src/HOL/Analysis/Product_Vector.thy

tuned spacing;

(*  Title:      HOL/Analysis/Product_Vector.thy
    Author:     Brian Huffman
*)

section \<open>Cartesian Products as Vector Spaces\<close>

theory Product_Vector
  imports
    Complex_Main
    "HOL-Library.Product_Plus"
begin

lemma Times_eq_image_sum:
  fixes S :: "'a :: comm_monoid_add set" and T :: "'b :: comm_monoid_add set"
  shows "S \<times> T = {u + v |u v. u \<in> (\<lambda>x. (x, 0)) ` S \<and> v \<in> Pair 0 ` T}"
  by force


subsection \<open>Product is a Module\<close>

locale module_prod = module_pair begin

definition scale :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b \<times> 'c \<Rightarrow> 'b \<times> 'c"
  where "scale a v = (s1 a (fst v), s2 a (snd v))"

lemma\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> scale_prod: "scale x (a, b) = (s1 x a, s2 x b)"
  by (auto simp: scale_def)

sublocale\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> p: module scale
proof qed (simp_all add: scale_def
  m1.scale_left_distrib m1.scale_right_distrib m2.scale_left_distrib m2.scale_right_distrib)

lemma subspace_Times: "m1.subspace A \<Longrightarrow> m2.subspace B \<Longrightarrow> p.subspace (A \<times> B)"
  unfolding m1.subspace_def m2.subspace_def p.subspace_def
  by (auto simp: zero_prod_def scale_def)

lemma module_hom_fst: "module_hom scale s1 fst"
  by unfold_locales (auto simp: scale_def)

lemma module_hom_snd: "module_hom scale s2 snd"
  by unfold_locales (auto simp: scale_def)

end

locale vector_space_prod = vector_space_pair begin

sublocale module_prod s1 s2
  rewrites "module_hom = Vector_Spaces.linear"
  by unfold_locales (fact module_hom_eq_linear)

sublocale p: vector_space scale by unfold_locales (auto simp: algebra_simps)

lemmas linear_fst = module_hom_fst
  and linear_snd = module_hom_snd

end


subsection \<open>Product is a Real Vector Space\<close>

instantiation prod :: (real_vector, real_vector) real_vector
begin

definition scaleR_prod_def:
  "scaleR r A = (scaleR r (fst A), scaleR r (snd A))"

lemma fst_scaleR [simp]: "fst (scaleR r A) = scaleR r (fst A)"
  unfolding scaleR_prod_def by simp

lemma snd_scaleR [simp]: "snd (scaleR r A) = scaleR r (snd A)"
  unfolding scaleR_prod_def by simp

proposition scaleR_Pair [simp]: "scaleR r (a, b) = (scaleR r a, scaleR r b)"
  unfolding scaleR_prod_def by simp

instance
proof
  fix a b :: real and x y :: "'a \<times> 'b"
  show "scaleR a (x + y) = scaleR a x + scaleR a y"
    by (simp add: prod_eq_iff scaleR_right_distrib)
  show "scaleR (a + b) x = scaleR a x + scaleR b x"
    by (simp add: prod_eq_iff scaleR_left_distrib)
  show "scaleR a (scaleR b x) = scaleR (a * b) x"
    by (simp add: prod_eq_iff)
  show "scaleR 1 x = x"
    by (simp add: prod_eq_iff)
qed

end

lemma module_prod_scale_eq_scaleR: "module_prod.scale (*\<^sub>R) (*\<^sub>R) = scaleR"
  apply (rule ext) apply (rule ext)
  apply (subst module_prod.scale_def)
  subgoal by unfold_locales
  by (simp add: scaleR_prod_def)

