author | wenzelm |
Thu, 05 Nov 2015 10:39:49 +0100 | |
changeset 61585 | a9599d3d7610 |
parent 61531 | ab2e862263e7 |
child 61694 | 6571c78c9667 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
36648 | 1 |
(* Title: HOL/Library/Convex.thy |
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Author: Armin Heller, TU Muenchen |
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Author: Johannes Hoelzl, TU Muenchen |
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*) |
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section \<open>Convexity in real vector spaces\<close> |
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theory Convex |
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imports Product_Vector |
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begin |
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subsection \<open>Convexity\<close> |
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definition convex :: "'a::real_vector set \<Rightarrow> bool" |
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where "convex s \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>s. \<forall>y\<in>s. \<forall>u\<ge>0. \<forall>v\<ge>0. u + v = 1 \<longrightarrow> u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y \<in> s)" |
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lemma convexI: |
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assumes "\<And>x y u v. x \<in> s \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> s \<Longrightarrow> 0 \<le> u \<Longrightarrow> 0 \<le> v \<Longrightarrow> u + v = 1 \<Longrightarrow> u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y \<in> s" |
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shows "convex s" |
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using assms unfolding convex_def by fast |
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||
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lemma convexD: |
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assumes "convex s" and "x \<in> s" and "y \<in> s" and "0 \<le> u" and "0 \<le> v" and "u + v = 1" |
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shows "u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y \<in> s" |
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using assms unfolding convex_def by fast |
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||
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lemma convex_alt: |
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"convex s \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>s. \<forall>y\<in>s. \<forall>u. 0 \<le> u \<and> u \<le> 1 \<longrightarrow> ((1 - u) *\<^sub>R x + u *\<^sub>R y) \<in> s)" |
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(is "_ \<longleftrightarrow> ?alt") |
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proof |
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assume alt[rule_format]: ?alt |
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{ |
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fix x y and u v :: real |
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assume mem: "x \<in> s" "y \<in> s" |
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assume "0 \<le> u" "0 \<le> v" |
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moreover |
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assume "u + v = 1" |
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then have "u = 1 - v" by auto |
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ultimately have "u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y \<in> s" |
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using alt[OF mem] by auto |
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} |
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then show "convex s" |
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unfolding convex_def by auto |
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qed (auto simp: convex_def) |
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lemma convexD_alt: |
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assumes "convex s" "a \<in> s" "b \<in> s" "0 \<le> u" "u \<le> 1" |
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shows "((1 - u) *\<^sub>R a + u *\<^sub>R b) \<in> s" |
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using assms unfolding convex_alt by auto |
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Cauchy's integral formula, required lemmas, and a bit of reorganisation
paulson <lp15@cam.ac.uk>
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lemma mem_convex_alt: |
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Cauchy's integral formula, required lemmas, and a bit of reorganisation
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assumes "convex S" "x \<in> S" "y \<in> S" "u \<ge> 0" "v \<ge> 0" "u + v > 0" |
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Cauchy's integral formula, required lemmas, and a bit of reorganisation
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shows "((u/(u+v)) *\<^sub>R x + (v/(u+v)) *\<^sub>R y) \<in> S" |
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Cauchy's integral formula, required lemmas, and a bit of reorganisation
paulson <lp15@cam.ac.uk>
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apply (rule convexD) |
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Cauchy's integral formula, required lemmas, and a bit of reorganisation
paulson <lp15@cam.ac.uk>
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using assms |
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Cauchy's integral formula, required lemmas, and a bit of reorganisation
paulson <lp15@cam.ac.uk>
parents:
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apply (simp_all add: zero_le_divide_iff add_divide_distrib [symmetric]) |
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Cauchy's integral formula, required lemmas, and a bit of reorganisation
paulson <lp15@cam.ac.uk>
parents:
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done |
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Cauchy's integral formula, required lemmas, and a bit of reorganisation
paulson <lp15@cam.ac.uk>
parents:
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lemma convex_empty[intro,simp]: "convex {}" |
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unfolding convex_def by simp |
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||
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lemma convex_singleton[intro,simp]: "convex {a}" |
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unfolding convex_def by (auto simp: scaleR_left_distrib[symmetric]) |
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||
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lemma convex_UNIV[intro,simp]: "convex UNIV" |
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unfolding convex_def by auto |
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||
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lemma convex_Inter: "(\<forall>s\<in>f. convex s) \<Longrightarrow> convex(\<Inter>f)" |
