src/ZF/Constructible/Relative.thy

Numerous cosmetic changes, prompted by the new simplifier

(*  Title:      ZF/Constructible/Relative.thy
    ID:         $Id$
    Author:     Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
    Copyright   2002  University of Cambridge
*)

header {*Relativization and Absoluteness*}

theory Relative = Main:

subsection{* Relativized versions of standard set-theoretic concepts *}

constdefs
  empty :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    "empty(M,z) == \<forall>x[M]. x \<notin> z"

  subset :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
    "subset(M,A,B) == \<forall>x[M]. x\<in>A --> x \<in> B"

  upair :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "upair(M,a,b,z) == a \<in> z & b \<in> z & (\<forall>x[M]. x\<in>z --> x = a | x = b)"

  pair :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "pair(M,a,b,z) == \<exists>x[M]. upair(M,a,a,x) & 
                          (\<exists>y[M]. upair(M,a,b,y) & upair(M,x,y,z))"


  union :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "union(M,a,b,z) == \<forall>x[M]. x \<in> z <-> x \<in> a | x \<in> b"

  is_cons :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "is_cons(M,a,b,z) == \<exists>x[M]. upair(M,a,a,x) & union(M,x,b,z)"

  successor :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
    "successor(M,a,z) == is_cons(M,a,a,z)"

  number1 :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    "number1(M,a) == \<exists>x[M]. empty(M,x) & successor(M,x,a)"

  number2 :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    "number2(M,a) == \<exists>x[M]. number1(M,x) & successor(M,x,a)"

  number3 :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    "number3(M,a) == \<exists>x[M]. number2(M,x) & successor(M,x,a)"

  powerset :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
    "powerset(M,A,z) == \<forall>x[M]. x \<in> z <-> subset(M,x,A)"

  is_Collect :: "[i=>o,i,i=>o,i] => o"
    "is_Collect(M,A,P,z) == \<forall>x[M]. x \<in> z <-> x \<in> A & P(x)"

  is_Replace :: "[i=>o,i,[i,i]=>o,i] => o"
    "is_Replace(M,A,P,z) == \<forall>u[M]. u \<in> z <-> (\<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & P(x,u))"

  inter :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "inter(M,a,b,z) == \<forall>x[M]. x \<in> z <-> x \<in> a & x \<in> b"

  setdiff :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "setdiff(M,a,b,z) == \<forall>x[M]. x \<in> z <-> x \<in> a & x \<notin> b"

  big_union :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
    "big_union(M,A,z) == \<forall>x[M]. x \<in> z <-> (\<exists>y[M]. y\<in>A & x \<in> y)"

  big_inter :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
    "big_inter(M,A,z) == 
             (A=0 --> z=0) &
	     (A\<noteq>0 --> (\<forall>x[M]. x \<in> z <-> (\<forall>y[M]. y\<in>A --> x \<in> y)))"

  cartprod :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "cartprod(M,A,B,z) == 
	\<forall>u[M]. u \<in> z <-> (\<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & (\<exists>y[M]. y\<in>B & pair(M,x,y,u)))"

  is_sum :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "is_sum(M,A,B,Z) == 
       \<exists>A0[M]. \<exists>n1[M]. \<exists>s1[M]. \<exists>B1[M]. 
       number1(M,n1) & cartprod(M,n1,A,A0) & upair(M,n1,n1,s1) &
       cartprod(M,s1,B,B1) & union(M,A0,B1,Z)"

  is_Inl :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
    "is_Inl(M,a,z) == \<exists>zero[M]. empty(M,zero) & pair(M,zero,a,z)"

  is_Inr :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
    "is_Inr(M,a,z) == \<exists>n1[M]. number1(M,n1) & pair(M,n1,a,z)"

  is_converse :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
    "is_converse(M,r,z) == 
	\<forall>x[M]. x \<in> z <-> 
             (\<exists>w[M]. w\<in>r & (\<exists>u[M]. \<exists>v[M]. pair(M,u,v,w) & pair(M,v,u,x)))"

  pre_image :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "pre_image(M,r,A,z) == 
	\<forall>x[M]. x \<in> z <-> (\<exists>w[M]. w\<in>r & (\<exists>y[M]. y\<in>A & pair(M,x,y,w)))"

  is_domain :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
    "is_domain(M,r,z) == 
	\<forall>x[M]. x \<in> z <-> (\<exists>w[M]. w\<in>r & (\<exists>y[M]. pair(M,x,y,w)))"

  image :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "image(M,r,A,z) == 
        \<forall>y[M]. y \<in> z <-> (\<exists>w[M]. w\<in>r & (\<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & pair(M,x,y,w)))"

  is_range :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
    --{*the cleaner 
      @{term "\<exists>r'[M]. is_converse(M,r,r') & is_domain(M,r',z)"}
      unfortunately needs an instance of separation in order to prove 
        @{term "M(converse(r))"}.*}
    "is_range(M,r,z) == 
	\<forall>y[M]. y \<in> z <-> (\<exists>w[M]. w\<in>r & (\<exists>x[M]. pair(M,x,y,w)))"

  is_field :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
    "is_field(M,r,z) == 
	\<exists>dr[M]. \<exists>rr[M]. is_domain(M,r,dr) & is_range(M,r,rr) & 
                        union(M,dr,rr,z)"

  is_relation :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    "is_relation(M,r) == 
        (\<forall>z[M]. z\<in>r --> (\<exists>x[M]. \<exists>y[M]. pair(M,x,y,z)))"

  is_function :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    "is_function(M,r) == 
	\<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. \<forall>y'[M]. \<forall>p[M]. \<forall>p'[M]. 
           pair(M,x,y,p) --> pair(M,x,y',p') --> p\<in>r --> p'\<in>r --> y=y'"

  fun_apply :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "fun_apply(M,f,x,y) == 
        (\<exists>xs[M]. \<exists>fxs[M]. 
         upair(M,x,x,xs) & image(M,f,xs,fxs) & big_union(M,fxs,y))"

  typed_function :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "typed_function(M,A,B,r) == 
        is_function(M,r) & is_relation(M,r) & is_domain(M,r,A) &
        (\<forall>u[M]. u\<in>r --> (\<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. pair(M,x,y,u) --> y\<in>B))"

  is_funspace :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "is_funspace(M,A,B,F) == 
        \<forall>f[M]. f \<in> F <-> typed_function(M,A,B,f)"

  composition :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "composition(M,r,s,t) == 
        \<forall>p[M]. p \<in> t <-> 
               (\<exists>x[M]. \<exists>y[M]. \<exists>z[M]. \<exists>xy[M]. \<exists>yz[M]. 
                pair(M,x,z,p) & pair(M,x,y,xy) & pair(M,y,z,yz) & 
                xy \<in> s & yz \<in> r)"

  injection :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "injection(M,A,B,f) == 
	typed_function(M,A,B,f) &
        (\<forall>x[M]. \<forall>x'[M]. \<forall>y[M]. \<forall>p[M]. \<forall>p'[M]. 
          pair(M,x,y,p) --> pair(M,x',y,p') --> p\<in>f --> p'\<in>f --> x=x')"

  surjection :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "surjection(M,A,B,f) == 
        typed_function(M,A,B,f) &
        (\<forall>y[M]. y\<in>B --> (\<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & fun_apply(M,f,x,y)))"

  bijection :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "bijection(M,A,B,f) == injection(M,A,B,f) & surjection(M,A,B,f)"

  restriction :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
    "restriction(M,r,A,z) == 
	\<forall>x[M]. x \<in> z <-> (x \<in> r & (\<exists>u[M]. u\<in>A & (\<exists>v[M]. pair(M,u,v,x))))"

  transitive_set :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    "transitive_set(M,a) == \<forall>x[M]. x\<in>a --> subset(M,x,a)"

  ordinal :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
     --{*an ordinal is a transitive set of transitive sets*}
    "ordinal(M,a) == transitive_set(M,a) & (\<forall>x[M]. x\<in>a --> transitive_set(M,x))"

  limit_ordinal :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    --{*a limit ordinal is a non-empty, successor-closed ordinal*}
    "limit_ordinal(M,a) == 
	ordinal(M,a) & ~ empty(M,a) & 
        (\<forall>x[M]. x\<in>a --> (\<exists>y[M]. y\<in>a & successor(M,x,y)))"

  successor_ordinal :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    --{*a successor ordinal is any ordinal that is neither empty nor limit*}
    "successor_ordinal(M,a) == 
	ordinal(M,a) & ~ empty(M,a) & ~ limit_ordinal(M,a)"

  finite_ordinal :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    --{*an ordinal is finite if neither it nor any of its elements are limit*}
    "finite_ordinal(M,a) == 
	ordinal(M,a) & ~ limit_ordinal(M,a) & 
        (\<forall>x[M]. x\<in>a --> ~ limit_ordinal(M,x))"

  omega :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    --{*omega is a limit ordinal none of whose elements are limit*}
    "omega(M,a) == limit_ordinal(M,a) & (\<forall>x[M]. x\<in>a --> ~ limit_ordinal(M,x))"

  is_quasinat :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    "is_quasinat(M,z) == empty(M,z) | (\<exists>m[M]. successor(M,m,z))"

  is_nat_case :: "[i=>o, i, [i,i]=>o, i, i] => o"
    "is_nat_case(M, a, is_b, k, z) == 
       (empty(M,k) --> z=a) &
       (\<forall>m[M]. successor(M,m,k) --> is_b(m,z)) &
       (is_quasinat(M,k) | empty(M,z))"

  relativize1 :: "[i=>o, [i,i]=>o, i=>i] => o"
    "relativize1(M,is_f,f) == \<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. is_f(x,y) <-> y = f(x)"

