or> X = \<infinity>)"
by (cases X) auto
lemma abs_real_of_extreal[simp]: "\<bar>real (X :: extreal)\<bar> = real \<bar>X\<bar>"
by (cases X) auto
lemma zero_less_real_of_extreal: "0 < real X \<longleftrightarrow> (0 < X \<and> X \<noteq> \<infinity>)"
by (cases X) auto
lemma real_of_extreal_le_1: fixes X :: extreal shows "X \<le> 1 \<Longrightarrow> real X \<le> 1"
by (cases X) (auto simp: one_extreal_def)
locale prob_space = measure_space +
assumes measure_space_1: "measure M (space M) = 1"
sublocale prob_space < finite_measure
proof
from measure_space_1 show "\<mu> (space M) \<noteq> \<infinity>" by simp
qed
abbreviation (in prob_space) "events \<equiv> sets M"
abbreviation (in prob_space) "prob \<equiv> \<mu>'"
abbreviation (in prob_space) "prob_preserving \<equiv> measure_preserving"
abbreviation (in prob_space) "random_variable M' X \<equiv> sigma_algebra M' \<and> X \<in> measurable M M'"
abbreviation (in prob_space) "expectation \<equiv> integral\<^isup>L M"
definition (in prob_space)
"indep A B \<longleftrightarrow> A \<in> events \<and> B \<in> events \<and> prob (A \<inter> B) = prob A * prob B"
definition (in prob_space)
"indep_families F G \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall> A \<in> F. \<forall> B \<in> G. indep A B)"
definition (in prob_space)
"distribution X A = \<mu>' (X -` A \<inter> space M)"
abbreviation (in prob_space)
"joint_distribution X Y \<equiv> distribution (\<lambda>x. (X x, Y x))"
declare (in finite_measure) positive_measure'[intro, simp]
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_cong:
assumes "\<And>x. x \<in> space M \<Longrightarrow> X x = Y x"
shows "distribution X = distribution Y"
unfolding distribution_def fun_eq_iff
using assms by (auto intro!: arg_cong[where f="\<mu>'"])
lemma (in prob_space) joint_distribution_cong:
assumes "\<And>x. x \<in> space M \<Longrightarrow> X x = X' x"
assumes "\<And>x. x \<in> space M \<Longrightarrow> Y x = Y' x"
shows "joint_distribution X Y = joint_distribution X' Y'"
unfolding distribution_def fun_eq_iff
using assms by (auto intro!: arg_cong[where f="\<mu>'"])
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_id[simp]:
"N \<in> events \<Longrightarrow> distribution (\<lambda>x. x) N = prob N"
by (auto simp: distribution_def intro!: arg_cong[where f=prob])
lemma (in prob_space) prob_space: "prob (space M) = 1"
using measure_space_1 unfolding \<mu>'_def by (simp add: one_extreal_def)
lemma (in prob_space) prob_le_1[simp, intro]: "prob A \<le> 1"
using bounded_measure[of A] by (simp add: prob_space)
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_positive[simp, intro]:
"0 \<le> distribution X A" unfolding distribution_def by auto
lemma (in prob_space) joint_distribution_remove[simp]:
"joint_distribution X X {(x, x)} = distribution X {x}"
unfolding distribution_def by (auto intro!: arg_cong[where f=\<mu>'])
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_1:
"distribution X A \<le> 1"
unfolding distribution_def by simp
lemma (in prob_space) prob_compl:
assumes A: "A \<in> events"
shows "prob (space M - A) = 1 - prob A"
using finite_measure_compl[OF A] by (simp add: prob_space)
lemma (in prob_space) indep_space: "s \<in> events \<Longrightarrow> indep (space M) s"
by (simp add: indep_def prob_space)
lemma (in prob_space) prob_space_increasing: "increasing M prob"
by (auto intro!: finite_measure_mono simp: increasing_def)
lemma (in prob_space) prob_zero_union:
assumes "s \<in> events" "t \<in> events" "prob t = 0"
shows "prob (s \<union> t) = prob s"
using assms
proof -
have "prob (s \<union> t) \<le> prob s"
using finite_measure_subadditive[of s t] assms by auto
moreover have "prob (s \<union> t) \<ge> prob s"
using assms by (blast intro: finite_measure_mono)
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma (in prob_space) prob_eq_compl:
assumes "s \<in> events" "t \<in> events"
assumes "prob (space M - s) = prob (space M - t)"
shows "prob s = prob t"
using assms prob_compl by auto
lemma (in prob_space) prob_one_inter:
assumes events:"s \<in> events" "t \<in> events"
assumes "prob t = 1"
shows "prob (s \<inter> t) = prob s"
proof -
have "prob ((space M - s) \<union> (space M - t)) = prob (space M - s)"
using events assms prob_compl[of "t"] by (auto intro!: prob_zero_union)
also have "(space M - s) \<union> (space M - t) = space M - (s \<inter> t)"
by blast
finally show "prob (s \<inter> t) = prob s"
using events by (auto intro!: prob_eq_compl[of "s \<inter> t" s])
qed
lemma (in prob_space) prob_eq_bigunion_image:
assumes "range f \<subseteq> events" "range g \<subseteq> events"
assumes "disjoint_family f" "disjoint_family g"
assumes "\<And> n :: nat. prob (f n) = prob (g n)"
shows "(prob (\<Union> i. f i) = prob (\<Union> i. g i))"
using assms
proof -
have a: "(\<lambda> i. prob (f i)) sums (prob (\<Union> i. f i))"
by (rule finite_measure_UNION[OF assms(1,3)])
have b: "(\<lambda> i. prob (g i)) sums (prob (\<Union> i. g i))"
by (rule finite_measure_UNION[OF assms(2,4)])
show ?thesis using sums_unique[OF b] sums_unique[OF a] assms by simp
qed
lemma (in prob_space) prob_countably_zero:
assumes "range c \<subseteq> events"
assumes "\<And> i. prob (c i) = 0"
shows "prob (\<Union> i :: nat. c i) = 0"
proof (rule antisym)
show "prob (\<Union> i :: nat. c i) \<le> 0"
using finite_measure_countably_subadditive[OF assms(1)]
by (simp add: assms(2) suminf_zero summable_zero)
qed simp
lemma (in prob_space) indep_sym:
"indep a b \<Longrightarrow> indep b a"
unfolding indep_def using Int_commute[of a b] by auto
lemma (in prob_space) indep_refl:
assumes "a \<in> events"
shows "indep a a = (prob a = 0) \<or> (prob a = 1)"
using assms unfolding indep_def by auto
lemma (in prob_space) prob_equiprobable_finite_unions:
assumes "s \<in> events"
assumes s_finite: "finite s" "\<And>x. x \<in> s \<Longrightarrow> {x} \<in> events"
assumes "\<And> x y. \<lbrakk>x \<in> s; y \<in> s\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (prob {x} = prob {y})"
shows "prob s = real (card s) * prob {SOME x. x \<in> s}"
proof (cases "s = {}")
case False hence "\<exists> x. x \<in> s" by blast
from someI_ex[OF this] assms
have prob_some: "\<And> x. x \<in> s \<Longrightarrow> prob {x} = prob {SOME y. y \<in> s}" by blast
have "prob s = (\<Sum> x \<in> s. prob {x})"
using finite_measure_finite_singleton[OF s_finite] by simp
also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum> x \<in> s. prob {SOME y. y \<in> s})" using prob_some by auto
also have "\<dots> = real (card s) * prob {(SOME x. x \<in> s)}"
using setsum_constant assms by (simp add: real_eq_of_nat)
finally show ?thesis by simp
qed simp
lemma (in prob_space) prob_real_sum_image_fn:
assumes "e \<in> events"
assumes "\<And> x. x \<in> s \<Longrightarrow> e \<inter> f x \<in> events"
assumes "finite s"
assumes disjoint: "\<And> x y. \<lbrakk>x \<in> s ; y \<in> s ; x \<noteq> y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f x \<inter> f y = {}"
assumes upper: "space M \<subseteq> (\<Union> i \<in> s. f i)"
shows "prob e = (\<Sum> x \<in> s. prob (e \<inter> f x))"
proof -
have e: "e = (\<Union> i \<in> s. e \<inter> f i)"
using `e \<in> events` sets_into_space upper by blast
hence "prob e = prob (\<Union> i \<in> s. e \<inter> f i)" by simp
also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum> x \<in> s. prob (e \<inter> f x))"
proof (rule finite_measure_finite_Union)
show "finite s" by fact
show "\<And>i. i \<in> s \<Longrightarrow> e \<inter> f i \<in> events" by fact
show "disjoint_family_on (\<lambda>i. e \<inter> f i) s"
using disjoint by (auto simp: disjoint_family_on_def)
qed
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_prob_space:
assumes "random_variable S X"
shows "prob_space (S\<lparr>measure := extreal \<circ> distribution X\<rparr>)"
proof -
interpret S: measure_space "S\<lparr>measure := extreal \<circ> distribution X\<rparr>"
proof (rule measure_space.measure_space_cong)
show "measure_space (S\<lparr> measure := \<lambda>A. \<mu> (X -` A \<inter> space M) \<rparr>)"
using assms by (auto intro!: measure_space_vimage simp: measure_preserving_def)
qed (insert assms, auto simp add: finite_measure_eq distribution_def measurable_sets)
show ?thesis
proof (default, simp)
have "X -` space S \<inter> space M = space M"
using `random_variable S X` by (auto simp: measurable_def)
then show "extreal (distribution X (space S)) = 1"
by (simp add: distribution_def one_extreal_def prob_space)
qed
qed
lemma (in prob_space) AE_distribution:
assumes X: "random_variable MX X" and "AE x in MX\<lparr>measure := extreal \<circ> distribution X\<rparr>. Q x"
shows "AE x. Q (X x)"
proof -
interpret X: prob_space "MX\<lparr>measure := extreal \<circ> distribution X\<rparr>" using X by (rule distribution_prob_space)
obtain N where N: "N \<in> sets MX" "distribution X N = 0" "{x\<in>space MX. \<not> Q x} \<subseteq> N"
using assms unfolding X.almost_everywhere_def by auto
from X[unfolded measurable_def] N show "AE x. Q (X x)"
by (intro AE_I'[where N="X -` N \<inter> space M"])
(auto simp: finite_measure_eq distribution_def measurable_sets)
qed
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_eq_integral:
"random_variable S X \<Longrightarrow> A \<in> sets S \<Longrightarrow> distribution X A = expectation (indicator (X -` A \<inter> space M))"
using finite_measure_eq[of "X -` A \<inter> space M"]
by (auto simp: measurable_sets distribution_def)
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_eq_translated_integral:
assumes "random_variable S X" "A \<in> sets S"
shows "distribution X A = integral\<^isup>P (S\<lparr>measure := extreal \<circ> distribution X\<rparr>) (indicator A)"
proof -
interpret S: prob_space "S\<lparr>measure := extreal \<circ> distribution X\<rparr>"
using assms(1) by (rule distribution_prob_space)
show ?thesis
using S.positive_integral_indicator(1)[of A] assms by simp
qed
lemma (in prob_space) finite_expectation1:
assumes f: "finite (X`space M)" and rv: "random_variable borel X"
shows "expectation X = (\<Sum>r \<in> X ` space M. r * prob (X -` {r} \<inter> space M))" (is "_ = ?r")
proof (subst integral_on_finite)
show "X \<in> borel_measurable M" "finite (X`space M)" using assms by auto
show "(\<Sum> r \<in> X ` space M. r * real (\<mu> (X -` {r} \<inter> space M))) = ?r"
"\<And>x. \<mu> (X -` {x} \<inter> space M) \<noteq> \<infinity>"
using finite_measure_eq[OF borel_measurable_vimage, of X] rv by auto
qed
lemma (in prob_space) finite_expectation:
assumes "finite (X`space M)" "random_variable borel X"
shows "expectation X = (\<Sum> r \<in> X ` (space M). r * distribution X {r})"
using assms unfolding distribution_def using finite_expectation1 by auto
lemma (in prob_space) prob_x_eq_1_imp_prob_y_eq_0:
assumes "{x} \<in> events"
assumes "prob {x} = 1"
assumes "{y} \<in> events"
assumes "y \<noteq> x"
shows "prob {y} = 0"
using prob_one_inter[of "{y}" "{x}"] assms by auto
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_empty[simp]: "distribution X {} = 0"
unfolding distribution_def by simp
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_space[simp]: "distribution X (X ` space M) = 1"
