author | wenzelm |
Sat, 24 Mar 2018 20:51:42 +0100 | |
changeset 67945 | 984c3dc46cc0 |
parent 67398 | 5eb932e604a2 |
child 69505 | cc2d676d5395 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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theory Examples |
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imports Main |
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begin |
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(* |
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text {* The following presentation will use notation of |
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Isabelle's meta logic, hence a few sentences to explain this. |
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The logical |
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primitives are universal quantification (@{text "\<And>"}), entailment |
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(@{text "\<Longrightarrow>"}) and equality (@{text "\<equiv>"}). Variables (not bound |
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variables) are sometimes preceded by a question mark. The logic is |
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typed. Type variables are denoted by~@{text "'a"},~@{text "'b"} |
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etc., and~@{text "\<Rightarrow>"} is the function type. Double brackets~@{text |
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"\<lbrakk>"} and~@{text "\<rbrakk>"} are used to abbreviate nested entailment. |
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*} |
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*) |
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section \<open>Introduction\<close> |
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text \<open> |
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Locales are based on contexts. A \emph{context} can be seen as a |
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formula schema |
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\[ |
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@{text "\<And>x\<^sub>1\<dots>x\<^sub>n. \<lbrakk> A\<^sub>1; \<dots> ;A\<^sub>m \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<dots>"} |
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\] |
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where the variables~@{text "x\<^sub>1"}, \ldots,~@{text "x\<^sub>n"} are called |
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\emph{parameters} and the premises $@{text "A\<^sub>1"}, \ldots,~@{text |
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"A\<^sub>m"}$ \emph{assumptions}. A formula~@{text "C"} |
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is a \emph{theorem} in the context if it is a conclusion |
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\[ |
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@{text "\<And>x\<^sub>1\<dots>x\<^sub>n. \<lbrakk> A\<^sub>1; \<dots> ;A\<^sub>m \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> C"}. |
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\] |
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Isabelle/Isar's notion of context goes beyond this logical view. |
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Its contexts record, in a consecutive order, proved |
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conclusions along with \emph{attributes}, which can provide context |
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specific configuration information for proof procedures and concrete |
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syntax. From a logical perspective, locales are just contexts that |
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have been made persistent. To the user, though, they provide |
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powerful means for declaring and combining contexts, and for the |
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reuse of theorems proved in these contexts. |
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\<close> |
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section \<open>Simple Locales\<close> |
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text \<open> |
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In its simplest form, a |
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\emph{locale declaration} consists of a sequence of context elements |
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declaring parameters (keyword \isakeyword{fixes}) and assumptions |
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(keyword \isakeyword{assumes}). The following is the specification of |
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partial orders, as locale @{text partial_order}. |
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\<close> |
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locale partial_order = |
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fixes le :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool" (infixl "\<sqsubseteq>" 50) |
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assumes refl [intro, simp]: "x \<sqsubseteq> x" |
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and anti_sym [intro]: "\<lbrakk> x \<sqsubseteq> y; y \<sqsubseteq> x \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x = y" |
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and trans [trans]: "\<lbrakk> x \<sqsubseteq> y; y \<sqsubseteq> z \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> z" |
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text (in partial_order) \<open>The parameter of this locale is~@{text le}, |
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which is a binary predicate with infix syntax~@{text \<sqsubseteq>}. The |
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parameter syntax is available in the subsequent |
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assumptions, which are the familiar partial order axioms. |
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Isabelle recognises unbound names as free variables. In locale |
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assumptions, these are implicitly universally quantified. That is, |
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@{term "\<lbrakk> x \<sqsubseteq> y; y \<sqsubseteq> z \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> z"} in fact means |
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@{term "\<And>x y z. \<lbrakk> x \<sqsubseteq> y; y \<sqsubseteq> z \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> z"}. |
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Two commands are provided to inspect locales: |
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\isakeyword{print\_locales} lists the names of all locales of the |
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current theory; \isakeyword{print\_locale}~$n$ prints the parameters |
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and assumptions of locale $n$; the variation \isakeyword{print\_locale!}~$n$ |
