src/HOL/Isar_Examples/Mutilated_Checkerboard.thy

proper syntax;

(*  Title:      HOL/Isar_Examples/Mutilated_Checkerboard.thy
    Author:     Markus Wenzel, TU Muenchen (Isar document)
    Author:     Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory (original scripts)
*)

section \<open>The Mutilated Checker Board Problem\<close>

theory Mutilated_Checkerboard
imports Main
begin

text \<open>
  The Mutilated Checker Board Problem, formalized inductively. See @{cite
  "paulson-mutilated-board"} for the original tactic script version.
\<close>

subsection \<open>Tilings\<close>

inductive_set tiling :: "'a set set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set"
  for A :: "'a set set"
where
  empty: "{} \<in> tiling A"
| Un: "a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> t \<in> tiling A \<Longrightarrow> a \<subseteq> - t \<Longrightarrow> a \<union> t \<in> tiling A"


text \<open>The union of two disjoint tilings is a tiling.\<close>

lemma tiling_Un:
  assumes "t \<in> tiling A"
    and "u \<in> tiling A"
    and "t \<inter> u = {}"
  shows "t \<union> u \<in> tiling A"
proof -
  let ?T = "tiling A"
  from \<open>t \<in> ?T\<close> and \<open>t \<inter> u = {}\<close>
  show "t \<union> u \<in> ?T"
  proof (induct t)
    case empty
    with \<open>u \<in> ?T\<close> show "{} \<union> u \<in> ?T" by simp
  next
    case (Un a t)
    show "(a \<union> t) \<union> u \<in> ?T"
    proof -
      have "a \<union> (t \<union> u) \<in> ?T"
        using \<open>a \<in> A\<close>
      proof (rule tiling.Un)
        from \<open>(a \<union> t) \<inter> u = {}\<close> have "t \<inter> u = {}" by blast
        then show "t \<union> u \<in> ?T" by (rule Un)
        from \<open>a \<subseteq> - t\<close> and \<open>(a \<union> t) \<inter> u = {}\<close>
        show "a \<subseteq> - (t \<union> u)" by blast
      qed
      also have "a \<union> (t \<union> u) = (a \<union> t) \<union> u"
        by (simp only: Un_assoc)
      finally show ?thesis .
    qed
  qed
qed


subsection \<open>Basic properties of ``below''\<close>

definition below :: "nat \<Rightarrow> nat set"
  where "below n = {i. i < n}"

lemma below_less_iff [iff]: "i \<in> below k \<longleftrightarrow> i < k"
  by (simp add: below_def)

lemma below_0: "below 0 = {}"
  by (simp add: below_def)

lemma Sigma_Suc1: "m = n + 1 \<Longrightarrow> below m \<times> B = ({n} \<times> B) \<union> (below n \<times> B)"
  by (simp add: below_def less_Suc_eq) blast

lemma Sigma_Suc2:
  "m = n + 2 \<Longrightarrow>
    A \<times> below m = (A \<times> {n}) \<union> (A \<times> {n + 1}) \<union> (A \<times> below n)"
  by (auto simp add: below_def)

lemmas Sigma_Suc = Sigma_Suc1 Sigma_Suc2


subsection \<open>Basic properties of ``evnodd''\<close>

definition evnodd :: "(nat \<times> nat) set \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> (nat \<times> nat) set"
  where "evnodd A b = A \<inter> {(i, j). (i + j) mod 2 = b}"

lemma evnodd_iff: "(i, j) \<in> evnodd A b \<longleftrightarrow> (i, j) \<in> A  \<and> (i + j) mod 2 = b"
  by (simp add: evnodd_def)

lemma evnodd_subset: "evnodd A b \<subseteq> A"
  unfolding evnodd_def by (rule Int_lower1)

lemma evnoddD: "x \<in> evnodd A b \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A"
  by (rule subsetD) (rule evnodd_subset)

lemma evnodd_finite: "finite A \<Longrightarrow> finite (evnodd A b)"
  by (rule finite_subset) (rule evnodd_subset)