proof -
have "X -` X ` space M \<inter> space M = space M" by auto
thus ?thesis unfolding distribution_def by (simp add: prob_space)
qed
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_one:
assumes "random_variable M' X" and "A \<in> sets M'"
shows "distribution X A \<le> 1"
proof -
have "distribution X A \<le> \<mu>' (space M)" unfolding distribution_def
using assms[unfolded measurable_def] by (auto intro!: finite_measure_mono)
thus ?thesis by (simp add: prob_space)
qed
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_x_eq_1_imp_distribution_y_eq_0:
assumes X: "random_variable \<lparr>space = X ` (space M), sets = Pow (X ` (space M))\<rparr> X"
(is "random_variable ?S X")
assumes "distribution X {x} = 1"
assumes "y \<noteq> x"
shows "distribution X {y} = 0"
proof cases
{ fix x have "X -` {x} \<inter> space M \<in> sets M"
proof cases
assume "x \<in> X`space M" with X show ?thesis
by (auto simp: measurable_def image_iff)
next
assume "x \<notin> X`space M" then have "X -` {x} \<inter> space M = {}" by auto
then show ?thesis by auto
qed } note single = this
have "X -` {x} \<inter> space M - X -` {y} \<inter> space M = X -` {x} \<inter> space M"
"X -` {y} \<inter> space M \<inter> (X -` {x} \<inter> space M) = {}"
using `y \<noteq> x` by auto
with finite_measure_inter_full_set[OF single single, of x y] assms(2)
show ?thesis by (auto simp: distribution_def prob_space)
next
assume "{y} \<notin> sets ?S"
then have "X -` {y} \<inter> space M = {}" by auto
thus "distribution X {y} = 0" unfolding distribution_def by auto
qed
lemma (in prob_space) joint_distribution_Times_le_fst:
assumes X: "random_variable MX X" and Y: "random_variable MY Y"
and A: "A \<in> sets MX" and B: "B \<in> sets MY"
shows "joint_distribution X Y (A \<times> B) \<le> distribution X A"
unfolding distribution_def
proof (intro finite_measure_mono)
show "(\<lambda>x. (X x, Y x)) -` (A \<times> B) \<inter> space M \<subseteq> X -` A \<inter> space M" by force
show "X -` A \<inter> space M \<in> events"
using X A unfolding measurable_def by simp
have *: "(\<lambda>x. (X x, Y x)) -` (A \<times> B) \<inter> space M =
(X -` A \<inter> space M) \<inter> (Y -` B \<inter> space M)" by auto
qed
lemma (in prob_space) joint_distribution_commute:
"joint_distribution X Y x = joint_distribution Y X ((\<lambda>(x,y). (y,x))`x)"
unfolding distribution_def by (auto intro!: arg_cong[where f=\<mu>'])
lemma (in prob_space) joint_distribution_Times_le_snd:
assumes X: "random_variable MX X" and Y: "random_variable MY Y"
and A: "A \<in> sets MX" and B: "B \<in> sets MY"
shows "joint_distribution X Y (A \<times> B) \<le> distribution Y B"
using assms
by (subst joint_distribution_commute)
(simp add: swap_product joint_distribution_Times_le_fst)
lemma (in prob_space) random_variable_pairI:
assumes "random_variable MX X"
assumes "random_variable MY Y"
shows "random_variable (MX \<Otimes>\<^isub>M MY) (\<lambda>x. (X x, Y x))"
proof
interpret MX: sigma_algebra MX using assms by simp
interpret MY: sigma_algebra MY using assms by simp
interpret P: pair_sigma_algebra MX MY by default
show "sigma_algebra (MX \<Otimes>\<^isub>M MY)" by default
have sa: "sigma_algebra M" by default
show "(\<lambda>x. (X x, Y x)) \<in> measurable M (MX \<Otimes>\<^isub>M MY)"
unfolding P.measurable_pair_iff[OF sa] using assms by (simp add: comp_def)
qed
lemma (in prob_space) joint_distribution_commute_singleton:
"joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} = joint_distribution Y X {(y, x)}"
unfolding distribution_def by (auto intro!: arg_cong[where f=\<mu>'])
lemma (in prob_space) joint_distribution_assoc_singleton:
"joint_distribution X (\<lambda>x. (Y x, Z x)) {(x, y, z)} =
joint_distribution (\<lambda>x. (X x, Y x)) Z {((x, y), z)}"
unfolding distribution_def by (auto intro!: arg_cong[where f=\<mu>'])
locale pair_prob_space = M1: prob_space M1 + M2: prob_space M2 for M1 M2
sublocale pair_prob_space \<subseteq> pair_sigma_finite M1 M2 by default
sublocale pair_prob_space \<subseteq> P: prob_space P
by default (simp add: pair_measure_times M1.measure_space_1 M2.measure_space_1 space_pair_measure)
lemma countably_additiveI[case_names countably]:
assumes "\<And>A. \<lbrakk> range A \<subseteq> sets M ; disjoint_family A ; (\<Union>i. A i) \<in> sets M\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
(\<Sum>n. \<mu> (A n)) = \<mu> (\<Union>i. A i)"
shows "countably_additive M \<mu>"
using assms unfolding countably_additive_def by auto
lemma (in prob_space) joint_distribution_prob_space:
assumes "random_variable MX X" "random_variable MY Y"
shows "prob_space ((MX \<Otimes>\<^isub>M MY) \<lparr> measure := extreal \<circ> joint_distribution X Y\<rparr>)"
using random_variable_pairI[OF assms] by (rule distribution_prob_space)
section "Probability spaces on finite sets"
locale finite_prob_space = prob_space + finite_measure_space
abbreviation (in prob_space) "finite_random_variable M' X \<equiv> finite_sigma_algebra M' \<and> X \<in> measurable M M'"
lemma (in prob_space) finite_random_variableD:
assumes "finite_random_variable M' X" shows "random_variable M' X"
proof -
interpret M': finite_sigma_algebra M' using assms by simp
then show "random_variable M' X" using assms by simp default
qed
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_finite_prob_space:
assumes "finite_random_variable MX X"
shows "finite_prob_space (MX\<lparr>measure := extreal \<circ> distribution X\<rparr>)"
proof -
interpret X: prob_space "MX\<lparr>measure := extreal \<circ> distribution X\<rparr>"