interpretation real_vector?: vector_space_prod "scaleR::_\<Rightarrow>_\<Rightarrow>'a::real_vector" "scaleR::_\<Rightarrow>_\<Rightarrow>'b::real_vector"
  rewrites "scale = ((*\<^sub>R)::_\<Rightarrow>_\<Rightarrow>('a \<times> 'b))"
    and "module.dependent (*\<^sub>R) = dependent"
    and "module.representation (*\<^sub>R) = representation"
    and "module.subspace (*\<^sub>R) = subspace"
    and "module.span (*\<^sub>R) = span"
    and "vector_space.extend_basis (*\<^sub>R) = extend_basis"
    and "vector_space.dim (*\<^sub>R) = dim"
    and "Vector_Spaces.linear (*\<^sub>R) (*\<^sub>R) = linear"
  subgoal by unfold_locales
  subgoal by (fact module_prod_scale_eq_scaleR)
  unfolding dependent_raw_def representation_raw_def subspace_raw_def span_raw_def
    extend_basis_raw_def dim_raw_def linear_def
  by (rule refl)+

subsection \<open>Product is a Metric Space\<close>

(* TODO: Product of uniform spaces and compatibility with metric_spaces! *)

instantiation\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> prod :: (metric_space, metric_space) dist
begin

definition dist_prod_def[code del]:
  "dist x y = sqrt ((dist (fst x) (fst y))\<^sup>2 + (dist (snd x) (snd y))\<^sup>2)"

instance ..
end

instantiation\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> prod :: (metric_space, metric_space) uniformity_dist
begin

definition [code del]:
  "(uniformity :: (('a \<times> 'b) \<times> ('a \<times> 'b)) filter) =
    (INF e\<in>{0 <..}. principal {(x, y). dist x y < e})"

instance
  by standard (rule uniformity_prod_def)
end

declare uniformity_Abort[where 'a="'a :: metric_space \<times> 'b :: metric_space", code]

instantiation prod :: (metric_space, metric_space) metric_space
begin

proposition dist_Pair_Pair: "dist (a, b) (c, d) = sqrt ((dist a c)\<^sup>2 + (dist b d)\<^sup>2)"
  unfolding dist_prod_def by simp

lemma dist_fst_le: "dist (fst x) (fst y) \<le> dist x y"
  unfolding dist_prod_def by (rule real_sqrt_sum_squares_ge1)

lemma dist_snd_le: "dist (snd x) (snd y) \<le> dist x y"
  unfolding dist_prod_def by (rule real_sqrt_sum_squares_ge2)