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additionally outputs the conclusions that are stored in the locale. |
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We may inspect the new locale |
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by issuing \isakeyword{print\_locale!} @{term partial_order}. The output |
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is the following list of context elements. |
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\begin{small} |
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\begin{alltt} |
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\isakeyword{fixes} le :: "'a \(\Rightarrow\) 'a \(\Rightarrow\) bool" (\isakeyword{infixl} "\(\sqsubseteq\)" 50) |
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\isakeyword{assumes} "partial_order (\(\sqsubseteq\))" |
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\isakeyword{notes} assumption |
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refl [intro, simp] = `?x \(\sqsubseteq\) ?x` |
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\isakeyword{and} |
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anti_sym [intro] = `\(\isasymlbrakk\)?x \(\sqsubseteq\) ?y; ?y \(\sqsubseteq\) ?x\(\isasymrbrakk\) \(\Longrightarrow\) ?x = ?y` |
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\isakeyword{and} |
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trans [trans] = `\(\isasymlbrakk\)?x \(\sqsubseteq\) ?y; ?y \(\sqsubseteq\) ?z\(\isasymrbrakk\) \(\Longrightarrow\) ?x \(\sqsubseteq\) ?z` |
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\end{alltt} |
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\end{small} |
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This differs from the declaration. The assumptions have turned into |
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conclusions, denoted by the keyword \isakeyword{notes}. Also, |
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there is only one assumption, namely @{term "partial_order le"}. |
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The locale declaration has introduced the predicate @{term |
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partial_order} to the theory. This predicate is the |
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\emph{locale predicate}. Its definition may be inspected by |
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issuing \isakeyword{thm} @{thm [source] partial_order_def}. |
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@{thm [display, indent=2] partial_order_def} |
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In our example, this is a unary predicate over the parameter of the |
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locale. It is equivalent to the original assumptions, which have |
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been turned into conclusions and are |
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available as theorems in the context of the locale. The names and |
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attributes from the locale declaration are associated to these |
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theorems and are effective in the context of the locale. |
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Each conclusion has a \emph{foundational theorem} as counterpart |
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in the theory. Technically, this is simply the theorem composed |
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of context and conclusion. For the transitivity theorem, this is |
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@{thm [source] partial_order.trans}: |
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@{thm [display, indent=2] partial_order.trans} |
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\<close> |
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subsection \<open>Targets: Extending Locales\<close> |
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text \<open> |
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The specification of a locale is fixed, but its list of conclusions |
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may be extended through Isar commands that take a \emph{target} argument. |
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In the following, \isakeyword{definition} and |
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\isakeyword{theorem} are illustrated. |
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Table~\ref{tab:commands-with-target} lists Isar commands that accept |
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a target. Isar provides various ways of specifying the target. A |
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target for a single command may be indicated with keyword |
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\isakeyword{in} in the following way: |
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\begin{table} |
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\hrule |
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\vspace{2ex} |
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\begin{center} |
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\begin{tabular}{ll} |
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\isakeyword{definition} & definition through an equation \\ |
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\isakeyword{inductive} & inductive definition \\ |
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\isakeyword{primrec} & primitive recursion \\ |
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\isakeyword{fun}, \isakeyword{function} & general recursion \\ |
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\isakeyword{abbreviation} & syntactic abbreviation \\ |
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\isakeyword{theorem}, etc.\ & theorem statement with proof \\ |
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\isakeyword{theorems}, etc.\ & redeclaration of theorems \\ |
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\isakeyword{text}, etc.\ & document markup |
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\end{tabular} |
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\end{center} |
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\hrule |
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\caption{Isar commands that accept a target.} |
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\label{tab:commands-with-target} |
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\end{table} |
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\<close> |
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definition (in partial_order) |
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less :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> bool" (infixl "\<sqsubset>" 50) |
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where "(x \<sqsubset> y) = (x \<sqsubseteq> y \<and> x \<noteq> y)" |
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text (in partial_order) \<open>The strict order @{text less} with infix |