  Relativize1 :: "[i=>o, i, [i,i]=>o, i=>i] => o"
    --{*as above, but typed*}
    "Relativize1(M,A,is_f,f) == 
        \<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. x\<in>A --> is_f(x,y) <-> y = f(x)"

  relativize2 :: "[i=>o, [i,i,i]=>o, [i,i]=>i] => o"
    "relativize2(M,is_f,f) == \<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. \<forall>z[M]. is_f(x,y,z) <-> z = f(x,y)"

  Relativize2 :: "[i=>o, i, i, [i,i,i]=>o, [i,i]=>i] => o"
    "Relativize2(M,A,B,is_f,f) ==
        \<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. \<forall>z[M]. x\<in>A --> y\<in>B --> is_f(x,y,z) <-> z = f(x,y)"

  relativize3 :: "[i=>o, [i,i,i,i]=>o, [i,i,i]=>i] => o"
    "relativize3(M,is_f,f) == 
       \<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. \<forall>z[M]. \<forall>u[M]. is_f(x,y,z,u) <-> u = f(x,y,z)"

  Relativize3 :: "[i=>o, i, i, i, [i,i,i,i]=>o, [i,i,i]=>i] => o"
    "Relativize3(M,A,B,C,is_f,f) == 
       \<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. \<forall>z[M]. \<forall>u[M]. 
         x\<in>A --> y\<in>B --> z\<in>C --> is_f(x,y,z,u) <-> u = f(x,y,z)"

  relativize4 :: "[i=>o, [i,i,i,i,i]=>o, [i,i,i,i]=>i] => o"
    "relativize4(M,is_f,f) == 
       \<forall>u[M]. \<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. \<forall>z[M]. \<forall>a[M]. is_f(u,x,y,z,a) <-> a = f(u,x,y,z)"


text{*Useful when absoluteness reasoning has replaced the predicates by terms*}
lemma triv_Relativize1:
     "Relativize1(M, A, \<lambda>x y. y = f(x), f)"
by (simp add: Relativize1_def) 

lemma triv_Relativize2:
     "Relativize2(M, A, B, \<lambda>x y a. a = f(x,y), f)"
by (simp add: Relativize2_def) 


subsection {*The relativized ZF axioms*}
constdefs

  extensionality :: "(i=>o) => o"
    "extensionality(M) == 
	\<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. (\<forall>z[M]. z \<in> x <-> z \<in> y) --> x=y"

  separation :: "[i=>o, i=>o] => o"
    --{*The formula @{text P} should only involve parameters
        belonging to @{text M}.  But we can't prove separation as a scheme
        anyway.  Every instance that we need must individually be assumed
        and later proved.*}
    "separation(M,P) == 
	\<forall>z[M]. \<exists>y[M]. \<forall>x[M]. x \<in> y <-> x \<in> z & P(x)"

  upair_ax :: "(i=>o) => o"
    "upair_ax(M) == \<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. \<exists>z[M]. upair(M,x,y,z)"

  Union_ax :: "(i=>o) => o"
    "Union_ax(M) == \<forall>x[M]. \<exists>z[M]. big_union(M,x,z)"

  power_ax :: "(i=>o) => o"
    "power_ax(M) == \<forall>x[M]. \<exists>z[M]. powerset(M,x,z)"

  univalent :: "[i=>o, i, [i,i]=>o] => o"
    "univalent(M,A,P) == 
	(\<forall>x[M]. x\<in>A --> (\<forall>y[M]. \<forall>z[M]. P(x,y) & P(x,z) --> y=z))"

  replacement :: "[i=>o, [i,i]=>o] => o"
    "replacement(M,P) == 
      \<forall>A[M]. univalent(M,A,P) -->
      (\<exists>Y[M]. \<forall>b[M]. (\<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & P(x,b)) --> b \<in> Y)"

  strong_replacement :: "[i=>o, [i,i]=>o] => o"
    "strong_replacement(M,P) == 
      \<forall>A[M]. univalent(M,A,P) -->
      (\<exists>Y[M]. \<forall>b[M]. b \<in> Y <-> (\<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & P(x,b)))"

  foundation_ax :: "(i=>o) => o"
    "foundation_ax(M) == 
	\<forall>x[M]. (\<exists>y[M]. y\<in>x) --> (\<exists>y[M]. y\<in>x & ~(\<exists>z[M]. z\<in>x & z \<in> y))"


subsection{*A trivial consistency proof for $V_\omega$ *}

text{*We prove that $V_\omega$ 
      (or @{text univ} in Isabelle) satisfies some ZF axioms.
     Kunen, Theorem IV 3.13, page 123.*}

lemma univ0_downwards_mem: "[| y \<in> x; x \<in> univ(0) |] ==> y \<in> univ(0)"
apply (insert Transset_univ [OF Transset_0])  
apply (simp add: Transset_def, blast) 
done

lemma univ0_Ball_abs [simp]: 
     "A \<in> univ(0) ==> (\<forall>x\<in>A. x \<in> univ(0) --> P(x)) <-> (\<forall>x\<in>A. P(x))" 
by (blast intro: univ0_downwards_mem) 

lemma univ0_Bex_abs [simp]: 
     "A \<in> univ(0) ==> (\<exists>x\<in>A. x \<in> univ(0) & P(x)) <-> (\<exists>x\<in>A. P(x))" 
by (blast intro: univ0_downwards_mem) 

text{*Congruence rule for separation: can assume the variable is in @{text M}*}
lemma separation_cong [cong]:
     "(!!x. M(x) ==> P(x) <-> P'(x)) 
      ==> separation(M, %x. P(x)) <-> separation(M, %x. P'(x))"
by (simp add: separation_def) 

lemma univalent_cong [cong]:
     "[| A=A'; !!x y. [| x\<in>A; M(x); M(y) |] ==> P(x,y) <-> P'(x,y) |] 
      ==> univalent(M, A, %x y. P(x,y)) <-> univalent(M, A', %x y. P'(x,y))"
by (simp add: univalent_def) 

lemma univalent_triv [intro,simp]:
     "univalent(M, A, \<lambda>x y. y = f(x))"
by (simp add: univalent_def) 

lemma univalent_conjI2 [intro,simp]:
     "univalent(M,A,Q) ==> univalent(M, A, \<lambda>x y. P(x,y) & Q(x,y))"
by (simp add: univalent_def, blast) 

text{*Congruence rule for replacement*}
lemma strong_replacement_cong [cong]:
     "[| !!x y. [| M(x); M(y) |] ==> P(x,y) <-> P'(x,y) |] 
      ==> strong_replacement(M, %x y. P(x,y)) <-> 
          strong_replacement(M, %x y. P'(x,y))" 
by (simp add: strong_replacement_def) 

text{*The extensionality axiom*}
lemma "extensionality(\<lambda>x. x \<in> univ(0))"
apply (simp add: extensionality_def)
apply (blast intro: univ0_downwards_mem) 
done

text{*The separation axiom requires some lemmas*}
lemma Collect_in_Vfrom:
     "[| X \<in> Vfrom(A,j);  Transset(A) |] ==> Collect(X,P) \<in> Vfrom(A, succ(j))"
apply (drule Transset_Vfrom)
apply (rule subset_mem_Vfrom)
apply (unfold Transset_def, blast)
done

lemma Collect_in_VLimit:
     "[| X \<in> Vfrom(A,i);  Limit(i);  Transset(A) |] 
      ==> Collect(X,P) \<in> Vfrom(A,i)"
apply (rule Limit_VfromE, assumption+)
apply (blast intro: Limit_has_succ VfromI Collect_in_Vfrom)
done

lemma Collect_in_univ:
     "[| X \<in> univ(A);  Transset(A) |] ==> Collect(X,P) \<in> univ(A)"
by (simp add: univ_def Collect_in_VLimit Limit_nat)

lemma "separation(\<lambda>x. x \<in> univ(0), P)"
apply (simp add: separation_def, clarify) 
apply (rule_tac x = "Collect(z,P)" in bexI) 
apply (blast intro: Collect_in_univ Transset_0)+
done

