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\begin{isabellebody}%
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\def\isabellecontext{Even}%
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\isanewline
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\isacommand{theory}\ Even\ {\isacharequal}\ Main{\isacharcolon}\isanewline
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\isanewline
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\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{consts}\ even\ {\isacharcolon}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequote}nat\ set{\isachardoublequote}\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{inductive}\ even\isanewline
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\isakeyword{intros}\isanewline
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zero{\isacharbrackleft}intro{\isacharbang}{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequote}{\isadigit{0}}\ {\isasymin}\ even{\isachardoublequote}\isanewline
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step{\isacharbrackleft}intro{\isacharbang}{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequote}n\ {\isasymin}\ even\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ n{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymin}\ even{\isachardoublequote}\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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An inductive definition consists of introduction rules.
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\begin{isabelle}%
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\ \ \ \ \ n\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ Suc\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ n{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even%
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\end{isabelle}
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\rulename{even.step}
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\begin{isabelle}%
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\ \ \ \ \ {\isasymlbrakk}xa\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even{\isacharsemicolon}\ P\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isacharsemicolon}\ {\isasymAnd}n{\isachardot}\ {\isasymlbrakk}n\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even{\isacharsemicolon}\ P\ n{\isasymrbrakk}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ P\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ n{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isasymrbrakk}\isanewline
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\isaindent{\ \ \ \ \ }{\isasymLongrightarrow}\ P\ xa%
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\end{isabelle}
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\rulename{even.induct}
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Attributes can be given to the introduction rules. Here both rules are
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specified as \isa{intro!}
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Our first lemma states that numbers of the form $2\times k$ are even.%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{lemma}\ two{\isacharunderscore}times{\isacharunderscore}even{\isacharbrackleft}intro{\isacharbang}{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequote}{\isadigit{2}}{\isacharasterisk}k\ {\isasymin}\ even{\isachardoublequote}\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{apply}\ {\isacharparenleft}induct{\isacharunderscore}tac\ k{\isacharparenright}\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
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The first step is induction on the natural number \isa{k}, which leaves
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two subgoals:
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\begin{isabelle}%
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\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardot}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharasterisk}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even\isanewline
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\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardot}\ {\isasymAnd}n{\isachardot}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharasterisk}\ n\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharasterisk}\ Suc\ n\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even%
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\end{isabelle}
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Here \isa{auto} simplifies both subgoals so that they match the introduction
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rules, which then are applied automatically.%
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\end{isamarkuptxt}%
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\ \isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{apply}\ auto\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{done}\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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Our goal is to prove the equivalence between the traditional definition
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of even (using the divides relation) and our inductive definition. Half of
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this equivalence is trivial using the lemma just proved, whose \isa{intro!}
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attribute ensures it will be applied automatically.%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{lemma}\ dvd{\isacharunderscore}imp{\isacharunderscore}even{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequote}{\isadigit{2}}\ dvd\ n\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ n\ {\isasymin}\ even{\isachardoublequote}\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{by}\ {\isacharparenleft}auto\ simp\ add{\isacharcolon}\ dvd{\isacharunderscore}def{\isacharparenright}\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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our first rule induction!%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{lemma}\ even{\isacharunderscore}imp{\isacharunderscore}dvd{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequote}n\ {\isasymin}\ even\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ dvd\ n{\isachardoublequote}\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{apply}\ {\isacharparenleft}erule\ even{\isachardot}induct{\isacharparenright}\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
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\begin{isabelle}%
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\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardot}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ dvd\ {\isadigit{0}}\isanewline
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\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardot}\ {\isasymAnd}n{\isachardot}\ {\isasymlbrakk}n\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even{\isacharsemicolon}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ dvd\ n{\isasymrbrakk}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ dvd\ Suc\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ n{\isacharparenright}%
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\end{isabelle}%
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\end{isamarkuptxt}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{apply}\ {\isacharparenleft}simp{\isacharunderscore}all\ add{\isacharcolon}\ dvd{\isacharunderscore}def{\isacharparenright}\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
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\begin{isabelle}%