using assms[THEN finite_random_variableD] by (rule distribution_prob_space)
interpret MX: finite_sigma_algebra MX
using assms by auto
show ?thesis by default (simp_all add: MX.finite_space)
qed
lemma (in prob_space) simple_function_imp_finite_random_variable[simp, intro]:
assumes "simple_function M X"
shows "finite_random_variable \<lparr> space = X`space M, sets = Pow (X`space M), \<dots> = x \<rparr> X"
(is "finite_random_variable ?X _")
proof (intro conjI)
have [simp]: "finite (X ` space M)" using assms unfolding simple_function_def by simp
interpret X: sigma_algebra ?X by (rule sigma_algebra_Pow)
show "finite_sigma_algebra ?X"
by default auto
show "X \<in> measurable M ?X"
proof (unfold measurable_def, clarsimp)
fix A assume A: "A \<subseteq> X`space M"
then have "finite A" by (rule finite_subset) simp
then have "X -` (\<Union>a\<in>A. {a}) \<inter> space M \<in> events"
unfolding vimage_UN UN_extend_simps
apply (rule finite_UN)
using A assms unfolding simple_function_def by auto
then show "X -` A \<inter> space M \<in> events" by simp
qed
qed
lemma (in prob_space) simple_function_imp_random_variable[simp, intro]:
assumes "simple_function M X"
shows "random_variable \<lparr> space = X`space M, sets = Pow (X`space M), \<dots> = ext \<rparr> X"
using simple_function_imp_finite_random_variable[OF assms, of ext]
by (auto dest!: finite_random_variableD)
lemma (in prob_space) sum_over_space_real_distribution:
"simple_function M X \<Longrightarrow> (\<Sum>x\<in>X`space M. distribution X {x}) = 1"
unfolding distribution_def prob_space[symmetric]
by (subst finite_measure_finite_Union[symmetric])
(auto simp add: disjoint_family_on_def simple_function_def
intro!: arg_cong[where f=prob])
lemma (in prob_space) finite_random_variable_pairI:
assumes "finite_random_variable MX X"
assumes "finite_random_variable MY Y"
shows "finite_random_variable (MX \<Otimes>\<^isub>M MY) (\<lambda>x. (X x, Y x))"
proof
interpret MX: finite_sigma_algebra MX using assms by simp
interpret MY: finite_sigma_algebra MY using assms by simp
interpret P: pair_finite_sigma_algebra MX MY by default
show "finite_sigma_algebra (MX \<Otimes>\<^isub>M MY)" by default
have sa: "sigma_algebra M" by default
show "(\<lambda>x. (X x, Y x)) \<in> measurable M (MX \<Otimes>\<^isub>M MY)"
unfolding P.measurable_pair_iff[OF sa] using assms by (simp add: comp_def)
qed
lemma (in prob_space) finite_random_variable_imp_sets:
"finite_random_variable MX X \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> space MX \<Longrightarrow> {x} \<in> sets MX"
unfolding finite_sigma_algebra_def finite_sigma_algebra_axioms_def by simp
lemma (in prob_space) finite_random_variable_measurable:
assumes X: "finite_random_variable MX X" shows "X -` A \<inter> space M \<in> events"
proof -
interpret X: finite_sigma_algebra MX using X by simp
from X have vimage: "\<And>A. A \<subseteq> space MX \<Longrightarrow> X -` A \<inter> space M \<in> events" and
"X \<in> space M \<rightarrow> space MX"
by (auto simp: measurable_def)
then have *: "X -` A \<inter> space M = X -` (A \<inter> space MX) \<inter> space M"
by auto
show "X -` A \<inter> space M \<in> events"
unfolding * by (intro vimage) auto
qed
lemma (in prob_space) joint_distribution_finite_Times_le_fst:
assumes X: "finite_random_variable MX X" and Y: "finite_random_variable MY Y"
shows "joint_distribution X Y (A \<times> B) \<le> distribution X A"
unfolding distribution_def
proof (intro finite_measure_mono)
show "(\<lambda>x. (X x, Y x)) -` (A \<times> B) \<inter> space M \<subseteq> X -` A \<inter> space M" by force
show "X -` A \<inter> space M \<in> events"
using finite_random_variable_measurable[OF X] .
have *: "(\<lambda>x. (X x, Y x)) -` (A \<times> B) \<inter> space M =
(X -` A \<inter> space M) \<inter> (Y -` B \<inter> space M)" by auto
qed
lemma (in prob_space) joint_distribution_finite_Times_le_snd:
assumes X: "finite_random_variable MX X" and Y: "finite_random_variable MY Y"
shows "joint_distribution X Y (A \<times> B) \<le> distribution Y B"
using assms
by (subst joint_distribution_commute)
(simp add: swap_product joint_distribution_finite_Times_le_fst)
lemma (in prob_space) finite_distribution_order:
fixes MX :: "('c, 'd) measure_space_scheme" and MY :: "('e, 'f) measure_space_scheme"
assumes "finite_random_variable MX X" "finite_random_variable MY Y"
shows "r \<le> joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} \<Longrightarrow> r \<le> distribution X {x}"
and "r \<le> joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} \<Longrightarrow> r \<le> distribution Y {y}"
and "r < joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} \<Longrightarrow> r < distribution X {x}"
and "r < joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} \<Longrightarrow> r < distribution Y {y}"
and "distribution X {x} = 0 \<Longrightarrow> joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} = 0"
and "distribution Y {y} = 0 \<Longrightarrow> joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} = 0"
using joint_distribution_finite_Times_le_snd[OF assms, of "{x}" "{y}"]
using joint_distribution_finite_Times_le_fst[OF assms, of "{x}" "{y}"]
by (auto intro: antisym)
lemma (in prob_space) setsum_joint_distribution:
assumes X: "finite_random_variable MX X"
assumes Y: "random_variable MY Y" "B \<in> sets MY"
shows "(\<Sum>a\<in>space MX. joint_distribution X Y ({a} \<times> B)) = distribution Y B"
unfolding distribution_def
proof (subst finite_measure_finite_Union[symmetric])
interpret MX: finite_sigma_algebra MX using X by auto
show "finite (space MX)" using MX.finite_space .