text{*Unordered pairing axiom*}
lemma "upair_ax(\<lambda>x. x \<in> univ(0))"
apply (simp add: upair_ax_def upair_def)  
apply (blast intro: doubleton_in_univ) 
done

text{*Union axiom*}
lemma "Union_ax(\<lambda>x. x \<in> univ(0))"  
apply (simp add: Union_ax_def big_union_def, clarify) 
apply (rule_tac x="\<Union>x" in bexI)  
 apply (blast intro: univ0_downwards_mem)
apply (blast intro: Union_in_univ Transset_0) 
done

text{*Powerset axiom*}

lemma Pow_in_univ:
     "[| X \<in> univ(A);  Transset(A) |] ==> Pow(X) \<in> univ(A)"
apply (simp add: univ_def Pow_in_VLimit Limit_nat)
done

lemma "power_ax(\<lambda>x. x \<in> univ(0))"  
apply (simp add: power_ax_def powerset_def subset_def, clarify) 
apply (rule_tac x="Pow(x)" in bexI)
 apply (blast intro: univ0_downwards_mem)
apply (blast intro: Pow_in_univ Transset_0) 
done

text{*Foundation axiom*}
lemma "foundation_ax(\<lambda>x. x \<in> univ(0))"  
apply (simp add: foundation_ax_def, clarify)
apply (cut_tac A=x in foundation) 
apply (blast intro: univ0_downwards_mem)
done

lemma "replacement(\<lambda>x. x \<in> univ(0), P)"  
apply (simp add: replacement_def, clarify) 
oops
text{*no idea: maybe prove by induction on the rank of A?*}

text{*Still missing: Replacement, Choice*}

subsection{*lemmas needed to reduce some set constructions to instances
      of Separation*}

lemma image_iff_Collect: "r `` A = {y \<in> Union(Union(r)). \<exists>p\<in>r. \<exists>x\<in>A. p=<x,y>}"
apply (rule equalityI, auto) 
apply (simp add: Pair_def, blast) 
done

lemma vimage_iff_Collect:
     "r -`` A = {x \<in> Union(Union(r)). \<exists>p\<in>r. \<exists>y\<in>A. p=<x,y>}"
apply (rule equalityI, auto) 
apply (simp add: Pair_def, blast) 
done

text{*These two lemmas lets us prove @{text domain_closed} and 
      @{text range_closed} without new instances of separation*}

lemma domain_eq_vimage: "domain(r) = r -`` Union(Union(r))"
apply (rule equalityI, auto)
apply (rule vimageI, assumption)
apply (simp add: Pair_def, blast) 
done

lemma range_eq_image: "range(r) = r `` Union(Union(r))"
apply (rule equalityI, auto)
apply (rule imageI, assumption)
apply (simp add: Pair_def, blast) 
done

lemma replacementD:
    "[| replacement(M,P); M(A);  univalent(M,A,P) |]
     ==> \<exists>Y[M]. (\<forall>b[M]. ((\<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & P(x,b)) --> b \<in> Y))"
by (simp add: replacement_def) 

lemma strong_replacementD:
    "[| strong_replacement(M,P); M(A);  univalent(M,A,P) |]
     ==> \<exists>Y[M]. (\<forall>b[M]. (b \<in> Y <-> (\<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & P(x,b))))"
by (simp add: strong_replacement_def) 

lemma separationD:
    "[| separation(M,P); M(z) |] ==> \<exists>y[M]. \<forall>x[M]. x \<in> y <-> x \<in> z & P(x)"
by (simp add: separation_def) 


text{*More constants, for order types*}
constdefs

  order_isomorphism :: "[i=>o,i,i,i,i,i] => o"
    "order_isomorphism(M,A,r,B,s,f) == 
        bijection(M,A,B,f) & 
        (\<forall>x[M]. x\<in>A --> (\<forall>y[M]. y\<in>A -->
          (\<forall>p[M]. \<forall>fx[M]. \<forall>fy[M]. \<forall>q[M].
            pair(M,x,y,p) --> fun_apply(M,f,x,fx) --> fun_apply(M,f,y,fy) --> 
            pair(M,fx,fy,q) --> (p\<in>r <-> q\<in>s))))"

  pred_set :: "[i=>o,i,i,i,i] => o"
    "pred_set(M,A,x,r,B) == 
	\<forall>y[M]. y \<in> B <-> (\<exists>p[M]. p\<in>r & y \<in> A & pair(M,y,x,p))"

  membership :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o" --{*membership relation*}
    "membership(M,A,r) == 
	\<forall>p[M]. p \<in> r <-> (\<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & (\<exists>y[M]. y\<in>A & x\<in>y & pair(M,x,y,p)))"


subsection{*Introducing a Transitive Class Model*}

text{*The class M is assumed to be transitive and to satisfy some
      relativized ZF axioms*}
locale M_trivial =
  fixes M
  assumes transM:           "[| y\<in>x; M(x) |] ==> M(y)"
      and nonempty [simp]:  "M(0)"
      and upair_ax:	    "upair_ax(M)"
      and Union_ax:	    "Union_ax(M)"
      and power_ax:         "power_ax(M)"
      and replacement:      "replacement(M,P)"
      and M_nat [iff]:      "M(nat)"           (*i.e. the axiom of infinity*)

lemma (in M_trivial) rall_abs [simp]: 
     "M(A) ==> (\<forall>x[M]. x\<in>A --> P(x)) <-> (\<forall>x\<in>A. P(x))" 
by (blast intro: transM) 

lemma (in M_trivial) rex_abs [simp]: 
     "M(A) ==> (\<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & P(x)) <-> (\<exists>x\<in>A. P(x))" 
by (blast intro: transM) 

lemma (in M_trivial) ball_iff_equiv: 
     "M(A) ==> (\<forall>x[M]. (x\<in>A <-> P(x))) <-> 
               (\<forall>x\<in>A. P(x)) & (\<forall>x. P(x) --> M(x) --> x\<in>A)" 
by (blast intro: transM)

text{*Simplifies proofs of equalities when there's an iff-equality
      available for rewriting, universally quantified over M. *}
lemma (in M_trivial) M_equalityI: 
     "[| !!x. M(x) ==> x\<in>A <-> x\<in>B; M(A); M(B) |] ==> A=B"
by (blast intro!: equalityI dest: transM) 


subsubsection{*Trivial Absoluteness Proofs: Empty Set, Pairs, etc.*}

lemma (in M_trivial) empty_abs [simp]: 
     "M(z) ==> empty(M,z) <-> z=0"
apply (simp add: empty_def)
apply (blast intro: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) subset_abs [simp]: 
     "M(A) ==> subset(M,A,B) <-> A \<subseteq> B"
apply (simp add: subset_def) 
apply (blast intro: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) upair_abs [simp]: 
     "M(z) ==> upair(M,a,b,z) <-> z={a,b}"
apply (simp add: upair_def) 
apply (blast intro: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) upair_in_M_iff [iff]:
     "M({a,b}) <-> M(a) & M(b)"
apply (insert upair_ax, simp add: upair_ax_def) 
apply (blast intro: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) singleton_in_M_iff [iff]:
     "M({a}) <-> M(a)"
by (insert upair_in_M_iff [of a a], simp) 

lemma (in M_trivial) pair_abs [simp]: 
     "M(z) ==> pair(M,a,b,z) <-> z=<a,b>"
apply (simp add: pair_def ZF.Pair_def)
apply (blast intro: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) pair_in_M_iff [iff]:
     "M(<a,b>) <-> M(a) & M(b)"
by (simp add: ZF.Pair_def)

lemma (in M_trivial) pair_components_in_M:
     "[| <x,y> \<in> A; M(A) |] ==> M(x) & M(y)"
apply (simp add: Pair_def)
apply (blast dest: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) cartprod_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(B); M(z) |] ==> cartprod(M,A,B,z) <-> z = A*B"
apply (simp add: cartprod_def)
apply (rule iffI) 
 apply (blast intro!: equalityI intro: transM dest!: rspec) 
apply (blast dest: transM) 
done

subsubsection{*Absoluteness for Unions and Intersections*}

lemma (in M_trivial) union_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(a); M(b); M(z) |] ==> union(M,a,b,z) <-> z = a Un b"
apply (simp add: union_def) 
apply (blast intro: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) inter_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(a); M(b); M(z) |] ==> inter(M,a,b,z) <-> z = a Int b"
apply (simp add: inter_def) 
apply (blast intro: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) setdiff_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(a); M(b); M(z) |] ==> setdiff(M,a,b,z) <-> z = a-b"
apply (simp add: setdiff_def) 
apply (blast intro: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) Union_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(z) |] ==> big_union(M,A,z) <-> z = Union(A)"
apply (simp add: big_union_def) 
apply (blast intro!: equalityI dest: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) Union_closed [intro,simp]:
     "M(A) ==> M(Union(A))"
by (insert Union_ax, simp add: Union_ax_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) Un_closed [intro,simp]:
     "[| M(A); M(B) |] ==> M(A Un B)"
by (simp only: Un_eq_Union, blast) 