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unfolding convex_def by auto |
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lemma convex_Int: "convex s \<Longrightarrow> convex t \<Longrightarrow> convex (s \<inter> t)" |
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unfolding convex_def by auto |
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lemma convex_INT: "\<forall>i\<in>A. convex (B i) \<Longrightarrow> convex (\<Inter>i\<in>A. B i)" |
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unfolding convex_def by auto |
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lemma convex_Times: "convex s \<Longrightarrow> convex t \<Longrightarrow> convex (s \<times> t)" |
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unfolding convex_def by auto |
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||
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lemma convex_halfspace_le: "convex {x. inner a x \<le> b}" |
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unfolding convex_def |
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by (auto simp: inner_add intro!: convex_bound_le) |
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lemma convex_halfspace_ge: "convex {x. inner a x \<ge> b}" |
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proof - |
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have *: "{x. inner a x \<ge> b} = {x. inner (-a) x \<le> -b}" |
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by auto |
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show ?thesis |
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unfolding * using convex_halfspace_le[of "-a" "-b"] by auto |
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qed |
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lemma convex_hyperplane: "convex {x. inner a x = b}" |
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proof - |
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have *: "{x. inner a x = b} = {x. inner a x \<le> b} \<inter> {x. inner a x \<ge> b}" |
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by auto |
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show ?thesis using convex_halfspace_le convex_halfspace_ge |
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by (auto intro!: convex_Int simp: *) |
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qed |
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lemma convex_halfspace_lt: "convex {x. inner a x < b}" |
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unfolding convex_def |
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by (auto simp: convex_bound_lt inner_add) |
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lemma convex_halfspace_gt: "convex {x. inner a x > b}" |
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using convex_halfspace_lt[of "-a" "-b"] by auto |
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lemma convex_real_interval [iff]: |
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fixes a b :: "real" |
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shows "convex {a..}" and "convex {..b}" |
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and "convex {a<..}" and "convex {..<b}" |
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and "convex {a..b}" and "convex {a<..b}" |
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and "convex {a..<b}" and "convex {a<..<b}" |
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proof - |
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have "{a..} = {x. a \<le> inner 1 x}" |
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by auto |
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then show 1: "convex {a..}" |
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by (simp only: convex_halfspace_ge) |
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have "{..b} = {x. inner 1 x \<le> b}" |
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by auto |
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then show 2: "convex {..b}" |
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by (simp only: convex_halfspace_le) |
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have "{a<..} = {x. a < inner 1 x}" |
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by auto |
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then show 3: "convex {a<..}" |
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by (simp only: convex_halfspace_gt) |
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have "{..<b} = {x. inner 1 x < b}" |
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by auto |
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then show 4: "convex {..<b}" |
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by (simp only: convex_halfspace_lt) |
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have "{a..b} = {a..} \<inter> {..b}" |
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by auto |
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then show "convex {a..b}" |
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by (simp only: convex_Int 1 2) |
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have "{a<..b} = {a<..} \<inter> {..b}" |
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by auto |
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then show "convex {a<..b}" |
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by (simp only: convex_Int 3 2) |
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have "{a..<b} = {a..} \<inter> {..<b}" |
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by auto |
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then show "convex {a..<b}" |
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by (simp only: convex_Int 1 4) |
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have "{a<..<b} = {a<..} \<inter> {..<b}" |
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by auto |
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then show "convex {a<..<b}" |
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by (simp only: convex_Int 3 4) |
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qed |
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||
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lemma convex_Reals: "convex \<real>" |
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by (simp add: convex_def scaleR_conv_of_real) |
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subsection \<open>Explicit expressions for convexity in terms of arbitrary sums\<close> |
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lemma convex_setsum: |
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fixes C :: "'a::real_vector set" |
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assumes "finite s" |
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and "convex C" |
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and "(\<Sum> i \<in> s. a i) = 1" |
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assumes "\<And>i. i \<in> s \<Longrightarrow> a i \<ge> 0" |