instance
proof
  fix x y :: "'a \<times> 'b"
  show "dist x y = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = y"
    unfolding dist_prod_def prod_eq_iff by simp
next
  fix x y z :: "'a \<times> 'b"
  show "dist x y \<le> dist x z + dist y z"
    unfolding dist_prod_def
    by (intro order_trans [OF _ real_sqrt_sum_squares_triangle_ineq]
        real_sqrt_le_mono add_mono power_mono dist_triangle2 zero_le_dist)
next
  fix S :: "('a \<times> 'b) set"
  have *: "open S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>S. \<exists>e>0. \<forall>y. dist y x < e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> S)"
  proof
    assume "open S" show "\<forall>x\<in>S. \<exists>e>0. \<forall>y. dist y x < e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> S"
    proof
      fix x assume "x \<in> S"
      obtain A B where "open A" "open B" "x \<in> A \<times> B" "A \<times> B \<subseteq> S"
        using \<open>open S\<close> and \<open>x \<in> S\<close> by (rule open_prod_elim)
      obtain r where r: "0 < r" "\<forall>y. dist y (fst x) < r \<longrightarrow> y \<in> A"
        using \<open>open A\<close> and \<open>x \<in> A \<times> B\<close> unfolding open_dist by auto
      obtain s where s: "0 < s" "\<forall>y. dist y (snd x) < s \<longrightarrow> y \<in> B"
        using \<open>open B\<close> and \<open>x \<in> A \<times> B\<close> unfolding open_dist by auto
      let ?e = "min r s"
      have "0 < ?e \<and> (\<forall>y. dist y x < ?e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> S)"
      proof (intro allI impI conjI)
        show "0 < min r s" by (simp add: r(1) s(1))
      next
        fix y assume "dist y x < min r s"
        hence "dist y x < r" and "dist y x < s"
          by simp_all
        hence "dist (fst y) (fst x) < r" and "dist (snd y) (snd x) < s"
          by (auto intro: le_less_trans dist_fst_le dist_snd_le)
        hence "fst y \<in> A" and "snd y \<in> B"
          by (simp_all add: r(2) s(2))
        hence "y \<in> A \<times> B" by (induct y, simp)
        with \<open>A \<times> B \<subseteq> S\<close> show "y \<in> S" ..
      qed
      thus "\<exists>e>0. \<forall>y. dist y x < e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> S" ..
    qed
  next
    assume *: "\<forall>x\<in>S. \<exists>e>0. \<forall>y. dist y x < e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> S" show "open S"
    proof (rule open_prod_intro)
      fix x assume "x \<in> S"
      then obtain e where "0 < e" and S: "\<forall>y. dist y x < e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> S"
        using * by fast
      define r where "r = e / sqrt 2"
      define s where "s = e / sqrt 2"
      from \<open>0 < e\<close> have "0 < r" and "0 < s"
        unfolding r_def s_def by simp_all
      from \<open>0 < e\<close> have "e = sqrt (r\<^sup>2 + s\<^sup>2)"
        unfolding r_def s_def by (simp add: power_divide)
      define A where "A = {y. dist (fst x) y < r}"
      define B where "B = {y. dist (snd x) y < s}"
      have "open A" and "open B"
        unfolding A_def B_def by (simp_all add: open_ball)
      moreover have "x \<in> A \<times> B"
        unfolding A_def B_def mem_Times_iff
        using \<open>0 < r\<close> and \<open>0 < s\<close> by simp
      moreover have "A \<times> B \<subseteq> S"
      proof (clarify)
        fix a b assume "a \<in> A" and "b \<in> B"
        hence "dist a (fst x) < r" and "dist b (snd x) < s"
          unfolding A_def B_def by (simp_all add: dist_commute)
        hence "dist (a, b) x < e"
          unfolding dist_prod_def \<open>e = sqrt (r\<^sup>2 + s\<^sup>2)\<close>
          by (simp add: add_strict_mono power_strict_mono)
        thus "(a, b) \<in> S"
          by (simp add: S)
      qed
      ultimately show "\<exists>A B. open A \<and> open B \<and> x \<in> A \<times> B \<and> A \<times> B \<subseteq> S" by fast
    qed
  qed
  show "open S = (\<forall>x\<in>S. \<forall>\<^sub>F (x', y) in uniformity. x' = x \<longrightarrow> y \<in> S)"
    unfolding * eventually_uniformity_metric
    by (simp del: split_paired_All add: dist_prod_def dist_commute)
qed

end

declare [[code abort: "dist::('a::metric_space*'b::metric_space)\<Rightarrow>('a*'b) \<Rightarrow> real"]]

lemma Cauchy_fst: "Cauchy X \<Longrightarrow> Cauchy (\<lambda>n. fst (X n))"
  unfolding Cauchy_def by (fast elim: le_less_trans [OF dist_fst_le])

lemma Cauchy_snd: "Cauchy X \<Longrightarrow> Cauchy (\<lambda>n. snd (X n))"
  unfolding Cauchy_def by (fast elim: le_less_trans [OF dist_snd_le])