lemma (in M_trivial) cons_closed [intro,simp]:
     "[| M(a); M(A) |] ==> M(cons(a,A))"
by (subst cons_eq [symmetric], blast) 

lemma (in M_trivial) cons_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(b); M(z) |] ==> is_cons(M,a,b,z) <-> z = cons(a,b)"
by (simp add: is_cons_def, blast intro: transM)  

lemma (in M_trivial) successor_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(a); M(z) |] ==> successor(M,a,z) <-> z = succ(a)"
by (simp add: successor_def, blast)  

lemma (in M_trivial) succ_in_M_iff [iff]:
     "M(succ(a)) <-> M(a)"
apply (simp add: succ_def) 
apply (blast intro: transM) 
done

subsubsection{*Absoluteness for Separation and Replacement*}

lemma (in M_trivial) separation_closed [intro,simp]:
     "[| separation(M,P); M(A) |] ==> M(Collect(A,P))"
apply (insert separation, simp add: separation_def) 
apply (drule rspec, assumption, clarify) 
apply (subgoal_tac "y = Collect(A,P)", blast)
apply (blast dest: transM) 
done

lemma separation_iff:
     "separation(M,P) <-> (\<forall>z[M]. \<exists>y[M]. is_Collect(M,z,P,y))"
by (simp add: separation_def is_Collect_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) Collect_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(z) |] ==> is_Collect(M,A,P,z) <-> z = Collect(A,P)"
apply (simp add: is_Collect_def)
apply (blast intro!: equalityI dest: transM)
done

text{*Probably the premise and conclusion are equivalent*}
lemma (in M_trivial) strong_replacementI [rule_format]:
    "[| \<forall>A[M]. separation(M, %u. \<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & P(x,u)) |]
     ==> strong_replacement(M,P)"
apply (simp add: strong_replacement_def, clarify) 
apply (frule replacementD [OF replacement], assumption, clarify) 
apply (drule_tac x=A in rspec, clarify)  
apply (drule_tac z=Y in separationD, assumption, clarify) 
apply (rule_tac x=y in rexI) 
apply (blast dest: transM)+
done


subsubsection{*The Operator @{term is_Replace}*}


lemma is_Replace_cong [cong]:
     "[| A=A'; 
         !!x y. [| M(x); M(y) |] ==> P(x,y) <-> P'(x,y);
         z=z' |] 
      ==> is_Replace(M, A, %x y. P(x,y), z) <-> 
          is_Replace(M, A', %x y. P'(x,y), z')" 
by (simp add: is_Replace_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) univalent_Replace_iff: 
     "[| M(A); univalent(M,A,P);
         !!x y. [| x\<in>A; P(x,y) |] ==> M(y) |] 
      ==> u \<in> Replace(A,P) <-> (\<exists>x. x\<in>A & P(x,u))"
apply (simp add: Replace_iff univalent_def) 
apply (blast dest: transM)
done

(*The last premise expresses that P takes M to M*)
lemma (in M_trivial) strong_replacement_closed [intro,simp]:
     "[| strong_replacement(M,P); M(A); univalent(M,A,P); 
         !!x y. [| x\<in>A; P(x,y) |] ==> M(y) |] ==> M(Replace(A,P))"
apply (simp add: strong_replacement_def) 
apply (drule_tac x=A in rspec, safe) 
apply (subgoal_tac "Replace(A,P) = Y")
 apply simp 
apply (rule equality_iffI)
apply (simp add: univalent_Replace_iff)
apply (blast dest: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) Replace_abs: 
     "[| M(A); M(z); univalent(M,A,P); strong_replacement(M, P);
         !!x y. [| x\<in>A; P(x,y) |] ==> M(y)  |] 
      ==> is_Replace(M,A,P,z) <-> z = Replace(A,P)"
apply (simp add: is_Replace_def)
apply (rule iffI) 
apply (rule M_equalityI) 
apply (simp_all add: univalent_Replace_iff, blast, blast) 
done

(*The first premise can't simply be assumed as a schema.
  It is essential to take care when asserting instances of Replacement.
  Let K be a nonconstructible subset of nat and define
  f(x) = x if x:K and f(x)=0 otherwise.  Then RepFun(nat,f) = cons(0,K), a 
  nonconstructible set.  So we cannot assume that M(X) implies M(RepFun(X,f))
  even for f : M -> M.
*)
lemma (in M_trivial) RepFun_closed:
     "[| strong_replacement(M, \<lambda>x y. y = f(x)); M(A); \<forall>x\<in>A. M(f(x)) |]
      ==> M(RepFun(A,f))"
apply (simp add: RepFun_def) 
apply (rule strong_replacement_closed) 
apply (auto dest: transM  simp add: univalent_def) 
done

lemma Replace_conj_eq: "{y . x \<in> A, x\<in>A & y=f(x)} = {y . x\<in>A, y=f(x)}"
by simp

text{*Better than @{text RepFun_closed} when having the formula @{term "x\<in>A"}
      makes relativization easier.*}
lemma (in M_trivial) RepFun_closed2:
     "[| strong_replacement(M, \<lambda>x y. x\<in>A & y = f(x)); M(A); \<forall>x\<in>A. M(f(x)) |]
      ==> M(RepFun(A, %x. f(x)))"
apply (simp add: RepFun_def)
apply (frule strong_replacement_closed, assumption)
apply (auto dest: transM  simp add: Replace_conj_eq univalent_def) 
done

subsubsection {*Absoluteness for @{term Lambda}*}

constdefs
 is_lambda :: "[i=>o, i, [i,i]=>o, i] => o"
    "is_lambda(M, A, is_b, z) == 
       \<forall>p[M]. p \<in> z <->
        (\<exists>u[M]. \<exists>v[M]. u\<in>A & pair(M,u,v,p) & is_b(u,v))"

lemma (in M_trivial) lam_closed:
     "[| strong_replacement(M, \<lambda>x y. y = <x,b(x)>); M(A); \<forall>x\<in>A. M(b(x)) |]
      ==> M(\<lambda>x\<in>A. b(x))"
by (simp add: lam_def, blast intro: RepFun_closed dest: transM) 

text{*Better than @{text lam_closed}: has the formula @{term "x\<in>A"}*}
lemma (in M_trivial) lam_closed2:
  "[|strong_replacement(M, \<lambda>x y. x\<in>A & y = \<langle>x, b(x)\<rangle>);
     M(A); \<forall>m[M]. m\<in>A --> M(b(m))|] ==> M(Lambda(A,b))"
apply (simp add: lam_def)
apply (blast intro: RepFun_closed2 dest: transM)  
done

lemma (in M_trivial) lambda_abs2 [simp]: 
     "[| strong_replacement(M, \<lambda>x y. x\<in>A & y = \<langle>x, b(x)\<rangle>);
         Relativize1(M,A,is_b,b); M(A); \<forall>m[M]. m\<in>A --> M(b(m)); M(z) |] 
      ==> is_lambda(M,A,is_b,z) <-> z = Lambda(A,b)"
apply (simp add: Relativize1_def is_lambda_def)
apply (rule iffI)
 prefer 2 apply (simp add: lam_def) 
apply (rule M_equalityI)
  apply (simp add: lam_def) 
 apply (simp add: lam_closed2)+
done

lemma is_lambda_cong [cong]:
     "[| A=A';  z=z'; 
         !!x y. [| x\<in>A; M(x); M(y) |] ==> is_b(x,y) <-> is_b'(x,y) |] 
      ==> is_lambda(M, A, %x y. is_b(x,y), z) <-> 
          is_lambda(M, A', %x y. is_b'(x,y), z')" 
by (simp add: is_lambda_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) image_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(r); M(A); M(z) |] ==> image(M,r,A,z) <-> z = r``A"
apply (simp add: image_def)
apply (rule iffI) 
 apply (blast intro!: equalityI dest: transM, blast) 
done

text{*What about @{text Pow_abs}?  Powerset is NOT absolute!
      This result is one direction of absoluteness.*}

lemma (in M_trivial) powerset_Pow: 
     "powerset(M, x, Pow(x))"
by (simp add: powerset_def)

text{*But we can't prove that the powerset in @{text M} includes the
      real powerset.*}
lemma (in M_trivial) powerset_imp_subset_Pow: 
     "[| powerset(M,x,y); M(y) |] ==> y <= Pow(x)"
apply (simp add: powerset_def) 
apply (blast dest: transM) 
done

subsubsection{*Absoluteness for the Natural Numbers*}

lemma (in M_trivial) nat_into_M [intro]:
     "n \<in> nat ==> M(n)"
by (induct n rule: nat_induct, simp_all)

lemma (in M_trivial) nat_case_closed [intro,simp]:
  "[|M(k); M(a); \<forall>m[M]. M(b(m))|] ==> M(nat_case(a,b,k))"
apply (case_tac "k=0", simp) 
apply (case_tac "\<exists>m. k = succ(m)", force)
apply (simp add: nat_case_def) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) quasinat_abs [simp]: 
     "M(z) ==> is_quasinat(M,z) <-> quasinat(z)"
by (auto simp add: is_quasinat_def quasinat_def)

lemma (in M_trivial) nat_case_abs [simp]: 
     "[| relativize1(M,is_b,b); M(k); M(z) |] 
      ==> is_nat_case(M,a,is_b,k,z) <-> z = nat_case(a,b,k)"
apply (case_tac "quasinat(k)") 
 prefer 2 
 apply (simp add: is_nat_case_def non_nat_case) 
 apply (force simp add: quasinat_def) 
apply (simp add: quasinat_def is_nat_case_def)
apply (elim disjE exE) 
 apply (simp_all add: relativize1_def) 
done