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and "\<And>i. i \<in> s \<Longrightarrow> y i \<in> C" |
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shows "(\<Sum> j \<in> s. a j *\<^sub>R y j) \<in> C" |
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using assms(1,3,4,5) |
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proof (induct arbitrary: a set: finite) |
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case empty |
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then show ?case by simp |
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next |
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case (insert i s) note IH = this(3) |
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have "a i + setsum a s = 1" |
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and "0 \<le> a i" |
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and "\<forall>j\<in>s. 0 \<le> a j" |
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and "y i \<in> C" |
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and "\<forall>j\<in>s. y j \<in> C" |
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using insert.hyps(1,2) insert.prems by simp_all |
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then have "0 \<le> setsum a s" |
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by (simp add: setsum_nonneg) |
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have "a i *\<^sub>R y i + (\<Sum>j\<in>s. a j *\<^sub>R y j) \<in> C" |
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proof (cases) |
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assume z: "setsum a s = 0" |
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with \<open>a i + setsum a s = 1\<close> have "a i = 1" |
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by simp |
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from setsum_nonneg_0 [OF \<open>finite s\<close> _ z] \<open>\<forall>j\<in>s. 0 \<le> a j\<close> have "\<forall>j\<in>s. a j = 0" |
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by simp |
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show ?thesis using \<open>a i = 1\<close> and \<open>\<forall>j\<in>s. a j = 0\<close> and \<open>y i \<in> C\<close> |
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by simp |
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next |
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assume nz: "setsum a s \<noteq> 0" |
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with \<open>0 \<le> setsum a s\<close> have "0 < setsum a s" |
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by simp |
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then have "(\<Sum>j\<in>s. (a j / setsum a s) *\<^sub>R y j) \<in> C" |
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using \<open>\<forall>j\<in>s. 0 \<le> a j\<close> and \<open>\<forall>j\<in>s. y j \<in> C\<close> |
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by (simp add: IH setsum_divide_distrib [symmetric]) |
60423 | 192 |
from \<open>convex C\<close> and \<open>y i \<in> C\<close> and this and \<open>0 \<le> a i\<close> |
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and \<open>0 \<le> setsum a s\<close> and \<open>a i + setsum a s = 1\<close> |
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55909 | 194 |
have "a i *\<^sub>R y i + setsum a s *\<^sub>R (\<Sum>j\<in>s. (a j / setsum a s) *\<^sub>R y j) \<in> C" |
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by (rule convexD) |
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then show ?thesis |
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by (simp add: scaleR_setsum_right nz) |
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qed |
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then show ?case using \<open>finite s\<close> and \<open>i \<notin> s\<close> |
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by simp |
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qed |
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||
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lemma convex: |
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"convex s \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>(k::nat) u x. (\<forall>i. 1\<le>i \<and> i\<le>k \<longrightarrow> 0 \<le> u i \<and> x i \<in>s) \<and> (setsum u {1..k} = 1) |
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\<longrightarrow> setsum (\<lambda>i. u i *\<^sub>R x i) {1..k} \<in> s)" |
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proof safe |
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fix k :: nat |
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fix u :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real" |
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fix x |
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assume "convex s" |
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"\<forall>i. 1 \<le> i \<and> i \<le> k \<longrightarrow> 0 \<le> u i \<and> x i \<in> s" |
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"setsum u {1..k} = 1" |
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with convex_setsum[of "{1 .. k}" s] show "(\<Sum>j\<in>{1 .. k}. u j *\<^sub>R x j) \<in> s" |
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by auto |
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next |
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assume *: "\<forall>k u x. (\<forall> i :: nat. 1 \<le> i \<and> i \<le> k \<longrightarrow> 0 \<le> u i \<and> x i \<in> s) \<and> setsum u {1..k} = 1 |
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\<longrightarrow> (\<Sum>i = 1..k. u i *\<^sub>R (x i :: 'a)) \<in> s" |
56796 | 218 |
{ |
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fix \<mu> :: real |
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49609 | 220 |
fix x y :: 'a |
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assume xy: "x \<in> s" "y \<in> s" |
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assume mu: "\<mu> \<ge> 0" "\<mu> \<le> 1" |
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let ?u = "\<lambda>i. if (i :: nat) = 1 then \<mu> else 1 - \<mu>" |
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let ?x = "\<lambda>i. if (i :: nat) = 1 then x else y" |
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56796 | 225 |
have "{1 :: nat .. 2} \<inter> - {x. x = 1} = {2}" |
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by auto |
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then have card: "card ({1 :: nat .. 2} \<inter> - {x. x = 1}) = 1" |
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by simp |
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49609 | 229 |
then have "setsum ?u {1 .. 2} = 1" |
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using setsum.If_cases[of "{(1 :: nat) .. 2}" "\<lambda> x. x = 1" "\<lambda> x. \<mu>" "\<lambda> x. 1 - \<mu>"] |
36623 | 231 |
by auto |
60423 | 232 |
with *[rule_format, of "2" ?u ?x] have s: "(\<Sum>j \<in> {1..2}. ?u j *\<^sub>R ?x j) \<in> s" |
36623 | 233 |
using mu xy by auto |