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syntax~@{text \<sqsubset>} is |
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defined in terms of the locale parameter~@{text le} and the general |
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equality of the object logic we work in. The definition generates a |
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\emph{foundational constant} |
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@{term partial_order.less} with definition @{thm [source] |
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partial_order.less_def}: |
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@{thm [display, indent=2] partial_order.less_def} |
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At the same time, the locale is extended by syntax transformations |
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hiding this construction in the context of the locale. Here, the |
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abbreviation @{text less} is available for |
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@{text "partial_order.less le"}, and it is printed |
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and parsed as infix~@{text \<sqsubset>}. Finally, the conclusion @{thm [source] |
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less_def} is added to the locale: |
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@{thm [display, indent=2] less_def} |
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\<close> |
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text \<open>The treatment of theorem statements is more straightforward. |
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As an example, here is the derivation of a transitivity law for the |
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strict order relation.\<close> |
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lemma (in partial_order) less_le_trans [trans]: |
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"\<lbrakk> x \<sqsubset> y; y \<sqsubseteq> z \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqsubset> z" |
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unfolding %visible less_def by %visible (blast intro: trans) |
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text \<open>In the context of the proof, conclusions of the |
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locale may be used like theorems. Attributes are effective: @{text |
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anti_sym} was |
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declared as introduction rule, hence it is in the context's set of |
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rules used by the classical reasoner by default.\<close> |
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subsection \<open>Context Blocks\<close> |
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text \<open>When working with locales, sequences of commands with the same |
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target are frequent. A block of commands, delimited by |
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\isakeyword{begin} and \isakeyword{end}, makes a theory-like style |
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of working possible. All commands inside the block refer to the |
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same target. A block may immediately follow a locale |
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declaration, which makes that locale the target. Alternatively the |
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target for a block may be given with the \isakeyword{context} |
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command. |
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This style of working is illustrated in the block below, where |
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notions of infimum and supremum for partial orders are introduced, |
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together with theorems about their uniqueness.\<close> |
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context partial_order |
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begin |
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definition |
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is_inf where "is_inf x y i = |
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(i \<sqsubseteq> x \<and> i \<sqsubseteq> y \<and> (\<forall>z. z \<sqsubseteq> x \<and> z \<sqsubseteq> y \<longrightarrow> z \<sqsubseteq> i))" |
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definition |
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is_sup where "is_sup x y s = |
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(x \<sqsubseteq> s \<and> y \<sqsubseteq> s \<and> (\<forall>z. x \<sqsubseteq> z \<and> y \<sqsubseteq> z \<longrightarrow> s \<sqsubseteq> z))" |
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lemma %invisible is_infI [intro?]: "i \<sqsubseteq> x \<Longrightarrow> i \<sqsubseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> |
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(\<And>z. z \<sqsubseteq> x \<Longrightarrow> z \<sqsubseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> z \<sqsubseteq> i) \<Longrightarrow> is_inf x y i" |
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by (unfold is_inf_def) blast |
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lemma %invisible is_inf_lower [elim?]: |
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"is_inf x y i \<Longrightarrow> (i \<sqsubseteq> x \<Longrightarrow> i \<sqsubseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C" |
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by (unfold is_inf_def) blast |
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lemma %invisible is_inf_greatest [elim?]: |
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"is_inf x y i \<Longrightarrow> z \<sqsubseteq> x \<Longrightarrow> z \<sqsubseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> z \<sqsubseteq> i" |
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by (unfold is_inf_def) blast |
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theorem is_inf_uniq: "\<lbrakk>is_inf x y i; is_inf x y i'\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> i = i'" |
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proof - |
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assume inf: "is_inf x y i" |
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assume inf': "is_inf x y i'" |
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show ?thesis |
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proof (rule anti_sym) |
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from inf' show "i \<sqsubseteq> i'" |
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proof (rule is_inf_greatest) |
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from inf show "i \<sqsubseteq> x" .. |
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from inf show "i \<sqsubseteq> y" .. |
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qed |