(*NOT for the simplifier.  The assumption M(z') is apparently necessary, but 
  causes the error "Failed congruence proof!"  It may be better to replace
  is_nat_case by nat_case before attempting congruence reasoning.*)
lemma is_nat_case_cong:
     "[| a = a'; k = k';  z = z';  M(z');
       !!x y. [| M(x); M(y) |] ==> is_b(x,y) <-> is_b'(x,y) |]
      ==> is_nat_case(M, a, is_b, k, z) <-> is_nat_case(M, a', is_b', k', z')"
by (simp add: is_nat_case_def) 


subsection{*Absoluteness for Ordinals*}
text{*These results constitute Theorem IV 5.1 of Kunen (page 126).*}

lemma (in M_trivial) lt_closed:
     "[| j<i; M(i) |] ==> M(j)" 
by (blast dest: ltD intro: transM) 

lemma (in M_trivial) transitive_set_abs [simp]: 
     "M(a) ==> transitive_set(M,a) <-> Transset(a)"
by (simp add: transitive_set_def Transset_def)

lemma (in M_trivial) ordinal_abs [simp]: 
     "M(a) ==> ordinal(M,a) <-> Ord(a)"
by (simp add: ordinal_def Ord_def)

lemma (in M_trivial) limit_ordinal_abs [simp]: 
     "M(a) ==> limit_ordinal(M,a) <-> Limit(a)" 
apply (unfold Limit_def limit_ordinal_def) 
apply (simp add: Ord_0_lt_iff) 
apply (simp add: lt_def, blast) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) successor_ordinal_abs [simp]: 
     "M(a) ==> successor_ordinal(M,a) <-> Ord(a) & (\<exists>b[M]. a = succ(b))"
apply (simp add: successor_ordinal_def, safe)
apply (drule Ord_cases_disj, auto) 
done

lemma finite_Ord_is_nat:
      "[| Ord(a); ~ Limit(a); \<forall>x\<in>a. ~ Limit(x) |] ==> a \<in> nat"
by (induct a rule: trans_induct3, simp_all)

lemma naturals_not_limit: "a \<in> nat ==> ~ Limit(a)"
by (induct a rule: nat_induct, auto)

lemma (in M_trivial) finite_ordinal_abs [simp]: 
     "M(a) ==> finite_ordinal(M,a) <-> a \<in> nat"
apply (simp add: finite_ordinal_def)
apply (blast intro: finite_Ord_is_nat intro: nat_into_Ord 
             dest: Ord_trans naturals_not_limit)
done

lemma Limit_non_Limit_implies_nat:
     "[| Limit(a); \<forall>x\<in>a. ~ Limit(x) |] ==> a = nat"
apply (rule le_anti_sym) 
apply (rule all_lt_imp_le, blast, blast intro: Limit_is_Ord)  
 apply (simp add: lt_def)  
 apply (blast intro: Ord_in_Ord Ord_trans finite_Ord_is_nat) 
apply (erule nat_le_Limit)
done

lemma (in M_trivial) omega_abs [simp]: 
     "M(a) ==> omega(M,a) <-> a = nat"
apply (simp add: omega_def) 
apply (blast intro: Limit_non_Limit_implies_nat dest: naturals_not_limit)
done

lemma (in M_trivial) number1_abs [simp]: 
     "M(a) ==> number1(M,a) <-> a = 1"
by (simp add: number1_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) number2_abs [simp]: 
     "M(a) ==> number2(M,a) <-> a = succ(1)"
by (simp add: number2_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) number3_abs [simp]: 
     "M(a) ==> number3(M,a) <-> a = succ(succ(1))"
by (simp add: number3_def) 

text{*Kunen continued to 20...*}

(*Could not get this to work.  The \<lambda>x\<in>nat is essential because everything 
  but the recursion variable must stay unchanged.  But then the recursion
  equations only hold for x\<in>nat (or in some other set) and not for the 
  whole of the class M.
  consts
    natnumber_aux :: "[i=>o,i] => i"

  primrec
      "natnumber_aux(M,0) = (\<lambda>x\<in>nat. if empty(M,x) then 1 else 0)"
      "natnumber_aux(M,succ(n)) = 
	   (\<lambda>x\<in>nat. if (\<exists>y[M]. natnumber_aux(M,n)`y=1 & successor(M,y,x)) 
		     then 1 else 0)"

  constdefs
    natnumber :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
      "natnumber(M,n,x) == natnumber_aux(M,n)`x = 1"

  lemma (in M_trivial) [simp]: 
       "natnumber(M,0,x) == x=0"
*)

subsection{*Some instances of separation and strong replacement*}

locale M_basic = M_trivial +
assumes Inter_separation:
     "M(A) ==> separation(M, \<lambda>x. \<forall>y[M]. y\<in>A --> x\<in>y)"
  and Diff_separation:
     "M(B) ==> separation(M, \<lambda>x. x \<notin> B)"
  and cartprod_separation:
     "[| M(A); M(B) |] 
      ==> separation(M, \<lambda>z. \<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & (\<exists>y[M]. y\<in>B & pair(M,x,y,z)))"
  and image_separation:
     "[| M(A); M(r) |] 
      ==> separation(M, \<lambda>y. \<exists>p[M]. p\<in>r & (\<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & pair(M,x,y,p)))"
  and converse_separation:
     "M(r) ==> separation(M, 
         \<lambda>z. \<exists>p[M]. p\<in>r & (\<exists>x[M]. \<exists>y[M]. pair(M,x,y,p) & pair(M,y,x,z)))"
  and restrict_separation:
     "M(A) ==> separation(M, \<lambda>z. \<exists>x[M]. x\<in>A & (\<exists>y[M]. pair(M,x,y,z)))"
  and comp_separation:
     "[| M(r); M(s) |]
      ==> separation(M, \<lambda>xz. \<exists>x[M]. \<exists>y[M]. \<exists>z[M]. \<exists>xy[M]. \<exists>yz[M]. 
		  pair(M,x,z,xz) & pair(M,x,y,xy) & pair(M,y,z,yz) & 
                  xy\<in>s & yz\<in>r)"
  and pred_separation:
     "[| M(r); M(x) |] ==> separation(M, \<lambda>y. \<exists>p[M]. p\<in>r & pair(M,y,x,p))"
  and Memrel_separation:
     "separation(M, \<lambda>z. \<exists>x[M]. \<exists>y[M]. pair(M,x,y,z) & x \<in> y)"
  and funspace_succ_replacement:
     "M(n) ==> 
      strong_replacement(M, \<lambda>p z. \<exists>f[M]. \<exists>b[M]. \<exists>nb[M]. \<exists>cnbf[M]. 
                pair(M,f,b,p) & pair(M,n,b,nb) & is_cons(M,nb,f,cnbf) &
                upair(M,cnbf,cnbf,z))"
  and well_ord_iso_separation:
     "[| M(A); M(f); M(r) |] 
      ==> separation (M, \<lambda>x. x\<in>A --> (\<exists>y[M]. (\<exists>p[M]. 
		     fun_apply(M,f,x,y) & pair(M,y,x,p) & p \<in> r)))"
  and obase_separation:
     --{*part of the order type formalization*}
     "[| M(A); M(r) |] 
      ==> separation(M, \<lambda>a. \<exists>x[M]. \<exists>g[M]. \<exists>mx[M]. \<exists>par[M]. 
	     ordinal(M,x) & membership(M,x,mx) & pred_set(M,A,a,r,par) &
	     order_isomorphism(M,par,r,x,mx,g))"
  and obase_equals_separation:
     "[| M(A); M(r) |] 
      ==> separation (M, \<lambda>x. x\<in>A --> ~(\<exists>y[M]. \<exists>g[M]. 
			      ordinal(M,y) & (\<exists>my[M]. \<exists>pxr[M]. 
			      membership(M,y,my) & pred_set(M,A,x,r,pxr) &
			      order_isomorphism(M,pxr,r,y,my,g))))"
  and omap_replacement:
     "[| M(A); M(r) |] 
      ==> strong_replacement(M,
             \<lambda>a z. \<exists>x[M]. \<exists>g[M]. \<exists>mx[M]. \<exists>par[M]. 
	     ordinal(M,x) & pair(M,a,x,z) & membership(M,x,mx) & 
	     pred_set(M,A,a,r,par) & order_isomorphism(M,par,r,x,mx,g))"
  and is_recfun_separation:
     --{*for well-founded recursion*}
     "[| M(r); M(f); M(g); M(a); M(b) |] 
     ==> separation(M, 
            \<lambda>x. \<exists>xa[M]. \<exists>xb[M]. 
                pair(M,x,a,xa) & xa \<in> r & pair(M,x,b,xb) & xb \<in> r & 
                (\<exists>fx[M]. \<exists>gx[M]. fun_apply(M,f,x,fx) & fun_apply(M,g,x,gx) & 
                                   fx \<noteq> gx))"