lemma evnodd_Un: "evnodd (A \<union> B) b = evnodd A b \<union> evnodd B b"
  unfolding evnodd_def by blast

lemma evnodd_Diff: "evnodd (A - B) b = evnodd A b - evnodd B b"
  unfolding evnodd_def by blast

lemma evnodd_empty: "evnodd {} b = {}"
  by (simp add: evnodd_def)

lemma evnodd_insert: "evnodd (insert (i, j) C) b =
    (if (i + j) mod 2 = b
      then insert (i, j) (evnodd C b) else evnodd C b)"
  by (simp add: evnodd_def)


subsection \<open>Dominoes\<close>

inductive_set domino :: "(nat \<times> nat) set set"
where
  horiz: "{(i, j), (i, j + 1)} \<in> domino"
| vertl: "{(i, j), (i + 1, j)} \<in> domino"

lemma dominoes_tile_row:
  "{i} \<times> below (2 * n) \<in> tiling domino"
  (is "?B n \<in> ?T")
proof (induct n)
  case 0
  show ?case by (simp add: below_0 tiling.empty)
next
  case (Suc n)
  let ?a = "{i} \<times> {2 * n + 1} \<union> {i} \<times> {2 * n}"
  have "?B (Suc n) = ?a \<union> ?B n"
    by (auto simp add: Sigma_Suc Un_assoc)
  also have "\<dots> \<in> ?T"
  proof (rule tiling.Un)
    have "{(i, 2 * n), (i, 2 * n + 1)} \<in> domino"
      by (rule domino.horiz)
    also have "{(i, 2 * n), (i, 2 * n + 1)} = ?a" by blast
    finally show "\<dots> \<in> domino" .
    show "?B n \<in> ?T" by (rule Suc)
    show "?a \<subseteq> - ?B n" by blast
  qed
  finally show ?case .
qed

lemma dominoes_tile_matrix:
  "below m \<times> below (2 * n) \<in> tiling domino"
  (is "?B m \<in> ?T")
proof (induct m)
  case 0
  show ?case by (simp add: below_0 tiling.empty)
next
  case (Suc m)
  let ?t = "{m} \<times> below (2 * n)"
  have "?B (Suc m) = ?t \<union> ?B m" by (simp add: Sigma_Suc)
  also have "\<dots> \<in> ?T"
  proof (rule tiling_Un)
    show "?t \<in> ?T" by (rule dominoes_tile_row)
    show "?B m \<in> ?T" by (rule Suc)
    show "?t \<inter> ?B m = {}" by blast
  qed
  finally show ?case .
qed

lemma domino_singleton:
  assumes "d \<in> domino"
    and "b < 2"
  shows "\<exists>i j. evnodd d b = {(i, j)}"  (is "?P d")
  using assms
proof induct
  from \<open>b < 2\<close> have b_cases: "b = 0 \<or> b = 1" by arith
  fix i j
  note [simp] = evnodd_empty evnodd_insert mod_Suc
  from b_cases show "?P {(i, j), (i, j + 1)}" by rule auto
  from b_cases show "?P {(i, j), (i + 1, j)}" by rule auto
qed

lemma domino_finite:
  assumes "d \<in> domino"
  shows "finite d"
  using assms
proof induct
  fix i j :: nat
  show "finite {(i, j), (i, j + 1)}" by (intro finite.intros)
  show "finite {(i, j), (i + 1, j)}" by (intro finite.intros)
qed


subsection \<open>Tilings of dominoes\<close>

lemma tiling_domino_finite:
  assumes t: "t \<in> tiling domino"  (is "t \<in> ?T")
  shows "finite t"  (is "?F t")
  using t
proof induct
  show "?F {}" by (rule finite.emptyI)
  fix a t assume "?F t"
  assume "a \<in> domino"
  then have "?F a" by (rule domino_finite)
  from this and \<open>?F t\<close> show "?F (a \<union> t)" by (rule finite_UnI)
qed