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from inf show "i' \<sqsubseteq> i" |
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proof (rule is_inf_greatest) |
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from inf' show "i' \<sqsubseteq> x" .. |
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from inf' show "i' \<sqsubseteq> y" .. |
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qed |
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qed |
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qed |
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theorem %invisible is_inf_related [elim?]: "x \<sqsubseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> is_inf x y x" |
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proof - |
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assume "x \<sqsubseteq> y" |
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show ?thesis |
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proof |
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show "x \<sqsubseteq> x" .. |
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show "x \<sqsubseteq> y" by fact |
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fix z assume "z \<sqsubseteq> x" and "z \<sqsubseteq> y" show "z \<sqsubseteq> x" by fact |
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qed |
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qed |
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lemma %invisible is_supI [intro?]: "x \<sqsubseteq> s \<Longrightarrow> y \<sqsubseteq> s \<Longrightarrow> |
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(\<And>z. x \<sqsubseteq> z \<Longrightarrow> y \<sqsubseteq> z \<Longrightarrow> s \<sqsubseteq> z) \<Longrightarrow> is_sup x y s" |
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by (unfold is_sup_def) blast |
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lemma %invisible is_sup_least [elim?]: |
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"is_sup x y s \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqsubseteq> z \<Longrightarrow> y \<sqsubseteq> z \<Longrightarrow> s \<sqsubseteq> z" |
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by (unfold is_sup_def) blast |
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lemma %invisible is_sup_upper [elim?]: |
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"is_sup x y s \<Longrightarrow> (x \<sqsubseteq> s \<Longrightarrow> y \<sqsubseteq> s \<Longrightarrow> C) \<Longrightarrow> C" |
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by (unfold is_sup_def) blast |
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theorem is_sup_uniq: "\<lbrakk>is_sup x y s; is_sup x y s'\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> s = s'" |
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proof - |
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assume sup: "is_sup x y s" |
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assume sup': "is_sup x y s'" |
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show ?thesis |
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proof (rule anti_sym) |
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from sup show "s \<sqsubseteq> s'" |
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proof (rule is_sup_least) |
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from sup' show "x \<sqsubseteq> s'" .. |
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from sup' show "y \<sqsubseteq> s'" .. |
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qed |
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from sup' show "s' \<sqsubseteq> s" |
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proof (rule is_sup_least) |
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from sup show "x \<sqsubseteq> s" .. |
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from sup show "y \<sqsubseteq> s" .. |
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qed |
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qed |
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qed |
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theorem %invisible is_sup_related [elim?]: "x \<sqsubseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> is_sup x y y" |
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proof - |
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assume "x \<sqsubseteq> y" |
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show ?thesis |
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proof |
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show "x \<sqsubseteq> y" by fact |
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show "y \<sqsubseteq> y" .. |
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fix z assume "x \<sqsubseteq> z" and "y \<sqsubseteq> z" |
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show "y \<sqsubseteq> z" by fact |
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qed |
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qed |
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end |
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||
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text \<open>The syntax of the locale commands discussed in this tutorial is |
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shown in Table~\ref{tab:commands}. The grammar is complete with the |
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exception of the context elements \isakeyword{constrains} and |
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\isakeyword{defines}, which are provided for backward |
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compatibility. See the Isabelle/Isar Reference |
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Manual @{cite IsarRef} for full documentation.\<close> |
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section \<open>Import \label{sec:import}\<close> |
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text \<open> |
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Algebraic structures are commonly defined by adding operations and |
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properties to existing structures. For example, partial orders |
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are extended to lattices and total orders. Lattices are extended to |
|
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distributive lattices.\<close> |
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text \<open> |
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With locales, this kind of inheritance is achieved through |
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\emph{import} of locales. The import part of a locale declaration, |
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if present, precedes the context elements. Here is an example, |
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where partial orders are extended to lattices. |
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\<close> |
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locale lattice = partial_order + |