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\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardot}\ {\isasymAnd}n{\isachardot}\ {\isasymlbrakk}n\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even{\isacharsemicolon}\ {\isasymexists}k{\isachardot}\ n\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharasterisk}\ k{\isasymrbrakk}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isasymexists}k{\isachardot}\ Suc\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ n{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharasterisk}\ k%
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\end{isabelle}%
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\end{isamarkuptxt}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{apply}\ clarify\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
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\begin{isabelle}%
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\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardot}\ {\isasymAnd}n\ k{\isachardot}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharasterisk}\ k\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isasymexists}ka{\isachardot}\ Suc\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ {\isacharparenleft}{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharasterisk}\ k{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharasterisk}\ ka%
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\end{isabelle}%
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\end{isamarkuptxt}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{apply}\ {\isacharparenleft}rule{\isacharunderscore}tac\ x\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isachardoublequote}Suc\ k{\isachardoublequote}\ \isakeyword{in}\ exI{\isacharcomma}\ simp{\isacharparenright}\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{done}\isamarkupfalse%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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no iff-attribute because we don't always want to use it%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{theorem}\ even{\isacharunderscore}iff{\isacharunderscore}dvd{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}n\ {\isasymin}\ even{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharparenleft}{\isadigit{2}}\ dvd\ n{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{by}\ {\isacharparenleft}blast\ intro{\isacharcolon}\ dvd{\isacharunderscore}imp{\isacharunderscore}even\ even{\isacharunderscore}imp{\isacharunderscore}dvd{\isacharparenright}\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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this result ISN'T inductive...%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{lemma}\ Suc{\isacharunderscore}Suc{\isacharunderscore}even{\isacharunderscore}imp{\isacharunderscore}even{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequote}Suc\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ n{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymin}\ even\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ n\ {\isasymin}\ even{\isachardoublequote}\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{apply}\ {\isacharparenleft}erule\ even{\isachardot}induct{\isacharparenright}\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
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\begin{isabelle}%
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\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardot}\ n\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even\isanewline
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\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardot}\ {\isasymAnd}na{\isachardot}\ {\isasymlbrakk}na\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even{\isacharsemicolon}\ n\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even{\isasymrbrakk}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ n\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even%
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\end{isabelle}%
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\end{isamarkuptxt}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{oops}\isamarkupfalse%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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...so we need an inductive lemma...%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{lemma}\ even{\isacharunderscore}imp{\isacharunderscore}even{\isacharunderscore}minus{\isacharunderscore}{\isadigit{2}}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequote}n\ {\isasymin}\ even\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ n\ {\isacharminus}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isasymin}\ even{\isachardoublequote}\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{apply}\ {\isacharparenleft}erule\ even{\isachardot}induct{\isacharparenright}\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
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\begin{isabelle}%
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\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardot}\ {\isadigit{0}}\ {\isacharminus}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even\isanewline
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\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardot}\ {\isasymAnd}n{\isachardot}\ {\isasymlbrakk}n\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even{\isacharsemicolon}\ n\ {\isacharminus}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even{\isasymrbrakk}\isanewline
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\isaindent{\ {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardot}\ {\isasymAnd}n{\isachardot}\ }{\isasymLongrightarrow}\ Suc\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ n{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharminus}\ {\isadigit{2}}\ {\isasymin}\ Even{\isachardot}even%
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\end{isabelle}%
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\end{isamarkuptxt}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{apply}\ auto\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{done}\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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...and prove it in a separate step%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isacommand{lemma}\ Suc{\isacharunderscore}Suc{\isacharunderscore}even{\isacharunderscore}imp{\isacharunderscore}even{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequote}Suc\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ n{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymin}\ even\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ n\ {\isasymin}\ even{\isachardoublequote}\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{by}\ {\isacharparenleft}drule\ even{\isacharunderscore}imp{\isacharunderscore}even{\isacharunderscore}minus{\isacharunderscore}{\isadigit{2}}{\isacharcomma}\ simp{\isacharparenright}\isanewline
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\isanewline
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\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{lemma}\ {\isacharbrackleft}iff{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isacharparenleft}Suc\ {\isacharparenleft}Suc\ n{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymin}\ even{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharparenleft}n\ {\isasymin}\ even{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{by}\ {\isacharparenleft}blast\ dest{\isacharcolon}\ Suc{\isacharunderscore}Suc{\isacharunderscore}even{\isacharunderscore}imp{\isacharunderscore}even{\isacharparenright}\isanewline
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\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{end}\isanewline
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\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\end{isabellebody}%
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%%% Local Variables:
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%%% mode: latex
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%%% TeX-master: "root"
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%%% End:
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