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have grarr: "(\<Sum>j \<in> {Suc (Suc 0)..2}. ?u j *\<^sub>R ?x j) = (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y" |
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using setsum_head_Suc[of "Suc (Suc 0)" 2 "\<lambda> j. (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y"] by auto |
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from setsum_head_Suc[of "Suc 0" 2 "\<lambda> j. ?u j *\<^sub>R ?x j", simplified this] |
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56796 | 237 |
have "(\<Sum>j \<in> {1..2}. ?u j *\<^sub>R ?x j) = \<mu> *\<^sub>R x + (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y" |
238 |
by auto |
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then have "(1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y + \<mu> *\<^sub>R x \<in> s" |
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60423 | 240 |
using s by (auto simp: add.commute) |
49609 | 241 |
} |
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then show "convex s" |
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unfolding convex_alt by auto |
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36623 | 244 |
qed |
245 |
||
246 |
||
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lemma convex_explicit: |
|
248 |
fixes s :: "'a::real_vector set" |
|
249 |
shows "convex s \<longleftrightarrow> |
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49609 | 250 |
(\<forall>t u. finite t \<and> t \<subseteq> s \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>t. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> setsum u t = 1 \<longrightarrow> setsum (\<lambda>x. u x *\<^sub>R x) t \<in> s)" |
36623 | 251 |
proof safe |
49609 | 252 |
fix t |
253 |
fix u :: "'a \<Rightarrow> real" |
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56796 | 254 |
assume "convex s" |
255 |
and "finite t" |
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256 |
and "t \<subseteq> s" "\<forall>x\<in>t. 0 \<le> u x" "setsum u t = 1" |
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49609 | 257 |
then show "(\<Sum>x\<in>t. u x *\<^sub>R x) \<in> s" |
36623 | 258 |
using convex_setsum[of t s u "\<lambda> x. x"] by auto |
259 |
next |
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60423 | 260 |
assume *: "\<forall>t. \<forall> u. finite t \<and> t \<subseteq> s \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>t. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> |
56796 | 261 |
setsum u t = 1 \<longrightarrow> (\<Sum>x\<in>t. u x *\<^sub>R x) \<in> s" |
36623 | 262 |
show "convex s" |
263 |
unfolding convex_alt |
|
264 |
proof safe |
|
49609 | 265 |
fix x y |
266 |
fix \<mu> :: real |
|
60423 | 267 |
assume **: "x \<in> s" "y \<in> s" "0 \<le> \<mu>" "\<mu> \<le> 1" |
268 |
show "(1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R x + \<mu> *\<^sub>R y \<in> s" |
|
269 |
proof (cases "x = y") |
|
270 |
case False |
|
271 |
then show ?thesis |
|
272 |
using *[rule_format, of "{x, y}" "\<lambda> z. if z = x then 1 - \<mu> else \<mu>"] ** |
|
273 |
by auto |
|
274 |
next |
|
275 |
case True |
|
276 |
then show ?thesis |
|
277 |
using *[rule_format, of "{x, y}" "\<lambda> z. 1"] ** |
|
278 |
by (auto simp: field_simps real_vector.scale_left_diff_distrib) |
|
279 |
qed |
|
36623 | 280 |
qed |
281 |
qed |
|
282 |
||
49609 | 283 |
lemma convex_finite: |
284 |
assumes "finite s" |
|
56796 | 285 |
shows "convex s \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>u. (\<forall>x\<in>s. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> setsum u s = 1 \<longrightarrow> setsum (\<lambda>x. u x *\<^sub>R x) s \<in> s)" |
36623 | 286 |
unfolding convex_explicit |
49609 | 287 |
proof safe |
288 |
fix t u |
|
289 |
assume sum: "\<forall>u. (\<forall>x\<in>s. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> setsum u s = 1 \<longrightarrow> (\<Sum>x\<in>s. u x *\<^sub>R x) \<in> s" |
|
36623 | 290 |
and as: "finite t" "t \<subseteq> s" "\<forall>x\<in>t. 0 \<le> u x" "setsum u t = (1::real)" |
56796 | 291 |
have *: "s \<inter> t = t" |
292 |
using as(2) by auto |
|
49609 | 293 |
have if_distrib_arg: "\<And>P f g x. (if P then f else g) x = (if P then f x else g x)" |
294 |
by simp |
|
36623 | 295 |
show "(\<Sum>x\<in>t. u x *\<^sub>R x) \<in> s" |
296 |
using sum[THEN spec[where x="\<lambda>x. if x\<in>t then u x else 0"]] as * |
|
57418 | 297 |
by (auto simp: assms setsum.If_cases if_distrib if_distrib_arg) |
36623 | 298 |
qed (erule_tac x=s in allE, erule_tac x=u in allE, auto) |
299 |
||
56796 | 300 |
|
60423 | 301 |
subsection \<open>Functions that are convex on a set\<close> |
55909 | 302 |
|
49609 | 303 |
definition convex_on :: "'a::real_vector set \<Rightarrow> ('a \<Rightarrow> real) \<Rightarrow> bool" |
304 |
where "convex_on s f \<longleftrightarrow> |
|
305 |
(\<forall>x\<in>s. \<forall>y\<in>s. \<forall>u\<ge>0. \<forall>v\<ge>0. u + v = 1 \<longrightarrow> f (u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y) \<le> u * f x + v * f y)" |
|
36623 | 306 |
|
61531
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
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307 |
lemma convex_onI [intro?]: |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
308 |
assumes "\<And>t x y. t > 0 \<Longrightarrow> t < 1 \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
309 |
f ((1 - t) *\<^sub>R x + t *\<^sub>R y) \<le> (1 - t) * f x + t * f y" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
310 |
shows "convex_on A f" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
311 |
unfolding convex_on_def |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
312 |
proof clarify |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
313 |
fix x y u v assume A: "x \<in> A" "y \<in> A" "(u::real) \<ge> 0" "v \<ge> 0" "u + v = 1" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
314 |
from A(5) have [simp]: "v = 1 - u" by (simp add: algebra_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
315 |
from A(1-4) show "f (u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y) \<le> u * f x + v * f y" using assms[of u y x] |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
316 |
by (cases "u = 0 \<or> u = 1") (auto simp: algebra_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
317 |
qed |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
318 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
319 |
lemma convex_on_linorderI [intro?]: |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
320 |
fixes A :: "('a::{linorder,real_vector}) set" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
321 |
assumes "\<And>t x y. t > 0 \<Longrightarrow> t < 1 \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x < y \<Longrightarrow> |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
322 |
f ((1 - t) *\<^sub>R x + t *\<^sub>R y) \<le> (1 - t) * f x + t * f y" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
323 |
shows "convex_on A f" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
324 |
proof |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