lemma (in M_basic) cartprod_iff_lemma:
     "[| M(C);  \<forall>u[M]. u \<in> C <-> (\<exists>x\<in>A. \<exists>y\<in>B. u = {{x}, {x,y}}); 
         powerset(M, A \<union> B, p1); powerset(M, p1, p2);  M(p2) |]
       ==> C = {u \<in> p2 . \<exists>x\<in>A. \<exists>y\<in>B. u = {{x}, {x,y}}}"
apply (simp add: powerset_def) 
apply (rule equalityI, clarify, simp)
 apply (frule transM, assumption) 
 apply (frule transM, assumption, simp (no_asm_simp))
 apply blast 
apply clarify
apply (frule transM, assumption, force) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) cartprod_iff:
     "[| M(A); M(B); M(C) |] 
      ==> cartprod(M,A,B,C) <-> 
          (\<exists>p1 p2. M(p1) & M(p2) & powerset(M,A Un B,p1) & powerset(M,p1,p2) &
                   C = {z \<in> p2. \<exists>x\<in>A. \<exists>y\<in>B. z = <x,y>})"
apply (simp add: Pair_def cartprod_def, safe)
defer 1 
  apply (simp add: powerset_def) 
 apply blast 
txt{*Final, difficult case: the left-to-right direction of the theorem.*}
apply (insert power_ax, simp add: power_ax_def) 
apply (frule_tac x="A Un B" and P="\<lambda>x. rex(M,?Q(x))" in rspec) 
apply (blast, clarify) 
apply (drule_tac x=z and P="\<lambda>x. rex(M,?Q(x))" in rspec)
apply assumption
apply (blast intro: cartprod_iff_lemma) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) cartprod_closed_lemma:
     "[| M(A); M(B) |] ==> \<exists>C[M]. cartprod(M,A,B,C)"
apply (simp del: cartprod_abs add: cartprod_iff)
apply (insert power_ax, simp add: power_ax_def) 
apply (frule_tac x="A Un B" and P="\<lambda>x. rex(M,?Q(x))" in rspec) 
apply (blast, clarify) 
apply (drule_tac x=z and P="\<lambda>x. rex(M,?Q(x))" in rspec) 
apply (blast, clarify)
apply (intro rexI exI conjI) 
prefer 5 apply (rule refl) 
prefer 3 apply assumption
prefer 3 apply assumption
apply (insert cartprod_separation [of A B], auto)
done

text{*All the lemmas above are necessary because Powerset is not absolute.
      I should have used Replacement instead!*}
lemma (in M_basic) cartprod_closed [intro,simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(B) |] ==> M(A*B)"
by (frule cartprod_closed_lemma, assumption, force)

lemma (in M_basic) sum_closed [intro,simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(B) |] ==> M(A+B)"
by (simp add: sum_def)

lemma (in M_basic) sum_abs [simp]:
     "[| M(A); M(B); M(Z) |] ==> is_sum(M,A,B,Z) <-> (Z = A+B)"
by (simp add: is_sum_def sum_def singleton_0 nat_into_M)

lemma (in M_trivial) Inl_in_M_iff [iff]:
     "M(Inl(a)) <-> M(a)"
by (simp add: Inl_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) Inl_abs [simp]:
     "M(Z) ==> is_Inl(M,a,Z) <-> (Z = Inl(a))"
by (simp add: is_Inl_def Inl_def)

lemma (in M_trivial) Inr_in_M_iff [iff]:
     "M(Inr(a)) <-> M(a)"
by (simp add: Inr_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) Inr_abs [simp]:
     "M(Z) ==> is_Inr(M,a,Z) <-> (Z = Inr(a))"
by (simp add: is_Inr_def Inr_def)


subsubsection {*converse of a relation*}

lemma (in M_basic) M_converse_iff:
     "M(r) ==> 
      converse(r) = 
      {z \<in> Union(Union(r)) * Union(Union(r)). 
       \<exists>p\<in>r. \<exists>x[M]. \<exists>y[M]. p = \<langle>x,y\<rangle> & z = \<langle>y,x\<rangle>}"
apply (rule equalityI)
 prefer 2 apply (blast dest: transM, clarify, simp) 
apply (simp add: Pair_def) 
apply (blast dest: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) converse_closed [intro,simp]: 
     "M(r) ==> M(converse(r))"
apply (simp add: M_converse_iff)
apply (insert converse_separation [of r], simp)
done

lemma (in M_basic) converse_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(r); M(z) |] ==> is_converse(M,r,z) <-> z = converse(r)"
apply (simp add: is_converse_def)
apply (rule iffI)
 prefer 2 apply blast 
apply (rule M_equalityI)
  apply simp
  apply (blast dest: transM)+
done


subsubsection {*image, preimage, domain, range*}

lemma (in M_basic) image_closed [intro,simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(r) |] ==> M(r``A)"
apply (simp add: image_iff_Collect)
apply (insert image_separation [of A r], simp) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) vimage_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(r); M(A); M(z) |] ==> pre_image(M,r,A,z) <-> z = r-``A"
apply (simp add: pre_image_def)
apply (rule iffI) 
 apply (blast intro!: equalityI dest: transM, blast) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) vimage_closed [intro,simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(r) |] ==> M(r-``A)"
by (simp add: vimage_def)


subsubsection{*Domain, range and field*}

lemma (in M_basic) domain_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(r); M(z) |] ==> is_domain(M,r,z) <-> z = domain(r)"
apply (simp add: is_domain_def) 
apply (blast intro!: equalityI dest: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) domain_closed [intro,simp]: 
     "M(r) ==> M(domain(r))"
apply (simp add: domain_eq_vimage)
done

lemma (in M_basic) range_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(r); M(z) |] ==> is_range(M,r,z) <-> z = range(r)"
apply (simp add: is_range_def)
apply (blast intro!: equalityI dest: transM)
done

lemma (in M_basic) range_closed [intro,simp]: 
     "M(r) ==> M(range(r))"
apply (simp add: range_eq_image)
done

lemma (in M_basic) field_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(r); M(z) |] ==> is_field(M,r,z) <-> z = field(r)"
by (simp add: domain_closed range_closed is_field_def field_def)

lemma (in M_basic) field_closed [intro,simp]: 
     "M(r) ==> M(field(r))"
by (simp add: domain_closed range_closed Un_closed field_def) 


subsubsection{*Relations, functions and application*}

lemma (in M_basic) relation_abs [simp]: 
     "M(r) ==> is_relation(M,r) <-> relation(r)"
apply (simp add: is_relation_def relation_def) 
apply (blast dest!: bspec dest: pair_components_in_M)+
done

lemma (in M_basic) function_abs [simp]: 
     "M(r) ==> is_function(M,r) <-> function(r)"
apply (simp add: is_function_def function_def, safe) 
   apply (frule transM, assumption) 
  apply (blast dest: pair_components_in_M)+
done

lemma (in M_basic) apply_closed [intro,simp]: 
     "[|M(f); M(a)|] ==> M(f`a)"
by (simp add: apply_def)

lemma (in M_basic) apply_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(f); M(x); M(y) |] ==> fun_apply(M,f,x,y) <-> f`x = y"
apply (simp add: fun_apply_def apply_def, blast) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) typed_function_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(f) |] ==> typed_function(M,A,B,f) <-> f \<in> A -> B"
apply (auto simp add: typed_function_def relation_def Pi_iff) 
apply (blast dest: pair_components_in_M)+
done

lemma (in M_basic) injection_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(f) |] ==> injection(M,A,B,f) <-> f \<in> inj(A,B)"
apply (simp add: injection_def apply_iff inj_def apply_closed)
apply (blast dest: transM [of _ A]) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) surjection_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(B); M(f) |] ==> surjection(M,A,B,f) <-> f \<in> surj(A,B)"
by (simp add: surjection_def surj_def)

lemma (in M_basic) bijection_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(B); M(f) |] ==> bijection(M,A,B,f) <-> f \<in> bij(A,B)"
by (simp add: bijection_def bij_def)