let "?d i" = "(\<lambda>x. (X x, Y x)) -` ({i} \<times> B) \<inter> space M"
{ fix i assume "i \<in> space MX"
moreover have "?d i = (X -` {i} \<inter> space M) \<inter> (Y -` B \<inter> space M)" by auto
ultimately show "?d i \<in> events"
using measurable_sets[of X M MX] measurable_sets[of Y M MY B] X Y
using MX.sets_eq_Pow by auto }
show "disjoint_family_on ?d (space MX)" by (auto simp: disjoint_family_on_def)
show "\<mu>' (\<Union>i\<in>space MX. ?d i) = \<mu>' (Y -` B \<inter> space M)"
using X[unfolded measurable_def] by (auto intro!: arg_cong[where f=\<mu>'])
qed
lemma (in prob_space) setsum_joint_distribution_singleton:
assumes X: "finite_random_variable MX X"
assumes Y: "finite_random_variable MY Y" "b \<in> space MY"
shows "(\<Sum>a\<in>space MX. joint_distribution X Y {(a, b)}) = distribution Y {b}"
using setsum_joint_distribution[OF X
finite_random_variableD[OF Y(1)]
finite_random_variable_imp_sets[OF Y]] by simp
locale pair_finite_prob_space = M1: finite_prob_space M1 + M2: finite_prob_space M2 for M1 M2
sublocale pair_finite_prob_space \<subseteq> pair_prob_space M1 M2 by default
sublocale pair_finite_prob_space \<subseteq> pair_finite_space M1 M2 by default
sublocale pair_finite_prob_space \<subseteq> finite_prob_space P by default
lemma (in prob_space) joint_distribution_finite_prob_space:
assumes X: "finite_random_variable MX X"
assumes Y: "finite_random_variable MY Y"
shows "finite_prob_space ((MX \<Otimes>\<^isub>M MY)\<lparr> measure := extreal \<circ> joint_distribution X Y\<rparr>)"
by (intro distribution_finite_prob_space finite_random_variable_pairI X Y)
lemma finite_prob_space_eq:
"finite_prob_space M \<longleftrightarrow> finite_measure_space M \<and> measure M (space M) = 1"
unfolding finite_prob_space_def finite_measure_space_def prob_space_def prob_space_axioms_def
by auto
lemma (in prob_space) not_empty: "space M \<noteq> {}"
using prob_space empty_measure' by auto
lemma (in finite_prob_space) sum_over_space_eq_1: "(\<Sum>x\<in>space M. \<mu> {x}) = 1"
using measure_space_1 sum_over_space by simp
lemma (in finite_prob_space) joint_distribution_restriction_fst:
"joint_distribution X Y A \<le> distribution X (fst ` A)"
unfolding distribution_def
proof (safe intro!: finite_measure_mono)
fix x assume "x \<in> space M" and *: "(X x, Y x) \<in> A"
show "x \<in> X -` fst ` A"
by (auto intro!: image_eqI[OF _ *])
qed (simp_all add: sets_eq_Pow)
lemma (in finite_prob_space) joint_distribution_restriction_snd:
"joint_distribution X Y A \<le> distribution Y (snd ` A)"
unfolding distribution_def
proof (safe intro!: finite_measure_mono)
fix x assume "x \<in> space M" and *: "(X x, Y x) \<in> A"
show "x \<in> Y -` snd ` A"
by (auto intro!: image_eqI[OF _ *])
qed (simp_all add: sets_eq_Pow)
lemma (in finite_prob_space) distribution_order:
shows "0 \<le> distribution X x'"
and "(distribution X x' \<noteq> 0) \<longleftrightarrow> (0 < distribution X x')"
and "r \<le> joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} \<Longrightarrow> r \<le> distribution X {x}"
and "r \<le> joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} \<Longrightarrow> r \<le> distribution Y {y}"
and "r < joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} \<Longrightarrow> r < distribution X {x}"
and "r < joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} \<Longrightarrow> r < distribution Y {y}"
and "distribution X {x} = 0 \<Longrightarrow> joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} = 0"
and "distribution Y {y} = 0 \<Longrightarrow> joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)} = 0"
using
joint_distribution_restriction_fst[of X Y "{(x, y)}"]
joint_distribution_restriction_snd[of X Y "{(x, y)}"]
by (auto intro: antisym)
lemma (in finite_prob_space) distribution_mono:
assumes "\<And>t. \<lbrakk> t \<in> space M ; X t \<in> x \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> Y t \<in> y"
shows "distribution X x \<le> distribution Y y"
unfolding distribution_def
using assms by (auto simp: sets_eq_Pow intro!: finite_measure_mono)
lemma (in finite_prob_space) distribution_mono_gt_0:
assumes gt_0: "0 < distribution X x"
assumes *: "\<And>t. \<lbrakk> t \<in> space M ; X t \<in> x \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> Y t \<in> y"
shows "0 < distribution Y y"
by (rule less_le_trans[OF gt_0 distribution_mono]) (rule *)
lemma (in finite_prob_space) sum_over_space_distrib:
"(\<Sum>x\<in>X`space M. distribution X {x}) = 1"
unfolding distribution_def prob_space[symmetric] using finite_space
by (subst finite_measure_finite_Union[symmetric])
(auto simp add: disjoint_family_on_def sets_eq_Pow
intro!: arg_cong[where f=\<mu>'])
lemma (in finite_prob_space) sum_over_space_real_distribution:
"(\<Sum>x\<in>X`space M. distribution X {x}) = 1"