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assumes ex_inf: "\<exists>inf. is_inf x y inf" |
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and ex_sup: "\<exists>sup. is_sup x y sup" |
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begin |
320 |
||
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text \<open>These assumptions refer to the predicates for infimum |
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and supremum defined for @{text partial_order} in the previous |
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section. We now introduce the notions of meet and join, |
324 |
together with an example theorem.\<close> |
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definition |
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meet (infixl "\<sqinter>" 70) where "x \<sqinter> y = (THE inf. is_inf x y inf)" |
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definition |
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join (infixl "\<squnion>" 65) where "x \<squnion> y = (THE sup. is_sup x y sup)" |
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lemma %invisible meet_equality [elim?]: "is_inf x y i \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqinter> y = i" |
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proof (unfold meet_def) |
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assume "is_inf x y i" |
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then show "(THE i. is_inf x y i) = i" |
|
61419 | 335 |
by (rule the_equality) (rule is_inf_uniq [OF _ \<open>is_inf x y i\<close>]) |
27063 | 336 |
qed |
337 |
||
338 |
lemma %invisible meetI [intro?]: |
|
339 |
"i \<sqsubseteq> x \<Longrightarrow> i \<sqsubseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>z. z \<sqsubseteq> x \<Longrightarrow> z \<sqsubseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> z \<sqsubseteq> i) \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqinter> y = i" |
|
340 |
by (rule meet_equality, rule is_infI) blast+ |
|
341 |
||
342 |
lemma %invisible is_inf_meet [intro?]: "is_inf x y (x \<sqinter> y)" |
|
343 |
proof (unfold meet_def) |
|
344 |
from ex_inf obtain i where "is_inf x y i" .. |
|
345 |
then show "is_inf x y (THE i. is_inf x y i)" |
|
61419 | 346 |
by (rule theI) (rule is_inf_uniq [OF _ \<open>is_inf x y i\<close>]) |
27063 | 347 |
qed |
348 |
||
63724 | 349 |
lemma meet_left(*<*)[intro?](*>*): "x \<sqinter> y \<sqsubseteq> x" |
27063 | 350 |
by (rule is_inf_lower) (rule is_inf_meet) |
351 |
||
352 |
lemma %invisible meet_right [intro?]: |
|
353 |
"x \<sqinter> y \<sqsubseteq> y" |
|
354 |
by (rule is_inf_lower) (rule is_inf_meet) |
|
355 |
||
356 |
lemma %invisible meet_le [intro?]: |
|
357 |
"\<lbrakk> z \<sqsubseteq> x; z \<sqsubseteq> y \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> z \<sqsubseteq> x \<sqinter> y" |
|
358 |
by (rule is_inf_greatest) (rule is_inf_meet) |
|
359 |
||
360 |
lemma %invisible join_equality [elim?]: "is_sup x y s \<Longrightarrow> x \<squnion> y = s" |
|
361 |
proof (unfold join_def) |
|
362 |
assume "is_sup x y s" |
|
363 |
then show "(THE s. is_sup x y s) = s" |
|
61419 | 364 |
by (rule the_equality) (rule is_sup_uniq [OF _ \<open>is_sup x y s\<close>]) |
27063 | 365 |
qed |
366 |
||
367 |
lemma %invisible joinI [intro?]: "x \<sqsubseteq> s \<Longrightarrow> y \<sqsubseteq> s \<Longrightarrow> |
|
368 |
(\<And>z. x \<sqsubseteq> z \<Longrightarrow> y \<sqsubseteq> z \<Longrightarrow> s \<sqsubseteq> z) \<Longrightarrow> x \<squnion> y = s" |
|
369 |
by (rule join_equality, rule is_supI) blast+ |
|
370 |
||
371 |
lemma %invisible is_sup_join [intro?]: "is_sup x y (x \<squnion> y)" |
|
372 |
proof (unfold join_def) |
|
373 |
from ex_sup obtain s where "is_sup x y s" .. |
|
374 |
then show "is_sup x y (THE s. is_sup x y s)" |
|
61419 | 375 |
by (rule theI) (rule is_sup_uniq [OF _ \<open>is_sup x y s\<close>]) |
27063 | 376 |
qed |
377 |
||
378 |
lemma %invisible join_left [intro?]: |
|
379 |
"x \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> y" |
|
380 |
by (rule is_sup_upper) (rule is_sup_join) |
|
381 |
||
382 |
lemma %invisible join_right [intro?]: |
|
383 |
"y \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> y" |
|
384 |
by (rule is_sup_upper) (rule is_sup_join) |
|
385 |
||
386 |
lemma %invisible join_le [intro?]: |
|
387 |
"\<lbrakk> x \<sqsubseteq> z; y \<sqsubseteq> z \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x \<squnion> y \<sqsubseteq> z" |
|
388 |
by (rule is_sup_least) (rule is_sup_join) |
|
389 |
||
390 |
theorem %invisible meet_assoc: "(x \<sqinter> y) \<sqinter> z = x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z)" |
|
391 |
proof (rule meetI) |
|
392 |
show "x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z) \<sqsubseteq> x \<sqinter> y" |
|
393 |
proof |
|
394 |
show "x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z) \<sqsubseteq> x" .. |
|
395 |
show "x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z) \<sqsubseteq> y" |
|
396 |
proof - |
|
32960
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
397 |
have "x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z) \<sqsubseteq> y \<sqinter> z" .. |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
398 |
also have "\<dots> \<sqsubseteq> y" .. |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
399 |
finally show ?thesis . |
27063 | 400 |
qed |
401 |
qed |
|
402 |
show "x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z) \<sqsubseteq> z" |
|
403 |
proof - |
|
404 |
have "x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z) \<sqsubseteq> y \<sqinter> z" .. |
|
405 |
also have "\<dots> \<sqsubseteq> z" .. |
|
406 |
finally show ?thesis . |
|
407 |
qed |
|
408 |
fix w assume "w \<sqsubseteq> x \<sqinter> y" and "w \<sqsubseteq> z" |
|
409 |
show "w \<sqsubseteq> x \<sqinter> (y \<sqinter> z)" |
|
410 |
proof |
|
411 |
show "w \<sqsubseteq> x" |
|
412 |
proof - |
|
32960
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
413 |
have "w \<sqsubseteq> x \<sqinter> y" by fact |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
414 |
also have "\<dots> \<sqsubseteq> x" .. |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
415 |
finally show ?thesis . |
27063 | 416 |
qed |
417 |
show "w \<sqsubseteq> y \<sqinter> z" |
|
418 |
proof |
|
32960
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
419 |
show "w \<sqsubseteq> y" |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
420 |
proof - |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
421 |
have "w \<sqsubseteq> x \<sqinter> y" by fact |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
422 |
also have "\<dots> \<sqsubseteq> y" .. |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
423 |
finally show ?thesis . |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
424 |
qed |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
425 |
show "w \<sqsubseteq> z" by fact |
27063 | 426 |
qed |
427 |
qed |
|
428 |
qed |
|
429 |
||
430 |
theorem %invisible meet_commute: "x \<sqinter> y = y \<sqinter> x" |
|
431 |
proof (rule meetI) |
|
432 |
show "y \<sqinter> x \<sqsubseteq> x" .. |
|
433 |
show "y \<sqinter> x \<sqsubseteq> y" .. |
|
434 |
fix z assume "z \<sqsubseteq> y" and "z \<sqsubseteq> x" |