lemma Cauchy_Pair:
  assumes "Cauchy X" and "Cauchy Y"
  shows "Cauchy (\<lambda>n. (X n, Y n))"
proof (rule metric_CauchyI)
  fix r :: real assume "0 < r"
  hence "0 < r / sqrt 2" (is "0 < ?s") by simp
  obtain M where M: "\<forall>m\<ge>M. \<forall>n\<ge>M. dist (X m) (X n) < ?s"
    using metric_CauchyD [OF \<open>Cauchy X\<close> \<open>0 < ?s\<close>] ..
  obtain N where N: "\<forall>m\<ge>N. \<forall>n\<ge>N. dist (Y m) (Y n) < ?s"
    using metric_CauchyD [OF \<open>Cauchy Y\<close> \<open>0 < ?s\<close>] ..
  have "\<forall>m\<ge>max M N. \<forall>n\<ge>max M N. dist (X m, Y m) (X n, Y n) < r"
    using M N by (simp add: real_sqrt_sum_squares_less dist_Pair_Pair)
  then show "\<exists>n0. \<forall>m\<ge>n0. \<forall>n\<ge>n0. dist (X m, Y m) (X n, Y n) < r" ..
qed

subsection \<open>Product is a Complete Metric Space\<close>

instance\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> prod :: (complete_space, complete_space) complete_space
proof
  fix X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a \<times> 'b" assume "Cauchy X"
  have 1: "(\<lambda>n. fst (X n)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> lim (\<lambda>n. fst (X n))"
    using Cauchy_fst [OF \<open>Cauchy X\<close>]
    by (simp add: Cauchy_convergent_iff convergent_LIMSEQ_iff)
  have 2: "(\<lambda>n. snd (X n)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> lim (\<lambda>n. snd (X n))"
    using Cauchy_snd [OF \<open>Cauchy X\<close>]
    by (simp add: Cauchy_convergent_iff convergent_LIMSEQ_iff)
  have "X \<longlonglongrightarrow> (lim (\<lambda>n. fst (X n)), lim (\<lambda>n. snd (X n)))"
    using tendsto_Pair [OF 1 2] by simp
  then show "convergent X"
    by (rule convergentI)
qed

subsection \<open>Product is a Normed Vector Space\<close>

instantiation prod :: (real_normed_vector, real_normed_vector) real_normed_vector
begin

definition norm_prod_def[code del]:
  "norm x = sqrt ((norm (fst x))\<^sup>2 + (norm (snd x))\<^sup>2)"

definition sgn_prod_def:
  "sgn (x::'a \<times> 'b) = scaleR (inverse (norm x)) x"

proposition norm_Pair: "norm (a, b) = sqrt ((norm a)\<^sup>2 + (norm b)\<^sup>2)"
  unfolding norm_prod_def by simp

instance
proof
  fix r :: real and x y :: "'a \<times> 'b"
  show "norm x = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = 0"
    unfolding norm_prod_def
    by (simp add: prod_eq_iff)
  show "norm (x + y) \<le> norm x + norm y"
    unfolding norm_prod_def
    apply (rule order_trans [OF _ real_sqrt_sum_squares_triangle_ineq])
    apply (simp add: add_mono power_mono norm_triangle_ineq)
    done
  show "norm (scaleR r x) = \<bar>r\<bar> * norm x"
    unfolding norm_prod_def
    apply (simp add: power_mult_distrib)
    apply (simp add: distrib_left [symmetric])
    apply (simp add: real_sqrt_mult)
    done
  show "sgn x = scaleR (inverse (norm x)) x"
    by (rule sgn_prod_def)
  show "dist x y = norm (x - y)"
    unfolding dist_prod_def norm_prod_def
    by (simp add: dist_norm)
qed

end

declare [[code abort: "norm::('a::real_normed_vector*'b::real_normed_vector) \<Rightarrow> real"]]

instance\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> prod :: (banach, banach) banach ..

subsubsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>Pair operations are linear\<close>

lemma bounded_linear_fst: "bounded_linear fst"
  using fst_add fst_scaleR
  by (rule bounded_linear_intro [where K=1], simp add: norm_prod_def)

lemma bounded_linear_snd: "bounded_linear snd"
  using snd_add snd_scaleR
  by (rule bounded_linear_intro [where K=1], simp add: norm_prod_def)

lemmas bounded_linear_fst_comp = bounded_linear_fst[THEN bounded_linear_compose]

lemmas bounded_linear_snd_comp = bounded_linear_snd[THEN bounded_linear_compose]

lemma bounded_linear_Pair:
  assumes f: "bounded_linear f"
  assumes g: "bounded_linear g"
  shows "bounded_linear (\<lambda>x. (f x, g x))"
proof
  interpret f: bounded_linear f by fact
  interpret g: bounded_linear g by fact
  fix x y and r :: real
  show "(f (x + y), g (x + y)) = (f x, g x) + (f y, g y)"
    by (simp add: f.add g.add)
  show "(f (r *\<^sub>R x), g (r *\<^sub>R x)) = r *\<^sub>R (f x, g x)"
    by (simp add: f.scale g.scale)
  obtain Kf where "0 < Kf" and norm_f: "\<And>x. norm (f x) \<le> norm x * Kf"
    using f.pos_bounded by fast
  obtain Kg where "0 < Kg" and norm_g: "\<And>x. norm (g x) \<le> norm x * Kg"
    using g.pos_bounded by fast
  have "\<forall>x. norm (f x, g x) \<le> norm x * (Kf + Kg)"
    apply (rule allI)
    apply (simp add: norm_Pair)
    apply (rule order_trans [OF sqrt_add_le_add_sqrt], simp, simp)
    apply (simp add: distrib_left)
    apply (rule add_mono [OF norm_f norm_g])
    done
  then show "\<exists>K. \<forall>x. norm (f x, g x) \<le> norm x * K" ..
qed

subsubsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>Frechet derivatives involving pairs\<close>

text\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> \<open>%whitespace\<close>
proposition has_derivative_Pair [derivative_intros]:
  assumes f: "(f has_derivative f') (at x within s)"
    and g: "(g has_derivative g') (at x within s)"
  shows "((\<lambda>x. (f x, g x)) has_derivative (\<lambda>h. (f' h, g' h))) (at x within s)"
proof (rule has_derivativeI_sandwich[of 1])
  show "bounded_linear (\<lambda>h. (f' h, g' h))"
    using f g by (intro bounded_linear_Pair has_derivative_bounded_linear)
  let ?Rf = "\<lambda>y. f y - f x - f' (y - x)"
  let ?Rg = "\<lambda>y. g y - g x - g' (y - x)"
  let ?R = "\<lambda>y. ((f y, g y) - (f x, g x) - (f' (y - x), g' (y - x)))"

  show "((\<lambda>y. norm (?Rf y) / norm (y - x) + norm (?Rg y) / norm (y - x)) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) (at x within s)"
    using f g by (intro tendsto_add_zero) (auto simp: has_derivative_iff_norm)

  fix y :: 'a assume "y \<noteq> x"
  show "norm (?R y) / norm (y - x) \<le> norm (?Rf y) / norm (y - x) + norm (?Rg y) / norm (y - x)"
    unfolding add_divide_distrib [symmetric]
    by (simp add: norm_Pair divide_right_mono order_trans [OF sqrt_add_le_add_sqrt])
qed simp

lemma differentiable_Pair [simp, derivative_intros]:
  "f differentiable at x within s \<Longrightarrow> g differentiable at x within s \<Longrightarrow>
    (\<lambda>x. (f x, g x)) differentiable at x within s"
  unfolding differentiable_def by (blast intro: has_derivative_Pair)

lemmas has_derivative_fst [derivative_intros] = bounded_linear.has_derivative [OF bounded_linear_fst]
lemmas has_derivative_snd [derivative_intros] = bounded_linear.has_derivative [OF bounded_linear_snd]

lemma has_derivative_split [derivative_intros]:
  "((\<lambda>p. f (fst p) (snd p)) has_derivative f') F \<Longrightarrow> ((\<lambda>(a, b). f a b) has_derivative f') F"
  unfolding split_beta' .


subsubsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>Vector derivatives involving pairs\<close>

lemma has_vector_derivative_Pair[derivative_intros]:
  assumes "(f has_vector_derivative f') (at x within s)"
    "(g has_vector_derivative g') (at x within s)"
  shows "((\<lambda>x. (f x, g x)) has_vector_derivative (f', g')) (at x within s)"
  using assms
  by (auto simp: has_vector_derivative_def intro!: derivative_eq_intros)

lemma
  fixes x :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
  shows norm_Pair1 [simp]: "norm (0,x) = norm x"
    and norm_Pair2 [simp]: "norm (x,0) = norm x"
by (auto simp: norm_Pair)

lemma norm_commute: "norm (x,y) = norm (y,x)"
  by (simp add: norm_Pair)

lemma norm_fst_le: "norm x \<le> norm (x,y)"
  by (metis dist_fst_le fst_conv fst_zero norm_conv_dist)

lemma norm_snd_le: "norm y \<le> norm (x,y)"
  by (metis dist_snd_le snd_conv snd_zero norm_conv_dist)

lemma norm_Pair_le:
  shows "norm (x, y) \<le> norm x + norm y"
  unfolding norm_Pair
  by (metis norm_ge_zero sqrt_sum_squares_le_sum)

lemma (in vector_space_prod) span_Times_sing1: "p.span ({0} \<times> B) = {0} \<times> vs2.span B"
  apply (rule p.span_unique)
  subgoal by (auto intro!: vs1.span_base vs2.span_base)
  subgoal using vs1.subspace_single_0 vs2.subspace_span by (rule subspace_Times)
  subgoal for T
  proof safe
    fix b
    assume subset_T: "{0} \<times> B \<subseteq> T" and subspace: "p.subspace T" and b_span: "b \<in> vs2.span B"
    then obtain t r where b: "b = (\<Sum>a\<in>t. r a *b a)" and t: "finite t" "t \<subseteq> B"
      by (auto simp: vs2.span_explicit)
    have "(0, b) = (\<Sum>b\<in>t. scale (r b) (0, b))"
      unfolding b scale_prod sum_prod
      by simp
    also have "\<dots> \<in> T"
      using \<open>t \<subseteq> B\<close> subset_T
      by (auto intro!: p.subspace_sum p.subspace_scale subspace)
    finally show "(0, b) \<in> T" .
  qed
  done

lemma (in vector_space_prod) span_Times_sing2: "p.span (A \<times> {0}) = vs1.span A \<times> {0}"
  apply (rule p.span_unique)
  subgoal by (auto intro!: vs1.span_base vs2.span_base)
  subgoal using vs1.subspace_span vs2.subspace_single_0 by (rule subspace_Times)
  subgoal for T
  proof safe
    fix a
    assume subset_T: "A \<times> {0} \<subseteq> T" and subspace: "p.subspace T" and a_span: "a \<in> vs1.span A"
    then obtain t r where a: "a = (\<Sum>a\<in>t. r a *a a)" and t: "finite t" "t \<subseteq> A"
      by (auto simp: vs1.span_explicit)
    have "(a, 0) = (\<Sum>a\<in>t. scale (r a) (a, 0))"
      unfolding a scale_prod sum_prod
      by simp
    also have "\<dots> \<in> T"
      using \<open>t \<subseteq> A\<close> subset_T
      by (auto intro!: p.subspace_sum p.subspace_scale subspace)
    finally show "(a, 0) \<in> T" .
  qed
  done

subsection \<open>Product is Finite Dimensional\<close>

lemma (in finite_dimensional_vector_space) zero_not_in_Basis[simp]: "0 \<notin> Basis"
  using dependent_zero local.independent_Basis by blast

locale finite_dimensional_vector_space_prod = vector_space_prod + finite_dimensional_vector_space_pair begin