unfolding distribution_def prob_space[symmetric] using finite_space
by (subst finite_measure_finite_Union[symmetric])
(auto simp add: disjoint_family_on_def sets_eq_Pow intro!: arg_cong[where f=prob])
lemma (in finite_prob_space) finite_sum_over_space_eq_1:
"(\<Sum>x\<in>space M. prob {x}) = 1"
using prob_space finite_space
by (subst (asm) finite_measure_finite_singleton) auto
lemma (in prob_space) distribution_remove_const:
shows "joint_distribution X (\<lambda>x. ()) {(x, ())} = distribution X {x}"
and "joint_distribution (\<lambda>x. ()) X {((), x)} = distribution X {x}"
and "joint_distribution X (\<lambda>x. (Y x, ())) {(x, y, ())} = joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)}"
and "joint_distribution X (\<lambda>x. ((), Y x)) {(x, (), y)} = joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)}"
and "distribution (\<lambda>x. ()) {()} = 1"
by (auto intro!: arg_cong[where f=\<mu>'] simp: distribution_def prob_space[symmetric])
lemma (in finite_prob_space) setsum_distribution_gen:
assumes "Z -` {c} \<inter> space M = (\<Union>x \<in> X`space M. Y -` {f x}) \<inter> space M"
and "inj_on f (X`space M)"
shows "(\<Sum>x \<in> X`space M. distribution Y {f x}) = distribution Z {c}"
unfolding distribution_def assms
using finite_space assms
by (subst finite_measure_finite_Union[symmetric])
(auto simp add: disjoint_family_on_def sets_eq_Pow inj_on_def
intro!: arg_cong[where f=prob])
lemma (in finite_prob_space) setsum_distribution:
"(\<Sum>x \<in> X`space M. joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)}) = distribution Y {y}"
"(\<Sum>y \<in> Y`space M. joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)}) = distribution X {x}"
"(\<Sum>x \<in> X`space M. joint_distribution X (\<lambda>x. (Y x, Z x)) {(x, y, z)}) = joint_distribution Y Z {(y, z)}"
"(\<Sum>y \<in> Y`space M. joint_distribution X (\<lambda>x. (Y x, Z x)) {(x, y, z)}) = joint_distribution X Z {(x, z)}"
"(\<Sum>z \<in> Z`space M. joint_distribution X (\<lambda>x. (Y x, Z x)) {(x, y, z)}) = joint_distribution X Y {(x, y)}"
by (auto intro!: inj_onI setsum_distribution_gen)
lemma (in finite_prob_space) uniform_prob:
assumes "x \<in> space M"
assumes "\<And> x y. \<lbrakk>x \<in> space M ; y \<in> space M\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> prob {x} = prob {y}"
shows "prob {x} = 1 / card (space M)"
proof -
have prob_x: "\<And> y. y \<in> space M \<Longrightarrow> prob {y} = prob {x}"
using assms(2)[OF _ `x \<in> space M`] by blast
have "1 = prob (space M)"
using prob_space by auto
also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum> x \<in> space M. prob {x})"
using finite_measure_finite_Union[of "space M" "\<lambda> x. {x}", simplified]
sets_eq_Pow inj_singleton[unfolded inj_on_def, rule_format]
finite_space unfolding disjoint_family_on_def prob_space[symmetric]
by (auto simp add:setsum_restrict_set)
also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum> y \<in> space M. prob {x})"
using prob_x by auto
also have "\<dots> = real_of_nat (card (space M)) * prob {x}" by simp
finally have one: "1 = real (card (space M)) * prob {x}"
using real_eq_of_nat by auto
hence two: "real (card (space M)) \<noteq> 0" by fastsimp
from one have three: "prob {x} \<noteq> 0" by fastsimp
thus ?thesis using one two three divide_cancel_right
by (auto simp:field_simps)
qed
lemma (in prob_space) prob_space_subalgebra:
assumes "sigma_algebra N" "sets N \<subseteq> sets M" "space N = space M"
and "\<And>A. A \<in> sets N \<Longrightarrow> measure N A = \<mu> A"
shows "prob_space N"
proof -
interpret N: measure_space N
by (rule measure_space_subalgebra[OF assms])
show ?thesis
proof qed (insert assms(4)[OF N.top], simp add: assms measure_space_1)
qed
lemma (in prob_space) prob_space_of_restricted_space:
assumes "\<mu> A \<noteq> 0" "A \<in> sets M"
shows "prob_space (restricted_space A \<lparr>measure := \<lambda>S. \<mu> S / \<mu> A\<rparr>)"
(is "prob_space ?P")
proof -
interpret A: measure_space "restricted_space A"
using `A \<in> sets M` by (rule restricted_measure_space)
interpret A': sigma_algebra ?P
by (rule A.sigma_algebra_cong) auto
show "prob_space ?P"
proof
show "measure ?P (space ?P) = 1"
using real_measure[OF `A \<in> events`] `\<mu> A \<noteq> 0` by auto
show "positive ?P (measure ?P)"
proof (simp add: positive_def, safe)
show "0 / \<mu> A = 0" using `\<mu> A \<noteq> 0` by (cases "\<mu> A") (auto simp: zero_extreal_def)
fix B assume "B \<in> events"
with real_measure[of "A \<inter> B"] real_measure[OF `A \<in> events`] `A \<in> sets M`
show "0 \<le> \<mu> (A \<inter> B) / \<mu> A" by (auto simp: Int)
qed
show "countably_additive ?P (measure ?P)"
proof (simp add: countably_additive_def, safe)
fix B and F :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a set"
assume F: "range F \<subseteq> op \<inter> A ` events" "disjoint_family F"
{ fix i