|
435 |
then show "z \<sqsubseteq> y \<sqinter> x" .. |
|
436 |
qed |
|
437 |
||
438 |
theorem %invisible meet_join_absorb: "x \<sqinter> (x \<squnion> y) = x" |
|
439 |
proof (rule meetI) |
|
440 |
show "x \<sqsubseteq> x" .. |
|
441 |
show "x \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> y" .. |
|
442 |
fix z assume "z \<sqsubseteq> x" and "z \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> y" |
|
443 |
show "z \<sqsubseteq> x" by fact |
|
444 |
qed |
|
445 |
||
446 |
theorem %invisible join_assoc: "(x \<squnion> y) \<squnion> z = x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z)" |
|
447 |
proof (rule joinI) |
|
448 |
show "x \<squnion> y \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z)" |
|
449 |
proof |
|
450 |
show "x \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z)" .. |
|
451 |
show "y \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z)" |
|
452 |
proof - |
|
32960
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
453 |
have "y \<sqsubseteq> y \<squnion> z" .. |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
454 |
also have "... \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z)" .. |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
455 |
finally show ?thesis . |
27063 | 456 |
qed |
457 |
qed |
|
458 |
show "z \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z)" |
|
459 |
proof - |
|
460 |
have "z \<sqsubseteq> y \<squnion> z" .. |
|
461 |
also have "... \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z)" .. |
|
462 |
finally show ?thesis . |
|
463 |
qed |
|
464 |
fix w assume "x \<squnion> y \<sqsubseteq> w" and "z \<sqsubseteq> w" |
|
465 |
show "x \<squnion> (y \<squnion> z) \<sqsubseteq> w" |
|
466 |
proof |
|
467 |
show "x \<sqsubseteq> w" |
|
468 |
proof - |
|
32960
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
469 |
have "x \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> y" .. |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
470 |
also have "\<dots> \<sqsubseteq> w" by fact |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
471 |
finally show ?thesis . |
27063 | 472 |
qed |
473 |
show "y \<squnion> z \<sqsubseteq> w" |
|
474 |
proof |
|
32960
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
475 |
show "y \<sqsubseteq> w" |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
476 |
proof - |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
477 |
have "y \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> y" .. |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
478 |
also have "... \<sqsubseteq> w" by fact |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
479 |
finally show ?thesis . |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
480 |
qed |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
481 |
show "z \<sqsubseteq> w" by fact |
27063 | 482 |
qed |
483 |
qed |
|
484 |
qed |
|
485 |
||
486 |
theorem %invisible join_commute: "x \<squnion> y = y \<squnion> x" |
|
487 |
proof (rule joinI) |
|
488 |
show "x \<sqsubseteq> y \<squnion> x" .. |
|
489 |
show "y \<sqsubseteq> y \<squnion> x" .. |
|
490 |
fix z assume "y \<sqsubseteq> z" and "x \<sqsubseteq> z" |
|
491 |
then show "y \<squnion> x \<sqsubseteq> z" .. |
|
492 |
qed |
|
493 |
||
494 |
theorem %invisible join_meet_absorb: "x \<squnion> (x \<sqinter> y) = x" |
|
495 |
proof (rule joinI) |
|
496 |
show "x \<sqsubseteq> x" .. |
|
497 |
show "x \<sqinter> y \<sqsubseteq> x" .. |
|
498 |
fix z assume "x \<sqsubseteq> z" and "x \<sqinter> y \<sqsubseteq> z" |
|
499 |
show "x \<sqsubseteq> z" by fact |
|
500 |
qed |
|
501 |
||
502 |
theorem %invisible meet_idem: "x \<sqinter> x = x" |
|
503 |
proof - |
|
504 |
have "x \<sqinter> (x \<squnion> (x \<sqinter> x)) = x" by (rule meet_join_absorb) |
|
505 |
also have "x \<squnion> (x \<sqinter> x) = x" by (rule join_meet_absorb) |
|
506 |
finally show ?thesis . |
|
507 |
qed |
|
508 |
||
509 |
theorem %invisible meet_related [elim?]: "x \<sqsubseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqinter> y = x" |
|
510 |
proof (rule meetI) |
|
511 |
assume "x \<sqsubseteq> y" |
|
512 |
show "x \<sqsubseteq> x" .. |
|
513 |
show "x \<sqsubseteq> y" by fact |
|
514 |
fix z assume "z \<sqsubseteq> x" and "z \<sqsubseteq> y" |
|
515 |
show "z \<sqsubseteq> x" by fact |
|
516 |
qed |
|
517 |
||
518 |
theorem %invisible meet_related2 [elim?]: "y \<sqsubseteq> x \<Longrightarrow> x \<sqinter> y = y" |
|
519 |
by (drule meet_related) (simp add: meet_commute) |
|
520 |
||
521 |
theorem %invisible join_related [elim?]: "x \<sqsubseteq> y \<Longrightarrow> x \<squnion> y = y" |
|
522 |
proof (rule joinI) |
|
523 |
assume "x \<sqsubseteq> y" |
|
524 |
show "y \<sqsubseteq> y" .. |
|
525 |
show "x \<sqsubseteq> y" by fact |
|
526 |
fix z assume "x \<sqsubseteq> z" and "y \<sqsubseteq> z" |
|
527 |
show "y \<sqsubseteq> z" by fact |
|
528 |
qed |
|
529 |
||
530 |
theorem %invisible join_related2 [elim?]: "y \<sqsubseteq> x \<Longrightarrow> x \<squnion> y = x" |
|
531 |
by (drule join_related) (simp add: join_commute) |
|
532 |
||
533 |
theorem %invisible meet_connection: "(x \<sqsubseteq> y) = (x \<sqinter> y = x)" |
|
534 |
proof |
|
535 |
assume "x \<sqsubseteq> y" |
|
536 |
then have "is_inf x y x" .. |
|
537 |
then show "x \<sqinter> y = x" .. |
|
538 |
next |
|
539 |
have "x \<sqinter> y \<sqsubseteq> y" .. |
|
540 |
also assume "x \<sqinter> y = x" |
|
541 |
finally show "x \<sqsubseteq> y" . |
|
542 |
qed |
|
543 |
||
544 |
theorem %invisible join_connection: "(x \<sqsubseteq> y) = (x \<squnion> y = y)" |
|
545 |
proof |
|
546 |
assume "x \<sqsubseteq> y" |
|
547 |
then have "is_sup x y y" .. |
|
548 |
then show "x \<squnion> y = y" .. |
|
549 |
next |
|
550 |
have "x \<sqsubseteq> x \<squnion> y" .. |
|
551 |
also assume "x \<squnion> y = y" |
|
552 |
finally show "x \<sqsubseteq> y" . |
|
553 |
qed |
|
554 |
||
555 |
theorem %invisible meet_connection2: "(x \<sqsubseteq> y) = (y \<sqinter> x = x)" |
|
556 |
using meet_commute meet_connection by simp |
|
557 |
||
558 |
theorem %invisible join_connection2: "(x \<sqsubseteq> y) = (x \<squnion> y = y)" |
|
559 |
using join_commute join_connection by simp |
|
560 |
||
61419 | 561 |
text %invisible \<open>Naming according to Jacobson I, p.\ 459.\<close> |
27063 | 562 |
lemmas %invisible L1 = join_commute meet_commute |
563 |
lemmas %invisible L2 = join_assoc meet_assoc |
|
564 |
(* lemmas L3 = join_idem meet_idem *) |
|
565 |
lemmas %invisible L4 = join_meet_absorb meet_join_absorb |
|
566 |
||
567 |
end |
|
568 |
||
61419 | 569 |
text \<open>Locales for total orders and distributive lattices follow to |
32983 | 570 |
establish a sufficiently rich landscape of locales for |
63724 | 571 |
further examples in this tutorial.\<close> |
27063 | 572 |
|
573 |
locale total_order = partial_order + |
|
574 |
assumes total: "x \<sqsubseteq> y \<or> y \<sqsubseteq> x" |
|
575 |
||
576 |
lemma (in total_order) less_total: "x \<sqsubset> y \<or> x = y \<or> y \<sqsubset> x" |
|
577 |
using total |
|
578 |
by (unfold less_def) blast |
|
579 |
||
580 |
locale distrib_lattice = lattice + |
|
30580
cc5a55d7a5be
Updated chapters 1-5 to locale reimplementation.