lemma tiling_domino_01:
  assumes t: "t \<in> tiling domino"  (is "t \<in> ?T")
  shows "card (evnodd t 0) = card (evnodd t 1)"
  using t
proof induct
  case empty
  show ?case by (simp add: evnodd_def)
next
  case (Un a t)
  let ?e = evnodd
  note hyp = \<open>card (?e t 0) = card (?e t 1)\<close>
    and at = \<open>a \<subseteq> - t\<close>
  have card_suc: "card (?e (a \<union> t) b) = Suc (card (?e t b))" if "b < 2" for b :: nat
  proof -
    have "?e (a \<union> t) b = ?e a b \<union> ?e t b" by (rule evnodd_Un)
    also obtain i j where e: "?e a b = {(i, j)}"
    proof -
      from \<open>a \<in> domino\<close> and \<open>b < 2\<close>
      have "\<exists>i j. ?e a b = {(i, j)}" by (rule domino_singleton)
      then show ?thesis by (blast intro: that)
    qed
    also have "\<dots> \<union> ?e t b = insert (i, j) (?e t b)" by simp
    also have "card \<dots> = Suc (card (?e t b))"
    proof (rule card_insert_disjoint)
      from \<open>t \<in> tiling domino\<close> have "finite t"
        by (rule tiling_domino_finite)
      then show "finite (?e t b)"
        by (rule evnodd_finite)
      from e have "(i, j) \<in> ?e a b" by simp
      with at show "(i, j) \<notin> ?e t b" by (blast dest: evnoddD)
    qed
    finally show ?thesis .
  qed
  then have "card (?e (a \<union> t) 0) = Suc (card (?e t 0))" by simp
  also from hyp have "card (?e t 0) = card (?e t 1)" .
  also from card_suc have "Suc \<dots> = card (?e (a \<union> t) 1)"
    by simp
  finally show ?case .
qed


subsection \<open>Main theorem\<close>

definition mutilated_board :: "nat \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> (nat \<times> nat) set"
  where
    "mutilated_board m n =
      below (2 * (m + 1)) \<times> below (2 * (n + 1))
        - {(0, 0)} - {(2 * m + 1, 2 * n + 1)}"

theorem mutil_not_tiling: "mutilated_board m n \<notin> tiling domino"
proof (unfold mutilated_board_def)
  let ?T = "tiling domino"
  let ?t = "below (2 * (m + 1)) \<times> below (2 * (n + 1))"
  let ?t' = "?t - {(0, 0)}"
  let ?t'' = "?t' - {(2 * m + 1, 2 * n + 1)}"

  show "?t'' \<notin> ?T"
  proof
    have t: "?t \<in> ?T" by (rule dominoes_tile_matrix)
    assume t'': "?t'' \<in> ?T"

    let ?e = evnodd
    have fin: "finite (?e ?t 0)"
      by (rule evnodd_finite, rule tiling_domino_finite, rule t)

    note [simp] = evnodd_iff evnodd_empty evnodd_insert evnodd_Diff
    have "card (?e ?t'' 0) < card (?e ?t' 0)"
    proof -
      have "card (?e ?t' 0 - {(2 * m + 1, 2 * n + 1)})
        < card (?e ?t' 0)"
      proof (rule card_Diff1_less)
        from _ fin show "finite (?e ?t' 0)"
          by (rule finite_subset) auto
        show "(2 * m + 1, 2 * n + 1) \<in> ?e ?t' 0" by simp
      qed
      then show ?thesis by simp
    qed
    also have "\<dots> < card (?e ?t 0)"
    proof -
      have "(0, 0) \<in> ?e ?t 0" by simp
      with fin have "card (?e ?t 0 - {(0, 0)}) < card (?e ?t 0)"
        by (rule card_Diff1_less)
      then show ?thesis by simp
    qed
    also from t have "\<dots> = card (?e ?t 1)"
      by (rule tiling_domino_01)
    also have "?e ?t 1 = ?e ?t'' 1" by simp
    also from t'' have "card \<dots> = card (?e ?t'' 0)"
      by (rule tiling_domino_01 [symmetric])
    finally have "\<dots> < \<dots>" . then show False ..
  qed
qed

end