from F have "F i \<in> op \<inter> A ` events" by auto
with `A \<in> events` have "F i \<in> events" by auto }
moreover then have "range F \<subseteq> events" by auto
moreover have "\<And>S. \<mu> S / \<mu> A = inverse (\<mu> A) * \<mu> S"
by (simp add: mult_commute divide_extreal_def)
moreover have "0 \<le> inverse (\<mu> A)"
using real_measure[OF `A \<in> events`] by auto
ultimately show "(\<Sum>i. \<mu> (F i) / \<mu> A) = \<mu> (\<Union>i. F i) / \<mu> A"
using measure_countably_additive[of F] F
by (auto simp: suminf_cmult_extreal)
qed
qed
qed
lemma finite_prob_spaceI:
assumes "finite (space M)" "sets M = Pow(space M)"
and "measure M (space M) = 1" "measure M {} = 0" "\<And>A. A \<subseteq> space M \<Longrightarrow> 0 \<le> measure M A"
and "\<And>A B. A\<subseteq>space M \<Longrightarrow> B\<subseteq>space M \<Longrightarrow> A \<inter> B = {} \<Longrightarrow> measure M (A \<union> B) = measure M A + measure M B"
shows "finite_prob_space M"
unfolding finite_prob_space_eq
proof
show "finite_measure_space M" using assms
by (auto intro!: finite_measure_spaceI)
show "measure M (space M) = 1" by fact
qed
lemma (in finite_prob_space) finite_measure_space:
fixes X :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'x"
shows "finite_measure_space \<lparr>space = X ` space M, sets = Pow (X ` space M), measure = extreal \<circ> distribution X\<rparr>"
(is "finite_measure_space ?S")
proof (rule finite_measure_spaceI, simp_all)
show "finite (X ` space M)" using finite_space by simp
next
fix A B :: "'x set" assume "A \<inter> B = {}"
then show "distribution X (A \<union> B) = distribution X A + distribution X B"
unfolding distribution_def
by (subst finite_measure_Union[symmetric])
(auto intro!: arg_cong[where f=\<mu>'] simp: sets_eq_Pow)
qed
lemma (in finite_prob_space) finite_prob_space_of_images:
"finite_prob_space \<lparr> space = X ` space M, sets = Pow (X ` space M), measure = extreal \<circ> distribution X \<rparr>"
by (simp add: finite_prob_space_eq finite_measure_space measure_space_1 one_extreal_def)
lemma (in finite_prob_space) finite_product_measure_space:
fixes X :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'x" and Y :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'y"
assumes "finite s1" "finite s2"
shows "finite_measure_space \<lparr> space = s1 \<times> s2, sets = Pow (s1 \<times> s2), measure = extreal \<circ> joint_distribution X Y\<rparr>"
(is "finite_measure_space ?M")
proof (rule finite_measure_spaceI, simp_all)
show "finite (s1 \<times> s2)"
using assms by auto
next
fix A B :: "('x*'y) set" assume "A \<inter> B = {}"
then show "joint_distribution X Y (A \<union> B) = joint_distribution X Y A + joint_distribution X Y B"
unfolding distribution_def
by (subst finite_measure_Union[symmetric])
(auto intro!: arg_cong[where f=\<mu>'] simp: sets_eq_Pow)
qed
lemma (in finite_prob_space) finite_product_measure_space_of_images:
shows "finite_measure_space \<lparr> space = X ` space M \<times> Y ` space M,
sets = Pow (X ` space M \<times> Y ` space M),
measure = extreal \<circ> joint_distribution X Y \<rparr>"
using finite_space by (auto intro!: finite_product_measure_space)
lemma (in finite_prob_space) finite_product_prob_space_of_images:
"finite_prob_space \<lparr> space = X ` space M \<times> Y ` space M, sets = Pow (X ` space M \<times> Y ` space M),
measure = extreal \<circ> joint_distribution X Y \<rparr>"
(is "finite_prob_space ?S")
proof (simp add: finite_prob_space_eq finite_product_measure_space_of_images one_extreal_def)
have "X -` X ` space M \<inter> Y -` Y ` space M \<inter> space M = space M" by auto
thus "joint_distribution X Y (X ` space M \<times> Y ` space M) = 1"
by (simp add: distribution_def prob_space vimage_Times comp_def measure_space_1)
qed
section "Conditional Expectation and Probability"
lemma (in prob_space) conditional_expectation_exists:
fixes X :: "'a \<Rightarrow> extreal" and N :: "('a, 'b) measure_space_scheme"
assumes borel: "X \<in> borel_measurable M" "AE x. 0 \<le> X x"
and N: "sigma_algebra N" "sets N \<subseteq> sets M" "space N = space M" "\<And>A. measure N A = \<mu> A"
shows "\<exists>Y\<in>borel_measurable N. (\<forall>x. 0 \<le> Y x) \<and> (\<forall>C\<in>sets N.
(\<integral>\<^isup>+x. Y x * indicator C x \<partial>M) = (\<integral>\<^isup>+x. X x * indicator C x \<partial>M))"
proof -
note N(4)[simp]
interpret P: prob_space N
using prob_space_subalgebra[OF N] .
let "?f A" = "\<lambda>x. X x * indicator A x"
let "?Q A" = "integral\<^isup>P M (?f A)"
from measure_space_density[OF borel]
have Q: "measure_space (N\<lparr> measure := ?Q \<rparr>)"
apply (rule measure_space.measure_space_subalgebra[of "M\<lparr> measure := ?Q \<rparr>"])
using N by (auto intro!: P.sigma_algebra_cong)
then interpret Q: measure_space "N\<lparr> measure := ?Q \<rparr>" .