subsubsection{*Composition of relations*}

lemma (in M_basic) M_comp_iff:
     "[| M(r); M(s) |] 
      ==> r O s = 
          {xz \<in> domain(s) * range(r).  
            \<exists>x[M]. \<exists>y[M]. \<exists>z[M]. xz = \<langle>x,z\<rangle> & \<langle>x,y\<rangle> \<in> s & \<langle>y,z\<rangle> \<in> r}"
apply (simp add: comp_def)
apply (rule equalityI) 
 apply clarify 
 apply simp 
 apply  (blast dest:  transM)+
done

lemma (in M_basic) comp_closed [intro,simp]: 
     "[| M(r); M(s) |] ==> M(r O s)"
apply (simp add: M_comp_iff)
apply (insert comp_separation [of r s], simp) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) composition_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(r); M(s); M(t) |] 
      ==> composition(M,r,s,t) <-> t = r O s"
apply safe
 txt{*Proving @{term "composition(M, r, s, r O s)"}*}
 prefer 2 
 apply (simp add: composition_def comp_def)
 apply (blast dest: transM) 
txt{*Opposite implication*}
apply (rule M_equalityI)
  apply (simp add: composition_def comp_def)
  apply (blast del: allE dest: transM)+
done

text{*no longer needed*}
lemma (in M_basic) restriction_is_function: 
     "[| restriction(M,f,A,z); function(f); M(f); M(A); M(z) |] 
      ==> function(z)"
apply (simp add: restriction_def ball_iff_equiv) 
apply (unfold function_def, blast) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) restriction_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(f); M(A); M(z) |] 
      ==> restriction(M,f,A,z) <-> z = restrict(f,A)"
apply (simp add: ball_iff_equiv restriction_def restrict_def)
apply (blast intro!: equalityI dest: transM) 
done


lemma (in M_basic) M_restrict_iff:
     "M(r) ==> restrict(r,A) = {z \<in> r . \<exists>x\<in>A. \<exists>y[M]. z = \<langle>x, y\<rangle>}"
by (simp add: restrict_def, blast dest: transM)

lemma (in M_basic) restrict_closed [intro,simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(r) |] ==> M(restrict(r,A))"
apply (simp add: M_restrict_iff)
apply (insert restrict_separation [of A], simp) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) Inter_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(A); M(z) |] ==> big_inter(M,A,z) <-> z = Inter(A)"
apply (simp add: big_inter_def Inter_def) 
apply (blast intro!: equalityI dest: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) Inter_closed [intro,simp]:
     "M(A) ==> M(Inter(A))"
by (insert Inter_separation, simp add: Inter_def)

lemma (in M_basic) Int_closed [intro,simp]:
     "[| M(A); M(B) |] ==> M(A Int B)"
apply (subgoal_tac "M({A,B})")
apply (frule Inter_closed, force+) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) Diff_closed [intro,simp]:
     "[|M(A); M(B)|] ==> M(A-B)"
by (insert Diff_separation, simp add: Diff_def)

subsubsection{*Some Facts About Separation Axioms*}

lemma (in M_basic) separation_conj:
     "[|separation(M,P); separation(M,Q)|] ==> separation(M, \<lambda>z. P(z) & Q(z))"
by (simp del: separation_closed
         add: separation_iff Collect_Int_Collect_eq [symmetric]) 

(*???equalities*)
lemma Collect_Un_Collect_eq:
     "Collect(A,P) Un Collect(A,Q) = Collect(A, %x. P(x) | Q(x))"
by blast

lemma Diff_Collect_eq:
     "A - Collect(A,P) = Collect(A, %x. ~ P(x))"
by blast

lemma (in M_trivial) Collect_rall_eq:
     "M(Y) ==> Collect(A, %x. \<forall>y[M]. y\<in>Y --> P(x,y)) = 
               (if Y=0 then A else (\<Inter>y \<in> Y. {x \<in> A. P(x,y)}))"
apply simp 
apply (blast intro!: equalityI dest: transM) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) separation_disj:
     "[|separation(M,P); separation(M,Q)|] ==> separation(M, \<lambda>z. P(z) | Q(z))"
by (simp del: separation_closed
         add: separation_iff Collect_Un_Collect_eq [symmetric]) 

lemma (in M_basic) separation_neg:
     "separation(M,P) ==> separation(M, \<lambda>z. ~P(z))"
by (simp del: separation_closed
         add: separation_iff Diff_Collect_eq [symmetric]) 

lemma (in M_basic) separation_imp:
     "[|separation(M,P); separation(M,Q)|] 
      ==> separation(M, \<lambda>z. P(z) --> Q(z))"
by (simp add: separation_neg separation_disj not_disj_iff_imp [symmetric]) 

text{*This result is a hint of how little can be done without the Reflection 
  Theorem.  The quantifier has to be bounded by a set.  We also need another
  instance of Separation!*}
lemma (in M_basic) separation_rall:
     "[|M(Y); \<forall>y[M]. separation(M, \<lambda>x. P(x,y)); 
        \<forall>z[M]. strong_replacement(M, \<lambda>x y. y = {u \<in> z . P(u,x)})|]
      ==> separation(M, \<lambda>x. \<forall>y[M]. y\<in>Y --> P(x,y))" 
apply (simp del: separation_closed rall_abs
         add: separation_iff Collect_rall_eq) 
apply (blast intro!: Inter_closed RepFun_closed dest: transM) 
done


subsubsection{*Functions and function space*}

text{*M contains all finite functions*}
lemma (in M_basic) finite_fun_closed_lemma [rule_format]: 
     "[| n \<in> nat; M(A) |] ==> \<forall>f \<in> n -> A. M(f)"
apply (induct_tac n, simp)
apply (rule ballI)  
apply (simp add: succ_def) 
apply (frule fun_cons_restrict_eq)
apply (erule ssubst) 
apply (subgoal_tac "M(f`x) & restrict(f,x) \<in> x -> A") 
 apply (simp add: cons_closed nat_into_M apply_closed) 
apply (blast intro: apply_funtype transM restrict_type2) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) finite_fun_closed [rule_format]: 
     "[| f \<in> n -> A; n \<in> nat; M(A) |] ==> M(f)"
by (blast intro: finite_fun_closed_lemma) 

text{*The assumption @{term "M(A->B)"} is unusual, but essential: in 
all but trivial cases, A->B cannot be expected to belong to @{term M}.*}
lemma (in M_basic) is_funspace_abs [simp]:
     "[|M(A); M(B); M(F); M(A->B)|] ==> is_funspace(M,A,B,F) <-> F = A->B";
apply (simp add: is_funspace_def)
apply (rule iffI)
 prefer 2 apply blast 
apply (rule M_equalityI)
  apply simp_all
done

lemma (in M_basic) succ_fun_eq2:
     "[|M(B); M(n->B)|] ==>
      succ(n) -> B = 
      \<Union>{z. p \<in> (n->B)*B, \<exists>f[M]. \<exists>b[M]. p = <f,b> & z = {cons(<n,b>, f)}}"
apply (simp add: succ_fun_eq)
apply (blast dest: transM)  
done

lemma (in M_basic) funspace_succ:
     "[|M(n); M(B); M(n->B) |] ==> M(succ(n) -> B)"
apply (insert funspace_succ_replacement [of n], simp) 
apply (force simp add: succ_fun_eq2 univalent_def) 
done

text{*@{term M} contains all finite function spaces.  Needed to prove the
absoluteness of transitive closure.*}
lemma (in M_basic) finite_funspace_closed [intro,simp]:
     "[|n\<in>nat; M(B)|] ==> M(n->B)"
apply (induct_tac n, simp)
apply (simp add: funspace_succ nat_into_M) 
done


subsection{*Relativization and Absoluteness for Boolean Operators*}

constdefs
  is_bool_of_o :: "[i=>o, o, i] => o"
   "is_bool_of_o(M,P,z) == (P & number1(M,z)) | (~P & empty(M,z))"

  is_not :: "[i=>o, i, i] => o"
   "is_not(M,a,z) == (number1(M,a)  & empty(M,z)) | 
                     (~number1(M,a) & number1(M,z))"

  is_and :: "[i=>o, i, i, i] => o"
   "is_and(M,a,b,z) == (number1(M,a)  & z=b) | 
                       (~number1(M,a) & empty(M,z))"

  is_or :: "[i=>o, i, i, i] => o"
   "is_or(M,a,b,z) == (number1(M,a)  & number1(M,z)) | 
                      (~number1(M,a) & z=b)"

lemma (in M_trivial) bool_of_o_abs [simp]: 
     "M(z) ==> is_bool_of_o(M,P,z) <-> z = bool_of_o(P)" 
by (simp add: is_bool_of_o_def bool_of_o_def) 