325 |
fix t x y assume A: "x \<in> A" "y \<in> A" "(t::real) > 0" "t < 1" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
326 |
case (goal1 t x y) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
327 |
with goal1 assms[of t x y] assms[of "1 - t" y x] |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
328 |
show ?case by (cases x y rule: linorder_cases) (auto simp: algebra_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
329 |
qed |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
330 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
331 |
lemma convex_onD: |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
332 |
assumes "convex_on A f" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
333 |
shows "\<And>t x y. t \<ge> 0 \<Longrightarrow> t \<le> 1 \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
334 |
f ((1 - t) *\<^sub>R x + t *\<^sub>R y) \<le> (1 - t) * f x + t * f y" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
335 |
using assms unfolding convex_on_def by auto |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
336 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
337 |
lemma convex_onD_Icc: |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
338 |
assumes "convex_on {x..y} f" "x \<le> (y :: _ :: {real_vector,preorder})" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
339 |
shows "\<And>t. t \<ge> 0 \<Longrightarrow> t \<le> 1 \<Longrightarrow> |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
340 |
f ((1 - t) *\<^sub>R x + t *\<^sub>R y) \<le> (1 - t) * f x + t * f y" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
341 |
using assms(2) by (intro convex_onD[OF assms(1)]) simp_all |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
342 |
|
36623 | 343 |
lemma convex_on_subset: "convex_on t f \<Longrightarrow> s \<subseteq> t \<Longrightarrow> convex_on s f" |
344 |
unfolding convex_on_def by auto |
|
345 |
||
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
346 |
lemma convex_on_add [intro]: |
56796 | 347 |
assumes "convex_on s f" |
348 |
and "convex_on s g" |
|
36623 | 349 |
shows "convex_on s (\<lambda>x. f x + g x)" |
49609 | 350 |
proof - |
56796 | 351 |
{ |
352 |
fix x y |
|
353 |
assume "x \<in> s" "y \<in> s" |
|
49609 | 354 |
moreover |
355 |
fix u v :: real |
|
356 |
assume "0 \<le> u" "0 \<le> v" "u + v = 1" |
|
357 |
ultimately |
|
358 |
have "f (u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y) + g (u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y) \<le> (u * f x + v * f y) + (u * g x + v * g y)" |
|
60423 | 359 |
using assms unfolding convex_on_def by (auto simp: add_mono) |
49609 | 360 |
then have "f (u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y) + g (u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y) \<le> u * (f x + g x) + v * (f y + g y)" |
361 |
by (simp add: field_simps) |
|
362 |
} |
|
56796 | 363 |
then show ?thesis |
364 |
unfolding convex_on_def by auto |
|
36623 | 365 |
qed |
366 |
||
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
367 |
lemma convex_on_cmul [intro]: |
56796 | 368 |
fixes c :: real |
369 |
assumes "0 \<le> c" |
|
370 |
and "convex_on s f" |
|
36623 | 371 |
shows "convex_on s (\<lambda>x. c * f x)" |
56796 | 372 |
proof - |
60423 | 373 |
have *: "\<And>u c fx v fy :: real. u * (c * fx) + v * (c * fy) = c * (u * fx + v * fy)" |
49609 | 374 |
by (simp add: field_simps) |
375 |
show ?thesis using assms(2) and mult_left_mono [OF _ assms(1)] |
|
376 |
unfolding convex_on_def and * by auto |
|
36623 | 377 |
qed |
378 |
||
379 |
lemma convex_lower: |
|
56796 | 380 |
assumes "convex_on s f" |
381 |
and "x \<in> s" |
|
382 |
and "y \<in> s" |
|
383 |
and "0 \<le> u" |
|
384 |
and "0 \<le> v" |
|
385 |
and "u + v = 1" |
|
36623 | 386 |
shows "f (u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y) \<le> max (f x) (f y)" |
56796 | 387 |
proof - |
36623 | 388 |
let ?m = "max (f x) (f y)" |
389 |
have "u * f x + v * f y \<le> u * max (f x) (f y) + v * max (f x) (f y)" |
|
60423 | 390 |
using assms(4,5) by (auto simp: mult_left_mono add_mono) |
56796 | 391 |
also have "\<dots> = max (f x) (f y)" |
60423 | 392 |
using assms(6) by (simp add: distrib_right [symmetric]) |
36623 | 393 |
finally show ?thesis |
44890
22f665a2e91c
new fastforce replacing fastsimp - less confusing name
nipkow
parents:
44282
diff
changeset
|
394 |
using assms unfolding convex_on_def by fastforce |
36623 | 395 |
qed |
396 |
||
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
397 |
lemma convex_on_dist [intro]: |
36623 | 398 |
fixes s :: "'a::real_normed_vector set" |
399 |
shows "convex_on s (\<lambda>x. dist a x)" |
|
60423 | 400 |
proof (auto simp: convex_on_def dist_norm) |
49609 | 401 |
fix x y |
56796 | 402 |
assume "x \<in> s" "y \<in> s" |
49609 | 403 |
fix u v :: real |
56796 | 404 |
assume "0 \<le> u" |
405 |
assume "0 \<le> v" |
|
406 |
assume "u + v = 1" |
|
49609 | 407 |
have "a = u *\<^sub>R a + v *\<^sub>R a" |
60423 | 408 |
unfolding scaleR_left_distrib[symmetric] and \<open>u + v = 1\<close> by simp |
49609 | 409 |
then have *: "a - (u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y) = (u *\<^sub>R (a - x)) + (v *\<^sub>R (a - y))" |
60423 | 410 |
by (auto simp: algebra_simps) |
36623 | 411 |
show "norm (a - (u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y)) \<le> u * norm (a - x) + v * norm (a - y)" |
412 |
unfolding * using norm_triangle_ineq[of "u *\<^sub>R (a - x)" "v *\<^sub>R (a - y)"] |
|
60423 | 413 |
using \<open>0 \<le> u\<close> \<open>0 \<le> v\<close> by auto |
36623 | 414 |
qed |
415 |
||
49609 | 416 |
|
60423 | 417 |
subsection \<open>Arithmetic operations on sets preserve convexity\<close> |
49609 | 418 |
|
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
419 |
lemma convex_linear_image: |
56796 | 420 |
assumes "linear f" |
421 |
and "convex s" |
|
422 |
shows "convex (f ` s)" |
|
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
423 |
proof - |
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
424 |
interpret f: linear f by fact |
60423 | 425 |
from \<open>convex s\<close> show "convex (f ` s)" |
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
426 |
by (simp add: convex_def f.scaleR [symmetric] f.add [symmetric]) |
36623 | 427 |
qed |
428 |
||
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
429 |
lemma convex_linear_vimage: |
56796 | 430 |
assumes "linear f" |
431 |
and "convex s" |
|
432 |
shows "convex (f -` s)" |
|
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
433 |
proof - |
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
434 |
interpret f: linear f by fact |
60423 | 435 |
from \<open>convex s\<close> show "convex (f -` s)" |
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
436 |
by (simp add: convex_def f.add f.scaleR) |
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
437 |
qed |
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
438 |
|
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
439 |
lemma convex_scaling: |
56796 | 440 |
assumes "convex s" |
441 |
shows "convex ((\<lambda>x. c *\<^sub>R x) ` s)" |
|
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