have "P.absolutely_continuous ?Q"
unfolding P.absolutely_continuous_def
proof safe
fix A assume "A \<in> sets N" "P.\<mu> A = 0"
then have f_borel: "?f A \<in> borel_measurable M" "AE x. x \<notin> A"
using borel N by (auto intro!: borel_measurable_indicator AE_not_in)
then show "?Q A = 0"
by (auto simp add: positive_integral_0_iff_AE)
qed
from P.Radon_Nikodym[OF Q this]
obtain Y where Y: "Y \<in> borel_measurable N" "\<And>x. 0 \<le> Y x"
"\<And>A. A \<in> sets N \<Longrightarrow> ?Q A =(\<integral>\<^isup>+x. Y x * indicator A x \<partial>N)"
by blast
with N(2) show ?thesis
by (auto intro!: bexI[OF _ Y(1)] simp: positive_integral_subalgebra[OF _ _ N(2,3,4,1)])
qed
definition (in prob_space)
"conditional_expectation N X = (SOME Y. Y\<in>borel_measurable N \<and> (\<forall>x. 0 \<le> Y x)
\<and> (\<forall>C\<in>sets N. (\<integral>\<^isup>+x. Y x * indicator C x\<partial>M) = (\<integral>\<^isup>+x. X x * indicator C x\<partial>M)))"
abbreviation (in prob_space)
"conditional_prob N A \<equiv> conditional_expectation N (indicator A)"
lemma (in prob_space)
fixes X :: "'a \<Rightarrow> extreal" and N :: "('a, 'b) measure_space_scheme"
assumes borel: "X \<in> borel_measurable M" "AE x. 0 \<le> X x"
and N: "sigma_algebra N" "sets N \<subseteq> sets M" "space N = space M" "\<And>A. measure N A = \<mu> A"
shows borel_measurable_conditional_expectation:
"conditional_expectation N X \<in> borel_measurable N"
and conditional_expectation: "\<And>C. C \<in> sets N \<Longrightarrow>
(\<integral>\<^isup>+x. conditional_expectation N X x * indicator C x \<partial>M) =
(\<integral>\<^isup>+x. X x * indicator C x \<partial>M)"
(is "\<And>C. C \<in> sets N \<Longrightarrow> ?eq C")
proof -
note CE = conditional_expectation_exists[OF assms, unfolded Bex_def]
then show "conditional_expectation N X \<in> borel_measurable N"
unfolding conditional_expectation_def by (rule someI2_ex) blast
from CE show "\<And>C. C \<in> sets N \<Longrightarrow> ?eq C"
unfolding conditional_expectation_def by (rule someI2_ex) blast
qed
lemma (in sigma_algebra) factorize_measurable_function_pos:
fixes Z :: "'a \<Rightarrow> extreal" and Y :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'c"
assumes "sigma_algebra M'" and "Y \<in> measurable M M'" "Z \<in> borel_measurable M"
assumes Z: "Z \<in> borel_measurable (sigma_algebra.vimage_algebra M' (space M) Y)"
shows "\<exists>g\<in>borel_measurable M'. \<forall>x\<in>space M. max 0 (Z x) = g (Y x)"
proof -
interpret M': sigma_algebra M' by fact
have Y: "Y \<in> space M \<rightarrow> space M'" using assms unfolding measurable_def by auto
from M'.sigma_algebra_vimage[OF this]
interpret va: sigma_algebra "M'.vimage_algebra (space M) Y" .
from va.borel_measurable_implies_simple_function_sequence'[OF Z] guess f . note f = this
have "\<forall>i. \<exists>g. simple_function M' g \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>space M. f i x = g (Y x))"
proof
fix i
from f(1)[of i] have "finite (f i`space M)" and B_ex:
"\<forall>z\<in>(f i)`space M. \<exists>B. B \<in> sets M' \<and> (f i) -` {z} \<inter> space M = Y -` B \<inter> space M"
unfolding simple_function_def by auto
from B_ex[THEN bchoice] guess B .. note B = this
let ?g = "\<lambda>x. \<Sum>z\<in>f i`space M. z * indicator (B z) x"
show "\<exists>g. simple_function M' g \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>space M. f i x = g (Y x))"
proof (intro exI[of _ ?g] conjI ballI)
show "simple_function M' ?g" using B by auto
fix x assume "x \<in> space M"
then have "\<And>z. z \<in> f i`space M \<Longrightarrow> indicator (B z) (Y x) = (indicator (f i -` {z} \<inter> space M) x::extreal)"
unfolding indicator_def using B by auto
then show "f i x = ?g (Y x)" using `x \<in> space M` f(1)[of i]
by (subst va.simple_function_indicator_representation) auto
qed
qed
from choice[OF this] guess g .. note g = this
show ?thesis
proof (intro ballI bexI)
show "(\<lambda>x. SUP i. g i x) \<in> borel_measurable M'"
using g by (auto intro: M'.borel_measurable_simple_function)
fix x assume "x \<in> space M"
have "max 0 (Z x) = (SUP i. f i x)" using f by simp
also have "\<dots> = (SUP i. g i (Y x))"
using g `x \<in> space M` by simp
finally show "max 0 (Z x) = (SUP i. g i (Y x))" .
qed
qed
lemma extreal_0_le_iff_le_0[simp]:
fixes a :: extreal shows "0 \<le> -a \<longleftrightarrow> a \<le> 0"
by (cases rule: extreal2_cases[of a]) auto
lemma (in sigma_algebra) factorize_measurable_function:
fixes Z :: "'a \<Rightarrow> extreal" and Y :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'c"
assumes "sigma_algebra M'" and "Y \<in> measurable M M'" "Z \<in> borel_measurable M"
shows "Z \<in> borel_measurable (sigma_algebra.vimage_algebra M' (space M) Y)
\<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>g\<in>borel_measurable M'. \<forall>x\<in>space M. Z x = g (Y x))"
proof safe
interpret M': sigma_algebra M' by fact
have Y: "Y \<in> space M \<rightarrow> space M'" using assms unfolding measurable_def by auto
from M'.sigma_algebra_vimage[OF this]
interpret va: sigma_algebra "M'.vimage_algebra (space M) Y" .
{ fix g :: "'c \<Rightarrow> extreal" assume "g \<in> borel_measurable M'"
with M'.measurable_vimage_algebra[OF Y]
have "g \<circ> Y \<in> borel_measurable (M'.vimage_algebra (space M) Y)"
by (rule measurable_comp)
moreover assume "\<forall>x\<in>space M. Z x = g (Y x)"
then have "Z \<in> borel_measurable (M'.vimage_algebra (space M) Y) \<longleftrightarrow>
g \<circ> Y \<in> borel_measurable (M'.vimage_algebra (space M) Y)"
by (auto intro!: measurable_cong)
ultimately show "Z \<in> borel_measurable (M'.vimage_algebra (space M) Y)"
by simp }
assume Z: "Z \<in> borel_measurable (M'.vimage_algebra (space M) Y)"
with assms have "(\<lambda>x. - Z x) \<in> borel_measurable M"
"(\<lambda>x. - Z x) \<in> borel_measurable (M'.vimage_algebra (space M) Y)"
by auto
from factorize_measurable_function_pos[OF assms(1,2) this] guess n .. note n = this
from factorize_measurable_function_pos[OF assms Z] guess p .. note p = this
let "?g x" = "p x - n x"
show "\<exists>g\<in>borel_measurable M'. \<forall>x\<in>space M. Z x = g (Y x)"
proof (intro bexI ballI)
show "?g \<in> borel_measurable M'" using p n by auto
fix x assume "x \<in> space M"
then have "p (Y x) = max 0 (Z x)" "n (Y x) = max 0 (- Z x)"
using p n by auto
then show "Z x = ?g (Y x)"
by (auto split: split_max)
qed
qed
end