lemma (in M_trivial) not_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(a); M(z)|] ==> is_not(M,a,z) <-> z = not(a)"
by (simp add: Bool.not_def cond_def is_not_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) and_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(a); M(b); M(z)|] ==> is_and(M,a,b,z) <-> z = a and b"
by (simp add: Bool.and_def cond_def is_and_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) or_abs [simp]: 
     "[| M(a); M(b); M(z)|] ==> is_or(M,a,b,z) <-> z = a or b"
by (simp add: Bool.or_def cond_def is_or_def)


lemma (in M_trivial) bool_of_o_closed [intro,simp]:
     "M(bool_of_o(P))"
by (simp add: bool_of_o_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) and_closed [intro,simp]:
     "[| M(p); M(q) |] ==> M(p and q)"
by (simp add: and_def cond_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) or_closed [intro,simp]:
     "[| M(p); M(q) |] ==> M(p or q)"
by (simp add: or_def cond_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) not_closed [intro,simp]:
     "M(p) ==> M(not(p))"
by (simp add: Bool.not_def cond_def) 


subsection{*Relativization and Absoluteness for List Operators*}

constdefs

  is_Nil :: "[i=>o, i] => o"
     --{* because @{term "[] \<equiv> Inl(0)"}*}
    "is_Nil(M,xs) == \<exists>zero[M]. empty(M,zero) & is_Inl(M,zero,xs)"

  is_Cons :: "[i=>o,i,i,i] => o"
     --{* because @{term "Cons(a, l) \<equiv> Inr(\<langle>a,l\<rangle>)"}*}
    "is_Cons(M,a,l,Z) == \<exists>p[M]. pair(M,a,l,p) & is_Inr(M,p,Z)"


lemma (in M_trivial) Nil_in_M [intro,simp]: "M(Nil)"
by (simp add: Nil_def)

lemma (in M_trivial) Nil_abs [simp]: "M(Z) ==> is_Nil(M,Z) <-> (Z = Nil)"
by (simp add: is_Nil_def Nil_def)

lemma (in M_trivial) Cons_in_M_iff [iff]: "M(Cons(a,l)) <-> M(a) & M(l)"
by (simp add: Cons_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) Cons_abs [simp]:
     "[|M(a); M(l); M(Z)|] ==> is_Cons(M,a,l,Z) <-> (Z = Cons(a,l))"
by (simp add: is_Cons_def Cons_def)


constdefs

  quasilist :: "i => o"
    "quasilist(xs) == xs=Nil | (\<exists>x l. xs = Cons(x,l))"

  is_quasilist :: "[i=>o,i] => o"
    "is_quasilist(M,z) == is_Nil(M,z) | (\<exists>x[M]. \<exists>l[M]. is_Cons(M,x,l,z))"

  list_case' :: "[i, [i,i]=>i, i] => i"
    --{*A version of @{term list_case} that's always defined.*}
    "list_case'(a,b,xs) == 
       if quasilist(xs) then list_case(a,b,xs) else 0"  

  is_list_case :: "[i=>o, i, [i,i,i]=>o, i, i] => o"
    --{*Returns 0 for non-lists*}
    "is_list_case(M, a, is_b, xs, z) == 
       (is_Nil(M,xs) --> z=a) &
       (\<forall>x[M]. \<forall>l[M]. is_Cons(M,x,l,xs) --> is_b(x,l,z)) &
       (is_quasilist(M,xs) | empty(M,z))"

  hd' :: "i => i"
    --{*A version of @{term hd} that's always defined.*}
    "hd'(xs) == if quasilist(xs) then hd(xs) else 0"  

  tl' :: "i => i"
    --{*A version of @{term tl} that's always defined.*}
    "tl'(xs) == if quasilist(xs) then tl(xs) else 0"  

  is_hd :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
     --{* @{term "hd([]) = 0"} no constraints if not a list.
          Avoiding implication prevents the simplifier's looping.*}
    "is_hd(M,xs,H) == 
       (is_Nil(M,xs) --> empty(M,H)) &
       (\<forall>x[M]. \<forall>l[M]. ~ is_Cons(M,x,l,xs) | H=x) &
       (is_quasilist(M,xs) | empty(M,H))"

  is_tl :: "[i=>o,i,i] => o"
     --{* @{term "tl([]) = []"}; see comments about @{term is_hd}*}
    "is_tl(M,xs,T) == 
       (is_Nil(M,xs) --> T=xs) &
       (\<forall>x[M]. \<forall>l[M]. ~ is_Cons(M,x,l,xs) | T=l) &
       (is_quasilist(M,xs) | empty(M,T))"

subsubsection{*@{term quasilist}: For Case-Splitting with @{term list_case'}*}

lemma [iff]: "quasilist(Nil)"
by (simp add: quasilist_def)

lemma [iff]: "quasilist(Cons(x,l))"
by (simp add: quasilist_def)

lemma list_imp_quasilist: "l \<in> list(A) ==> quasilist(l)"
by (erule list.cases, simp_all)

subsubsection{*@{term list_case'}, the Modified Version of @{term list_case}*}

lemma list_case'_Nil [simp]: "list_case'(a,b,Nil) = a"
by (simp add: list_case'_def quasilist_def)

lemma list_case'_Cons [simp]: "list_case'(a,b,Cons(x,l)) = b(x,l)"
by (simp add: list_case'_def quasilist_def)

lemma non_list_case: "~ quasilist(x) ==> list_case'(a,b,x) = 0" 
by (simp add: quasilist_def list_case'_def) 

lemma list_case'_eq_list_case [simp]:
     "xs \<in> list(A) ==>list_case'(a,b,xs) = list_case(a,b,xs)"
by (erule list.cases, simp_all)

lemma (in M_basic) list_case'_closed [intro,simp]:
  "[|M(k); M(a); \<forall>x[M]. \<forall>y[M]. M(b(x,y))|] ==> M(list_case'(a,b,k))"
apply (case_tac "quasilist(k)") 
 apply (simp add: quasilist_def, force) 
apply (simp add: non_list_case) 
done

lemma (in M_trivial) quasilist_abs [simp]: 
     "M(z) ==> is_quasilist(M,z) <-> quasilist(z)"
by (auto simp add: is_quasilist_def quasilist_def)

lemma (in M_trivial) list_case_abs [simp]: 
     "[| relativize2(M,is_b,b); M(k); M(z) |] 
      ==> is_list_case(M,a,is_b,k,z) <-> z = list_case'(a,b,k)"
apply (case_tac "quasilist(k)") 
 prefer 2 
 apply (simp add: is_list_case_def non_list_case) 
 apply (force simp add: quasilist_def) 
apply (simp add: quasilist_def is_list_case_def)
apply (elim disjE exE) 
 apply (simp_all add: relativize2_def) 
done


subsubsection{*The Modified Operators @{term hd'} and @{term tl'}*}

lemma (in M_trivial) is_hd_Nil: "is_hd(M,[],Z) <-> empty(M,Z)"
by (simp add: is_hd_def)

lemma (in M_trivial) is_hd_Cons:
     "[|M(a); M(l)|] ==> is_hd(M,Cons(a,l),Z) <-> Z = a"
by (force simp add: is_hd_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) hd_abs [simp]:
     "[|M(x); M(y)|] ==> is_hd(M,x,y) <-> y = hd'(x)"
apply (simp add: hd'_def)
apply (intro impI conjI)
 prefer 2 apply (force simp add: is_hd_def) 
apply (simp add: quasilist_def is_hd_def)
apply (elim disjE exE, auto)
done 

lemma (in M_trivial) is_tl_Nil: "is_tl(M,[],Z) <-> Z = []"
by (simp add: is_tl_def)

lemma (in M_trivial) is_tl_Cons:
     "[|M(a); M(l)|] ==> is_tl(M,Cons(a,l),Z) <-> Z = l"
by (force simp add: is_tl_def) 

lemma (in M_trivial) tl_abs [simp]:
     "[|M(x); M(y)|] ==> is_tl(M,x,y) <-> y = tl'(x)"
apply (simp add: tl'_def)
apply (intro impI conjI)
 prefer 2 apply (force simp add: is_tl_def) 
apply (simp add: quasilist_def is_tl_def)
apply (elim disjE exE, auto)
done 

lemma (in M_trivial) relativize1_tl: "relativize1(M, is_tl(M), tl')"  
by (simp add: relativize1_def)

lemma hd'_Nil: "hd'([]) = 0"
by (simp add: hd'_def)

lemma hd'_Cons: "hd'(Cons(a,l)) = a"
by (simp add: hd'_def)

lemma tl'_Nil: "tl'([]) = []"
by (simp add: tl'_def)

lemma tl'_Cons: "tl'(Cons(a,l)) = l"
by (simp add: tl'_def)

lemma iterates_tl_Nil: "n \<in> nat ==> tl'^n ([]) = []"
apply (induct_tac n) 
apply (simp_all add: tl'_Nil) 
done

lemma (in M_basic) tl'_closed: "M(x) ==> M(tl'(x))"
apply (simp add: tl'_def)
apply (force simp add: quasilist_def)
done


end