442 |
proof - |
56796 | 443 |
have "linear (\<lambda>x. c *\<^sub>R x)" |
444 |
by (simp add: linearI scaleR_add_right) |
|
445 |
then show ?thesis |
|
60423 | 446 |
using \<open>convex s\<close> by (rule convex_linear_image) |
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
447 |
qed |
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
448 |
|
60178
f620c70f9e9b
generalized differentiable_bound; some further variations of differentiable_bound
immler
parents:
59862
diff
changeset
|
449 |
lemma convex_scaled: |
f620c70f9e9b
generalized differentiable_bound; some further variations of differentiable_bound
immler
parents:
59862
diff
changeset
|
450 |
assumes "convex s" |
f620c70f9e9b
generalized differentiable_bound; some further variations of differentiable_bound
immler
parents:
59862
diff
changeset
|
451 |
shows "convex ((\<lambda>x. x *\<^sub>R c) ` s)" |
f620c70f9e9b
generalized differentiable_bound; some further variations of differentiable_bound
immler
parents:
59862
diff
changeset
|
452 |
proof - |
f620c70f9e9b
generalized differentiable_bound; some further variations of differentiable_bound
immler
parents:
59862
diff
changeset
|
453 |
have "linear (\<lambda>x. x *\<^sub>R c)" |
f620c70f9e9b
generalized differentiable_bound; some further variations of differentiable_bound
immler
parents:
59862
diff
changeset
|
454 |
by (simp add: linearI scaleR_add_left) |
f620c70f9e9b
generalized differentiable_bound; some further variations of differentiable_bound
immler
parents:
59862
diff
changeset
|
455 |
then show ?thesis |
60423 | 456 |
using \<open>convex s\<close> by (rule convex_linear_image) |
60178
f620c70f9e9b
generalized differentiable_bound; some further variations of differentiable_bound
immler
parents:
59862
diff
changeset
|
457 |
qed |
f620c70f9e9b
generalized differentiable_bound; some further variations of differentiable_bound
immler
parents:
59862
diff
changeset
|
458 |
|
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
459 |
lemma convex_negations: |
56796 | 460 |
assumes "convex s" |
461 |
shows "convex ((\<lambda>x. - x) ` s)" |
|
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
462 |
proof - |
56796 | 463 |
have "linear (\<lambda>x. - x)" |
464 |
by (simp add: linearI) |
|
465 |
then show ?thesis |
|
60423 | 466 |
using \<open>convex s\<close> by (rule convex_linear_image) |
36623 | 467 |
qed |
468 |
||
469 |
lemma convex_sums: |
|
56796 | 470 |
assumes "convex s" |
471 |
and "convex t" |
|
36623 | 472 |
shows "convex {x + y| x y. x \<in> s \<and> y \<in> t}" |
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
473 |
proof - |
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
474 |
have "linear (\<lambda>(x, y). x + y)" |
60423 | 475 |
by (auto intro: linearI simp: scaleR_add_right) |
53620
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
476 |
with assms have "convex ((\<lambda>(x, y). x + y) ` (s \<times> t))" |
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
477 |
by (intro convex_linear_image convex_Times) |
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
478 |
also have "((\<lambda>(x, y). x + y) ` (s \<times> t)) = {x + y| x y. x \<in> s \<and> y \<in> t}" |
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
479 |
by auto |
3c7f5e7926dc
generalized and simplified proofs of several theorems about convex sets
huffman
parents:
53596
diff
changeset
|
480 |
finally show ?thesis . |
36623 | 481 |
qed |
482 |
||
483 |
lemma convex_differences: |
|
484 |
assumes "convex s" "convex t" |
|
485 |
shows "convex {x - y| x y. x \<in> s \<and> y \<in> t}" |
|
486 |
proof - |
|
487 |
have "{x - y| x y. x \<in> s \<and> y \<in> t} = {x + y |x y. x \<in> s \<and> y \<in> uminus ` t}" |
|
60423 | 488 |
by (auto simp: diff_conv_add_uminus simp del: add_uminus_conv_diff) |
49609 | 489 |
then show ?thesis |
490 |
using convex_sums[OF assms(1) convex_negations[OF assms(2)]] by auto |
|
36623 | 491 |
qed |
492 |
||
49609 | 493 |
lemma convex_translation: |
494 |
assumes "convex s" |
|
495 |
shows "convex ((\<lambda>x. a + x) ` s)" |
|
496 |
proof - |
|
56796 | 497 |
have "{a + y |y. y \<in> s} = (\<lambda>x. a + x) ` s" |
498 |
by auto |
|
49609 | 499 |
then show ?thesis |
500 |
using convex_sums[OF convex_singleton[of a] assms] by auto |
|
501 |
qed |
|
36623 | 502 |
|
49609 | 503 |
lemma convex_affinity: |
504 |
assumes "convex s" |
|
505 |
shows "convex ((\<lambda>x. a + c *\<^sub>R x) ` s)" |
|
506 |
proof - |
|
56796 | 507 |
have "(\<lambda>x. a + c *\<^sub>R x) ` s = op + a ` op *\<^sub>R c ` s" |
508 |
by auto |
|
49609 | 509 |
then show ?thesis |
510 |
using convex_translation[OF convex_scaling[OF assms], of a c] by auto |
|
511 |
qed |
|
36623 | 512 |
|
49609 | 513 |
lemma pos_is_convex: "convex {0 :: real <..}" |
514 |
unfolding convex_alt |
|
36623 | 515 |
proof safe |
516 |
fix y x \<mu> :: real |
|
60423 | 517 |
assume *: "y > 0" "x > 0" "\<mu> \<ge> 0" "\<mu> \<le> 1" |
56796 | 518 |
{ |
519 |
assume "\<mu> = 0" |
|
49609 | 520 |
then have "\<mu> *\<^sub>R x + (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y = y" by simp |
60423 | 521 |
then have "\<mu> *\<^sub>R x + (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y > 0" using * by simp |
56796 | 522 |
} |
36623 | 523 |
moreover |
56796 | 524 |
{ |
525 |
assume "\<mu> = 1" |
|
60423 | 526 |
then have "\<mu> *\<^sub>R x + (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y > 0" using * by simp |
56796 | 527 |
} |
36623 | 528 |
moreover |
56796 | 529 |
{ |
530 |
assume "\<mu> \<noteq> 1" "\<mu> \<noteq> 0" |
|
60423 | 531 |
then have "\<mu> > 0" "(1 - \<mu>) > 0" using * by auto |
532 |
then have "\<mu> *\<^sub>R x + (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y > 0" using * |
|
533 |
by (auto simp: add_pos_pos) |
|
56796 | 534 |
} |
535 |
ultimately show "(1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y + \<mu> *\<^sub>R x > 0" |
|
536 |
using assms by fastforce |
|
36623 | 537 |
qed |
538 |
||
539 |
lemma convex_on_setsum: |
|
540 |
fixes a :: "'a \<Rightarrow> real" |
|
49609 | 541 |
and y :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_vector" |
542 |
and f :: "'b \<Rightarrow> real" |
|
36623 | 543 |
assumes "finite s" "s \<noteq> {}" |
49609 | 544 |
and "convex_on C f" |
545 |
and "convex C" |
|
546 |
and "(\<Sum> i \<in> s. a i) = 1" |
|
547 |
and "\<And>i. i \<in> s \<Longrightarrow> a i \<ge> 0" |
|
548 |
and "\<And>i. i \<in> s \<Longrightarrow> y i \<in> C" |
|
36623 | 549 |
shows "f (\<Sum> i \<in> s. a i *\<^sub>R y i) \<le> (\<Sum> i \<in> s. a i * f (y i))" |
49609 | 550 |
using assms |
551 |
proof (induct s arbitrary: a rule: finite_ne_induct) |
|
36623 | 552 |
case (singleton i) |
49609 | 553 |
then have ai: "a i = 1" by auto |
554 |
then show ?case by auto |
|
36623 | 555 |
next |
60423 | 556 |
case (insert i s) |
49609 | 557 |
then have "convex_on C f" by simp |
36623 | 558 |
from this[unfolded convex_on_def, rule_format] |
56796 | 559 |
have conv: "\<And>x y \<mu>. x \<in> C \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> C \<Longrightarrow> 0 \<le> \<mu> \<Longrightarrow> \<mu> \<le> 1 \<Longrightarrow> |