ballarin
parents:
30393
diff
changeset
|
581 |
assumes meet_distr: "x \<sqinter> (y \<squnion> z) = x \<sqinter> y \<squnion> x \<sqinter> z" |
27063 | 582 |
|
583 |
lemma (in distrib_lattice) join_distr: |
|
584 |
"x \<squnion> (y \<sqinter> z) = (x \<squnion> y) \<sqinter> (x \<squnion> z)" (* txt {* Jacobson I, p.\ 462 *} *) |
|
585 |
proof - |
|
586 |
have "x \<squnion> (y \<sqinter> z) = (x \<squnion> (x \<sqinter> z)) \<squnion> (y \<sqinter> z)" by (simp add: L4) |
|
587 |
also have "... = x \<squnion> ((x \<sqinter> z) \<squnion> (y \<sqinter> z))" by (simp add: L2) |
|
588 |
also have "... = x \<squnion> ((x \<squnion> y) \<sqinter> z)" by (simp add: L1 meet_distr) |
|
589 |
also have "... = ((x \<squnion> y) \<sqinter> x) \<squnion> ((x \<squnion> y) \<sqinter> z)" by (simp add: L1 L4) |
|
590 |
also have "... = (x \<squnion> y) \<sqinter> (x \<squnion> z)" by (simp add: meet_distr) |
|
591 |
finally show ?thesis . |
|
592 |
qed |
|
593 |
||
61419 | 594 |
text \<open> |
32983 | 595 |
The locale hierarchy obtained through these declarations is shown in |
32981 | 596 |
Figure~\ref{fig:lattices}(a). |
27063 | 597 |
|
598 |
\begin{figure} |
|
599 |
\hrule \vspace{2ex} |
|
600 |
\begin{center} |
|
32983 | 601 |
\subfigure[Declared hierarchy]{ |
27063 | 602 |
\begin{tikzpicture} |
603 |
\node (po) at (0,0) {@{text partial_order}}; |
|
604 |
\node (lat) at (-1.5,-1) {@{text lattice}}; |
|
605 |
\node (dlat) at (-1.5,-2) {@{text distrib_lattice}}; |
|
606 |
\node (to) at (1.5,-1) {@{text total_order}}; |
|
607 |
\draw (po) -- (lat); |
|
608 |
\draw (lat) -- (dlat); |
|
609 |
\draw (po) -- (to); |
|
610 |
% \draw[->, dashed] (lat) -- (to); |
|
611 |
\end{tikzpicture} |
|
612 |
} \\ |
|
613 |
\subfigure[Total orders are lattices]{ |
|
614 |
\begin{tikzpicture} |
|
615 |
\node (po) at (0,0) {@{text partial_order}}; |
|
616 |
\node (lat) at (0,-1) {@{text lattice}}; |
|
617 |
\node (dlat) at (-1.5,-2) {@{text distrib_lattice}}; |
|
618 |
\node (to) at (1.5,-2) {@{text total_order}}; |
|
619 |
\draw (po) -- (lat); |
|
620 |
\draw (lat) -- (dlat); |
|
621 |
\draw (lat) -- (to); |
|
622 |
% \draw[->, dashed] (dlat) -- (to); |
|
623 |
\end{tikzpicture} |
|
624 |
} \quad |
|
625 |
\subfigure[Total orders are distributive lattices]{ |
|
626 |
\begin{tikzpicture} |
|
627 |
\node (po) at (0,0) {@{text partial_order}}; |
|
628 |
\node (lat) at (0,-1) {@{text lattice}}; |
|
629 |
\node (dlat) at (0,-2) {@{text distrib_lattice}}; |
|
630 |
\node (to) at (0,-3) {@{text total_order}}; |
|
631 |
\draw (po) -- (lat); |
|
632 |
\draw (lat) -- (dlat); |
|
633 |
\draw (dlat) -- (to); |
|
634 |
\end{tikzpicture} |
|
635 |
} |
|
636 |
\end{center} |
|
637 |
\hrule |
|
638 |
\caption{Hierarchy of Lattice Locales.} |
|
639 |
\label{fig:lattices} |
|
640 |
\end{figure} |
|
61419 | 641 |
\<close> |
27063 | 642 |
|
61419 | 643 |
section \<open>Changing the Locale Hierarchy |
644 |
\label{sec:changing-the-hierarchy}\<close> |
|
27063 | 645 |
|
61419 | 646 |
text \<open> |
32981 | 647 |
Locales enable to prove theorems abstractly, relative to |
648 |
sets of assumptions. These theorems can then be used in other |
|
649 |
contexts where the assumptions themselves, or |
|
650 |
instances of the assumptions, are theorems. This form of theorem |
|
651 |
reuse is called \emph{interpretation}. Locales generalise |
|
652 |
interpretation from theorems to conclusions, enabling the reuse of |
|
653 |
definitions and other constructs that are not part of the |
|
654 |
specifications of the locales. |
|
655 |
||
37094 | 656 |
The first form of interpretation we will consider in this tutorial |
32983 | 657 |
is provided by the \isakeyword{sublocale} command. It enables to |
32981 | 658 |
modify the import hierarchy to reflect the \emph{logical} relation |
659 |
between locales. |
|
660 |
||
661 |
Consider the locale hierarchy from Figure~\ref{fig:lattices}(a). |
|
32983 | 662 |
Total orders are lattices, although this is not reflected here, and |
663 |
definitions, theorems and other conclusions |
|
32981 | 664 |
from @{term lattice} are not available in @{term total_order}. To |
665 |
obtain the situation in Figure~\ref{fig:lattices}(b), it is |
|
666 |
sufficient to add the conclusions of the latter locale to the former. |
|
667 |
The \isakeyword{sublocale} command does exactly this. |
|
668 |
The declaration \isakeyword{sublocale} $l_1 |
|
669 |
\subseteq l_2$ causes locale $l_2$ to be \emph{interpreted} in the |
|
32983 | 670 |
context of $l_1$. This means that all conclusions of $l_2$ are made |
32981 | 671 |
available in $l_1$. |
672 |
||
673 |
Of course, the change of hierarchy must be supported by a theorem |
|
674 |
that reflects, in our example, that total orders are indeed |
|
675 |
lattices. Therefore the \isakeyword{sublocale} command generates a |
|
676 |
goal, which must be discharged by the user. This is illustrated in |
|
677 |
the following paragraphs. First the sublocale relation is stated. |
|
61419 | 678 |
\<close> |
27063 | 679 |
|
29566
937baa077df2
Fixed tutorial to compile with new locales; grammar of new locale commands.
