src/HOL/Hahn_Banach/Normed_Space.thy
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(*  Title:      HOL/Hahn_Banach/Normed_Space.thy
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    Author:     Gertrud Bauer, TU Munich
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*)
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section \<open>Normed vector spaces\<close>
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theory Normed_Space
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imports Subspace
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begin
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subsection \<open>Quasinorms\<close>
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text \<open>
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  A \<^emph>\<open>seminorm\<close> \<open>\<parallel>\<cdot>\<parallel>\<close> is a function on a real vector space
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  into the reals that has the following properties: it is positive
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  definite, absolute homogeneous and subadditive.
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\<close>
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locale seminorm =
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  fixes V :: "'a::{minus, plus, zero, uminus} set"
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  fixes norm :: "'a \<Rightarrow> real"    ("\<parallel>_\<parallel>")
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  assumes ge_zero [iff?]: "x \<in> V \<Longrightarrow> 0 \<le> \<parallel>x\<parallel>"
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    and abs_homogenous [iff?]: "x \<in> V \<Longrightarrow> \<parallel>a \<cdot> x\<parallel> = \<bar>a\<bar> * \<parallel>x\<parallel>"
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    and subadditive [iff?]: "x \<in> V \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> V \<Longrightarrow> \<parallel>x + y\<parallel> \<le> \<parallel>x\<parallel> + \<parallel>y\<parallel>"
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declare seminorm.intro [intro?]
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lemma (in seminorm) diff_subadditive:
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  assumes "vectorspace V"
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  shows "x \<in> V \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> V \<Longrightarrow> \<parallel>x - y\<parallel> \<le> \<parallel>x\<parallel> + \<parallel>y\<parallel>"
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proof -
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  interpret vectorspace V by fact
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  assume x: "x \<in> V" and y: "y \<in> V"
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  then have "x - y = x + - 1 \<cdot> y"
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    by (simp add: diff_eq2 negate_eq2a)
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  also from x y have "\<parallel>\<dots>\<parallel> \<le> \<parallel>x\<parallel> + \<parallel>- 1 \<cdot> y\<parallel>"
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    by (simp add: subadditive)
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  also from y have "\<parallel>- 1 \<cdot> y\<parallel> = \<bar>- 1\<bar> * \<parallel>y\<parallel>"
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    by (rule abs_homogenous)
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  also have "\<dots> = \<parallel>y\<parallel>" by simp
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  finally show ?thesis .
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qed
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lemma (in seminorm) minus:
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  assumes "vectorspace V"
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  shows "x \<in> V \<Longrightarrow> \<parallel>- x\<parallel> = \<parallel>x\<parallel>"
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proof -
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  interpret vectorspace V by fact
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  assume x: "x \<in> V"
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  then have "- x = - 1 \<cdot> x" by (simp only: negate_eq1)
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  also from x have "\<parallel>\<dots>\<parallel> = \<bar>- 1\<bar> * \<parallel>x\<parallel>" by (rule abs_homogenous)
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  also have "\<dots> = \<parallel>x\<parallel>" by simp
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  finally show ?thesis .
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qed
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subsection \<open>Norms\<close>
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text \<open>
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  A \<^emph>\<open>norm\<close> \<open>\<parallel>\<cdot>\<parallel>\<close> is a seminorm that maps only the
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  \<open>0\<close> vector to \<open>0\<close>.
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\<close>
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locale norm = seminorm +
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  assumes zero_iff [iff]: "x \<in> V \<Longrightarrow> (\<parallel>x\<parallel> = 0) = (x = 0)"
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subsection \<open>Normed vector spaces\<close>
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text \<open>
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  A vector space together with a norm is called a \<^emph>\<open>normed
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  space\<close>.
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\<close>
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locale normed_vectorspace = vectorspace + norm
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declare normed_vectorspace.intro [intro?]
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lemma (in normed_vectorspace) gt_zero [intro?]:
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  assumes x: "x \<in> V" and neq: "x \<noteq> 0"
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  shows "0 < \<parallel>x\<parallel>"
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proof -
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  from x have "0 \<le> \<parallel>x\<parallel>" ..
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  also have "0 \<noteq> \<parallel>x\<parallel>"
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  proof
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    assume "0 = \<parallel>x\<parallel>"
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    with x have "x = 0" by simp
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    with neq show False by contradiction
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  qed
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  finally show ?thesis .
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qed
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text \<open>
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  Any subspace of a normed vector space is again a normed vectorspace.
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\<close>
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lemma subspace_normed_vs [intro?]:
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  fixes F E norm
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  assumes "subspace F E" "normed_vectorspace E norm"
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  shows "normed_vectorspace F norm"
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proof -
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  interpret subspace F E by fact
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  interpret normed_vectorspace E norm by fact
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  show ?thesis
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  proof
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    show "vectorspace F" by (rule vectorspace) unfold_locales
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  next
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    have "Normed_Space.norm E norm" ..
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    with subset show "Normed_Space.norm F norm"
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      by (simp add: norm_def seminorm_def norm_axioms_def)
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  qed
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qed
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end