560 |
f (\<mu> *\<^sub>R x + (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y) \<le> \<mu> * f x + (1 - \<mu>) * f y" |
|
36623 | 561 |
by simp |
60423 | 562 |
show ?case |
563 |
proof (cases "a i = 1") |
|
564 |
case True |
|
49609 | 565 |
then have "(\<Sum> j \<in> s. a j) = 0" |
60423 | 566 |
using insert by auto |
49609 | 567 |
then have "\<And>j. j \<in> s \<Longrightarrow> a j = 0" |
60423 | 568 |
using setsum_nonneg_0[where 'b=real] insert by fastforce |
569 |
then show ?thesis |
|
570 |
using insert by auto |
|
571 |
next |
|
572 |
case False |
|
573 |
from insert have yai: "y i \<in> C" "a i \<ge> 0" |
|
574 |
by auto |
|
575 |
have fis: "finite (insert i s)" |
|
576 |
using insert by auto |
|
577 |
then have ai1: "a i \<le> 1" |
|
578 |
using setsum_nonneg_leq_bound[of "insert i s" a] insert by simp |
|
579 |
then have "a i < 1" |
|
580 |
using False by auto |
|
581 |
then have i0: "1 - a i > 0" |
|
582 |
by auto |
|
49609 | 583 |
let ?a = "\<lambda>j. a j / (1 - a i)" |
60423 | 584 |
have a_nonneg: "?a j \<ge> 0" if "j \<in> s" for j |
60449 | 585 |
using i0 insert that by fastforce |
60423 | 586 |
have "(\<Sum> j \<in> insert i s. a j) = 1" |
587 |
using insert by auto |
|
588 |
then have "(\<Sum> j \<in> s. a j) = 1 - a i" |
|
589 |
using setsum.insert insert by fastforce |
|
590 |
then have "(\<Sum> j \<in> s. a j) / (1 - a i) = 1" |
|
591 |
using i0 by auto |
|
592 |
then have a1: "(\<Sum> j \<in> s. ?a j) = 1" |
|
593 |
unfolding setsum_divide_distrib by simp |
|
594 |
have "convex C" using insert by auto |
|
49609 | 595 |
then have asum: "(\<Sum> j \<in> s. ?a j *\<^sub>R y j) \<in> C" |
60423 | 596 |
using insert convex_setsum[OF \<open>finite s\<close> |
597 |
\<open>convex C\<close> a1 a_nonneg] by auto |
|
36623 | 598 |
have asum_le: "f (\<Sum> j \<in> s. ?a j *\<^sub>R y j) \<le> (\<Sum> j \<in> s. ?a j * f (y j))" |
60423 | 599 |
using a_nonneg a1 insert by blast |
36623 | 600 |
have "f (\<Sum> j \<in> insert i s. a j *\<^sub>R y j) = f ((\<Sum> j \<in> s. a j *\<^sub>R y j) + a i *\<^sub>R y i)" |
60423 | 601 |
using setsum.insert[of s i "\<lambda> j. a j *\<^sub>R y j", OF \<open>finite s\<close> \<open>i \<notin> s\<close>] insert |
602 |
by (auto simp only: add.commute) |
|
36623 | 603 |
also have "\<dots> = f (((1 - a i) * inverse (1 - a i)) *\<^sub>R (\<Sum> j \<in> s. a j *\<^sub>R y j) + a i *\<^sub>R y i)" |
604 |
using i0 by auto |
|
605 |
also have "\<dots> = f ((1 - a i) *\<^sub>R (\<Sum> j \<in> s. (a j * inverse (1 - a i)) *\<^sub>R y j) + a i *\<^sub>R y i)" |
|
49609 | 606 |
using scaleR_right.setsum[of "inverse (1 - a i)" "\<lambda> j. a j *\<^sub>R y j" s, symmetric] |
60423 | 607 |
by (auto simp: algebra_simps) |
36623 | 608 |
also have "\<dots> = f ((1 - a i) *\<^sub>R (\<Sum> j \<in> s. ?a j *\<^sub>R y j) + a i *\<^sub>R y i)" |
36778
739a9379e29b
avoid using real-specific versions of generic lemmas
huffman
parents:
36648
diff
changeset
|
609 |
by (auto simp: divide_inverse) |
36623 | 610 |
also have "\<dots> \<le> (1 - a i) *\<^sub>R f ((\<Sum> j \<in> s. ?a j *\<^sub>R y j)) + a i * f (y i)" |
611 |
using conv[of "y i" "(\<Sum> j \<in> s. ?a j *\<^sub>R y j)" "a i", OF yai(1) asum yai(2) ai1] |
|
60423 | 612 |
by (auto simp: add.commute) |
36623 | 613 |
also have "\<dots> \<le> (1 - a i) * (\<Sum> j \<in> s. ?a j * f (y j)) + a i * f (y i)" |
614 |
using add_right_mono[OF mult_left_mono[of _ _ "1 - a i", |
|
615 |
OF asum_le less_imp_le[OF i0]], of "a i * f (y i)"] by simp |
|
616 |
also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum> j \<in> s. (1 - a i) * ?a j * f (y j)) + a i * f (y i)" |
|
44282
f0de18b62d63
remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents:
44142
diff
changeset
|
617 |
unfolding setsum_right_distrib[of "1 - a i" "\<lambda> j. ?a j * f (y j)"] using i0 by auto |
60423 | 618 |
also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum> j \<in> s. a j * f (y j)) + a i * f (y i)" |
619 |
using i0 by auto |
|
620 |
also have "\<dots> = (\<Sum> j \<in> insert i s. a j * f (y j))" |
|
621 |
using insert by auto |
|
622 |
finally show ?thesis |
|
56796 | 623 |
by simp |
60423 | 624 |
qed |
36623 | 625 |
qed |
626 |
||
627 |
lemma convex_on_alt: |
|
628 |
fixes C :: "'a::real_vector set" |
|
629 |
assumes "convex C" |
|
56796 | 630 |
shows "convex_on C f \<longleftrightarrow> |
631 |
(\<forall>x \<in> C. \<forall> y \<in> C. \<forall> \<mu> :: real. \<mu> \<ge> 0 \<and> \<mu> \<le> 1 \<longrightarrow> |
|
632 |
f (\<mu> *\<^sub>R x + (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y) \<le> \<mu> * f x + (1 - \<mu>) * f y)" |
|
36623 | 633 |
proof safe |
49609 | 634 |
fix x y |
635 |
fix \<mu> :: real |
|
60423 | 636 |
assume *: "convex_on C f" "x \<in> C" "y \<in> C" "0 \<le> \<mu>" "\<mu> \<le> 1" |
36623 | 637 |
from this[unfolded convex_on_def, rule_format] |
56796 | 638 |
have "\<And>u v. 0 \<le> u \<Longrightarrow> 0 \<le> v \<Longrightarrow> u + v = 1 \<Longrightarrow> f (u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y) \<le> u * f x + v * f y" |
639 |
by auto |
|
60423 | 640 |
from this[of "\<mu>" "1 - \<mu>", simplified] * |
56796 | 641 |
show "f (\<mu> *\<^sub>R x + (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y) \<le> \<mu> * f x + (1 - \<mu>) * f y" |
642 |
by auto |
|
36623 | 643 |
next |
60423 | 644 |
assume *: "\<forall>x\<in>C. \<forall>y\<in>C. \<forall>\<mu>. 0 \<le> \<mu> \<and> \<mu> \<le> 1 \<longrightarrow> |
56796 | 645 |
f (\<mu> *\<^sub>R x + (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y) \<le> \<mu> * f x + (1 - \<mu>) * f y" |
646 |
{ |
|
647 |
fix x y |
|
49609 | 648 |
fix u v :: real |
60423 | 649 |
assume **: "x \<in> C" "y \<in> C" "u \<ge> 0" "v \<ge> 0" "u + v = 1" |
49609 | 650 |
then have[simp]: "1 - u = v" by auto |
60423 | 651 |
from *[rule_format, of x y u] |
56796 | 652 |
have "f (u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y) \<le> u * f x + v * f y" |
60423 | 653 |
using ** by auto |
49609 | 654 |
} |
56796 | 655 |
then show "convex_on C f" |
656 |
unfolding convex_on_def by auto |
|
36623 | 657 |
qed |
658 |
||
43337 | 659 |
lemma convex_on_diff: |
660 |
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real" |
|
56796 | 661 |
assumes f: "convex_on I f" |
662 |
and I: "x \<in> I" "y \<in> I" |
|
663 |
and t: "x < t" "t < y" |
|
49609 | 664 |
shows "(f x - f t) / (x - t) \<le> (f x - f y) / (x - y)" |
56796 | 665 |
and "(f x - f y) / (x - y) \<le> (f t - f y) / (t - y)" |
43337 | 666 |
proof - |
667 |
def a \<equiv> "(t - y) / (x - y)" |
|
56796 | 668 |
with t have "0 \<le> a" "0 \<le> 1 - a" |
669 |
by (auto simp: field_simps) |
|
60423 | 670 |
with f \<open>x \<in> I\<close> \<open>y \<in> I\<close> have cvx: "f (a * x + (1 - a) * y) \<le> a * f x + (1 - a) * f y" |
43337 | 671 |
by (auto simp: convex_on_def) |
56796 | 672 |
have "a * x + (1 - a) * y = a * (x - y) + y" |
673 |
by (simp add: field_simps) |
|
674 |
also have "\<dots> = t" |
|
60423 | 675 |
unfolding a_def using \<open>x < t\<close> \<open>t < y\<close> by simp |
56796 | 676 |
finally have "f t \<le> a * f x + (1 - a) * f y" |