definition "Basis_pair = B1 \<times> {0} \<union> {0} \<times> B2"

sublocale p: finite_dimensional_vector_space scale Basis_pair
proof unfold_locales
  show "finite Basis_pair"
    by (auto intro!: finite_cartesian_product vs1.finite_Basis vs2.finite_Basis simp: Basis_pair_def)
  show "p.independent Basis_pair"
    unfolding p.dependent_def Basis_pair_def
  proof safe
    fix a
    assume a: "a \<in> B1"
    assume "(a, 0) \<in> p.span (B1 \<times> {0} \<union> {0} \<times> B2 - {(a, 0)})"
    also have "B1 \<times> {0} \<union> {0} \<times> B2 - {(a, 0)} = (B1 - {a}) \<times> {0} \<union> {0} \<times> B2"
      by auto
    finally show False
      using a vs1.dependent_def vs1.independent_Basis
      by (auto simp: p.span_Un span_Times_sing1 span_Times_sing2)
  next
    fix b
    assume b: "b \<in> B2"
    assume "(0, b) \<in> p.span (B1 \<times> {0} \<union> {0} \<times> B2 - {(0, b)})"
    also have "(B1 \<times> {0} \<union> {0} \<times> B2 - {(0, b)}) = B1 \<times> {0} \<union> {0} \<times> (B2 - {b})"
      by auto
    finally show False
      using b vs2.dependent_def vs2.independent_Basis
      by (auto simp: p.span_Un span_Times_sing1 span_Times_sing2)
  qed
  show "p.span Basis_pair = UNIV"
    by (auto simp: p.span_Un span_Times_sing2 span_Times_sing1 vs1.span_Basis vs2.span_Basis
        Basis_pair_def)
qed

proposition dim_Times:
  assumes "vs1.subspace S" "vs2.subspace T"
  shows "p.dim(S \<times> T) = vs1.dim S + vs2.dim T"
proof -
  interpret p1: Vector_Spaces.linear s1 scale "(\<lambda>x. (x, 0))"
    by unfold_locales (auto simp: scale_def)
  interpret pair1: finite_dimensional_vector_space_pair "(*a)" B1 scale Basis_pair
    by unfold_locales
  interpret p2: Vector_Spaces.linear s2 scale "(\<lambda>x. (0, x))"
    by unfold_locales (auto simp: scale_def)
  interpret pair2: finite_dimensional_vector_space_pair "(*b)" B2 scale Basis_pair
    by unfold_locales
  have ss: "p.subspace ((\<lambda>x. (x, 0)) ` S)" "p.subspace (Pair 0 ` T)"
    by (rule p1.subspace_image p2.subspace_image assms)+
  have "p.dim(S \<times> T) = p.dim({u + v |u v. u \<in> (\<lambda>x. (x, 0)) ` S \<and> v \<in> Pair 0 ` T})"
    by (simp add: Times_eq_image_sum)
  moreover have "p.dim ((\<lambda>x. (x, 0::'c)) ` S) = vs1.dim S" "p.dim (Pair (0::'b) ` T) = vs2.dim T"
     by (simp_all add: inj_on_def p1.linear_axioms pair1.dim_image_eq p2.linear_axioms pair2.dim_image_eq)
  moreover have "p.dim ((\<lambda>x. (x, 0)) ` S \<inter> Pair 0 ` T) = 0"
    by (subst p.dim_eq_0) auto
  ultimately show ?thesis
    using p.dim_sums_Int [OF ss] by linarith
qed

lemma dimension_pair: "p.dimension = vs1.dimension + vs2.dimension"
  using dim_Times[OF vs1.subspace_UNIV vs2.subspace_UNIV]
  by (auto simp: p.dim_UNIV vs1.dim_UNIV vs2.dim_UNIV
      p.dimension_def vs1.dimension_def vs2.dimension_def)

end

end