ballarin
parents:
27375
diff
changeset
|
680 |
sublocale %visible total_order \<subseteq> lattice |
27063 | 681 |
|
61419 | 682 |
txt \<open>\normalsize |
32981 | 683 |
This enters the context of locale @{text total_order}, in |
684 |
which the goal @{subgoals [display]} must be shown. |
|
685 |
Now the |
|
686 |
locale predicate needs to be unfolded --- for example, using its |
|
27063 | 687 |
definition or by introduction rules |
32983 | 688 |
provided by the locale package. For automation, the locale package |
689 |
provides the methods @{text intro_locales} and @{text |
|
690 |
unfold_locales}. They are aware of the |
|
27063 | 691 |
current context and dependencies between locales and automatically |
692 |
discharge goals implied by these. While @{text unfold_locales} |
|
693 |
always unfolds locale predicates to assumptions, @{text |
|
694 |
intro_locales} only unfolds definitions along the locale |
|
695 |
hierarchy, leaving a goal consisting of predicates defined by the |
|
696 |
locale package. Occasionally the latter is of advantage since the goal |
|
697 |
is smaller. |
|
698 |
||
699 |
For the current goal, we would like to get hold of |
|
32981 | 700 |
the assumptions of @{text lattice}, which need to be shown, hence |
61419 | 701 |
@{text unfold_locales} is appropriate.\<close> |
27063 | 702 |
|
703 |
proof unfold_locales |
|
704 |
||
61419 | 705 |
txt \<open>\normalsize |
32981 | 706 |
Since the fact that both lattices and total orders are partial |
707 |
orders is already reflected in the locale hierarchy, the assumptions |
|
708 |
of @{text partial_order} are discharged automatically, and only the |
|
709 |
assumptions introduced in @{text lattice} remain as subgoals |
|
710 |
@{subgoals [display]} |
|
711 |
The proof for the first subgoal is obtained by constructing an |
|
61419 | 712 |
infimum, whose existence is implied by totality.\<close> |
27063 | 713 |
|
714 |
fix x y |
|
715 |
from total have "is_inf x y (if x \<sqsubseteq> y then x else y)" |
|
716 |
by (auto simp: is_inf_def) |
|
717 |
then show "\<exists>inf. is_inf x y inf" .. |
|
61419 | 718 |
txt \<open>\normalsize |
32981 | 719 |
The proof for the second subgoal is analogous and not |
61419 | 720 |
reproduced here.\<close> |
27063 | 721 |
next %invisible |
722 |
fix x y |
|
723 |
from total have "is_sup x y (if x \<sqsubseteq> y then y else x)" |
|
724 |
by (auto simp: is_sup_def) |
|
725 |
then show "\<exists>sup. is_sup x y sup" .. qed %visible |
|
726 |
||
61419 | 727 |
text \<open>Similarly, we may establish that total orders are distributive |
728 |
lattices with a second \isakeyword{sublocale} statement.\<close> |
|
27063 | 729 |
|
29566
937baa077df2
Fixed tutorial to compile with new locales; grammar of new locale commands.
ballarin
parents:
27375
diff
changeset
|
730 |
sublocale total_order \<subseteq> distrib_lattice |
32983 | 731 |
proof unfold_locales |
27063 | 732 |
fix %"proof" x y z |
733 |
show "x \<sqinter> (y \<squnion> z) = x \<sqinter> y \<squnion> x \<sqinter> z" (is "?l = ?r") |
|
61419 | 734 |
txt \<open>Jacobson I, p.\ 462\<close> |
27063 | 735 |
proof - |
736 |
{ assume c: "y \<sqsubseteq> x" "z \<sqsubseteq> x" |
|
32960
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
737 |
from c have "?l = y \<squnion> z" |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
738 |
by (metis c join_connection2 join_related2 meet_related2 total) |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
739 |
also from c have "... = ?r" by (metis meet_related2) |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
740 |
finally have "?l = ?r" . } |
27063 | 741 |
moreover |
742 |
{ assume c: "x \<sqsubseteq> y \<or> x \<sqsubseteq> z" |
|
32960
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
743 |
from c have "?l = x" |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
744 |
by (metis join_connection2 join_related2 meet_connection total trans) |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
745 |
also from c have "... = ?r" |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
746 |
by (metis join_commute join_related2 meet_connection meet_related2 total) |
69916a850301
eliminated hard tabulators, guessing at each author's individual tab-width;
wenzelm
parents:
30826
diff
changeset
|
747 |
finally have "?l = ?r" . } |
27063 | 748 |
moreover note total |
749 |
ultimately show ?thesis by blast |
|
750 |
qed |
|
751 |
qed |
|
752 |
||
61419 | 753 |
text \<open>The locale hierarchy is now as shown in |
754 |
Figure~\ref{fig:lattices}(c).\<close> |
|
32981 | 755 |
|
61419 | 756 |
text \<open> |
32981 | 757 |
Locale interpretation is \emph{dynamic}. The statement |
758 |
\isakeyword{sublocale} $l_1 \subseteq l_2$ will not just add the |
|
759 |
current conclusions of $l_2$ to $l_1$. Rather the dependency is |
|
760 |
stored, and conclusions that will be |
|
761 |
added to $l_2$ in future are automatically propagated to $l_1$. |
|
762 |
The sublocale relation is transitive --- that is, propagation takes |
|
763 |
effect along chains of sublocales. Even cycles in the sublocale relation are |
|
764 |
supported, as long as these cycles do not lead to infinite chains. |
|
58620 | 765 |
Details are discussed in the technical report @{cite Ballarin2006a}. |
61419 | 766 |
See also Section~\ref{sec:infinite-chains} of this tutorial.\<close> |
27063 | 767 |
|
768 |
end |