677 |
using cvx by simp |
|
678 |
also have "\<dots> = a * (f x - f y) + f y" |
|
679 |
by (simp add: field_simps) |
|
680 |
finally have "f t - f y \<le> a * (f x - f y)" |
|
681 |
by simp |
|
43337 | 682 |
with t show "(f x - f t) / (x - t) \<le> (f x - f y) / (x - y)" |
44142 | 683 |
by (simp add: le_divide_eq divide_le_eq field_simps a_def) |
43337 | 684 |
with t show "(f x - f y) / (x - y) \<le> (f t - f y) / (t - y)" |
44142 | 685 |
by (simp add: le_divide_eq divide_le_eq field_simps) |
43337 | 686 |
qed |
36623 | 687 |
|
688 |
lemma pos_convex_function: |
|
689 |
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real" |
|
690 |
assumes "convex C" |
|
56796 | 691 |
and leq: "\<And>x y. x \<in> C \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> C \<Longrightarrow> f' x * (y - x) \<le> f y - f x" |
36623 | 692 |
shows "convex_on C f" |
49609 | 693 |
unfolding convex_on_alt[OF assms(1)] |
694 |
using assms |
|
36623 | 695 |
proof safe |
696 |
fix x y \<mu> :: real |
|
697 |
let ?x = "\<mu> *\<^sub>R x + (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y" |
|
60423 | 698 |
assume *: "convex C" "x \<in> C" "y \<in> C" "\<mu> \<ge> 0" "\<mu> \<le> 1" |
49609 | 699 |
then have "1 - \<mu> \<ge> 0" by auto |
56796 | 700 |
then have xpos: "?x \<in> C" |
60423 | 701 |
using * unfolding convex_alt by fastforce |
56796 | 702 |
have geq: "\<mu> * (f x - f ?x) + (1 - \<mu>) * (f y - f ?x) \<ge> |
703 |
\<mu> * f' ?x * (x - ?x) + (1 - \<mu>) * f' ?x * (y - ?x)" |
|
60423 | 704 |
using add_mono[OF mult_left_mono[OF leq[OF xpos *(2)] \<open>\<mu> \<ge> 0\<close>] |
705 |
mult_left_mono[OF leq[OF xpos *(3)] \<open>1 - \<mu> \<ge> 0\<close>]] |
|
56796 | 706 |
by auto |
49609 | 707 |
then have "\<mu> * f x + (1 - \<mu>) * f y - f ?x \<ge> 0" |
60423 | 708 |
by (auto simp: field_simps) |
49609 | 709 |
then show "f (\<mu> *\<^sub>R x + (1 - \<mu>) *\<^sub>R y) \<le> \<mu> * f x + (1 - \<mu>) * f y" |
36623 | 710 |
using convex_on_alt by auto |
711 |
qed |
|
712 |
||
713 |
lemma atMostAtLeast_subset_convex: |
|
714 |
fixes C :: "real set" |
|
715 |
assumes "convex C" |
|
49609 | 716 |
and "x \<in> C" "y \<in> C" "x < y" |
36623 | 717 |
shows "{x .. y} \<subseteq> C" |
718 |
proof safe |
|
60423 | 719 |
fix z assume z: "z \<in> {x .. y}" |
720 |
have less: "z \<in> C" if *: "x < z" "z < y" |
|
721 |
proof - |
|
49609 | 722 |
let ?\<mu> = "(y - z) / (y - x)" |
56796 | 723 |
have "0 \<le> ?\<mu>" "?\<mu> \<le> 1" |
60423 | 724 |
using assms * by (auto simp: field_simps) |
49609 | 725 |
then have comb: "?\<mu> * x + (1 - ?\<mu>) * y \<in> C" |
726 |
using assms iffD1[OF convex_alt, rule_format, of C y x ?\<mu>] |
|
727 |
by (simp add: algebra_simps) |
|
36623 | 728 |
have "?\<mu> * x + (1 - ?\<mu>) * y = (y - z) * x / (y - x) + (1 - (y - z) / (y - x)) * y" |
60423 | 729 |
by (auto simp: field_simps) |
36623 | 730 |
also have "\<dots> = ((y - z) * x + (y - x - (y - z)) * y) / (y - x)" |
49609 | 731 |
using assms unfolding add_divide_distrib by (auto simp: field_simps) |
36623 | 732 |
also have "\<dots> = z" |
49609 | 733 |
using assms by (auto simp: field_simps) |
60423 | 734 |
finally show ?thesis |
56796 | 735 |
using comb by auto |
60423 | 736 |
qed |
737 |
show "z \<in> C" using z less assms |
|
36623 | 738 |
unfolding atLeastAtMost_iff le_less by auto |
739 |
qed |
|
740 |
||
741 |
lemma f''_imp_f': |
|
742 |
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real" |
|
743 |
assumes "convex C" |
|
49609 | 744 |
and f': "\<And>x. x \<in> C \<Longrightarrow> DERIV f x :> (f' x)" |
745 |
and f'': "\<And>x. x \<in> C \<Longrightarrow> DERIV f' x :> (f'' x)" |
|
746 |
and pos: "\<And>x. x \<in> C \<Longrightarrow> f'' x \<ge> 0" |
|
747 |
and "x \<in> C" "y \<in> C" |
|
36623 | 748 |
shows "f' x * (y - x) \<le> f y - f x" |
49609 | 749 |
using assms |
36623 | 750 |
proof - |
56796 | 751 |
{ |
752 |
fix x y :: real |
|
60423 | 753 |
assume *: "x \<in> C" "y \<in> C" "y > x" |
754 |
then have ge: "y - x > 0" "y - x \<ge> 0" |
|
755 |
by auto |
|
756 |
from * have le: "x - y < 0" "x - y \<le> 0" |
|
757 |
by auto |
|
36623 | 758 |
then obtain z1 where z1: "z1 > x" "z1 < y" "f y - f x = (y - x) * f' z1" |
60423 | 759 |
using subsetD[OF atMostAtLeast_subset_convex[OF \<open>convex C\<close> \<open>x \<in> C\<close> \<open>y \<in> C\<close> \<open>x < y\<close>], |
760 |
THEN f', THEN MVT2[OF \<open>x < y\<close>, rule_format, unfolded atLeastAtMost_iff[symmetric]]] |
|
36623 | 761 |
by auto |
60423 | 762 |
then have "z1 \<in> C" |
763 |
using atMostAtLeast_subset_convex \<open>convex C\<close> \<open>x \<in> C\<close> \<open>y \<in> C\<close> \<open>x < y\<close> |
|
764 |
by fastforce |
|
36623 | 765 |
from z1 have z1': "f x - f y = (x - y) * f' z1" |
60423 | 766 |
by (simp add: field_simps) |
36623 | 767 |
obtain z2 where z2: "z2 > x" "z2 < z1" "f' z1 - f' x = (z1 - x) * f'' z2" |
60423 | 768 |
using subsetD[OF atMostAtLeast_subset_convex[OF \<open>convex C\<close> \<open>x \<in> C\<close> \<open>z1 \<in> C\<close> \<open>x < z1\<close>], |
769 |
THEN f'', THEN MVT2[OF \<open>x < z1\<close>, rule_format, unfolded atLeastAtMost_iff[symmetric]]] z1 |
|
36623 | 770 |
by auto |
771 |
obtain z3 where z3: "z3 > z1" "z3 < y" "f' y - f' z1 = (y - z1) * f'' z3" |
|
60423 | 772 |
using subsetD[OF atMostAtLeast_subset_convex[OF \<open>convex C\<close> \<open>z1 \<in> C\<close> \<open>y \<in> C\<close> \<open>z1 < y\<close>], |
773 |
THEN f'', THEN MVT2[OF \<open>z1 < y\<close>, rule_format, unfolded atLeastAtMost_iff[symmetric]]] z1 |
|
36623 | 774 |
by auto |
775 |
have "f' y - (f x - f y) / (x - y) = f' y - f' z1" |
|
60423 | 776 |
using * z1' by auto |
777 |
also have "\<dots> = (y - z1) * f'' z3" |
|
778 |
using z3 by auto |
|
779 |
finally have cool': "f' y - (f x - f y) / (x - y) = (y - z1) * f'' z3" |
|
780 |
by simp |
|
781 |
have A': "y - z1 \<ge> 0" |
|
782 |
using z1 by auto |
|
783 |
have "z3 \<in> C" |
|
784 |
using z3 * atMostAtLeast_subset_convex \<open>convex C\<close> \<open>x \<in> C\<close> \<open>z1 \<in> C\<close> \<open>x < z1\<close> |
|
785 |
by fastforce |
|
786 |
then have B': "f'' z3 \<ge> 0" |
|
787 |
using assms by auto |
|
788 |
from A' B' have "(y - z1) * f'' z3 \<ge> 0" |
|
789 |
by auto |
|
790 |
from cool' this have "f' y - (f x - f y) / (x - y) \<ge> 0" |
|
791 |
by auto |
|
36623 | 792 |
from mult_right_mono_neg[OF this le(2)] |
793 |
have "f' y * (x - y) - (f x - f y) / (x - y) * (x - y) \<le> 0 * (x - y)" |
|
36778
739a9379e29b
avoid using real-specific versions of generic lemmas
huffman
parents:
36648
diff
changeset
|
794 |
by (simp add: algebra_simps) |
60423 | 795 |
then have "f' y * (x - y) - (f x - f y) \<le> 0" |
796 |
using le by auto |
|
797 |
then have res: "f' y * (x - y) \<le> f x - f y" |
|
798 |
by auto |
|
36623 | 799 |
have "(f y - f x) / (y - x) - f' x = f' z1 - f' x" |
60423 | 800 |
using * z1 by auto |
801 |
also have "\<dots> = (z1 - x) * f'' z2" |
|
802 |
using z2 by auto |
|
803 |
finally have cool: "(f y - f x) / (y - x) - f' x = (z1 - x) * f'' z2" |
|
804 |
by simp |
|
805 |
have A: "z1 - x \<ge> 0" |
|
806 |
using z1 by auto |
|
807 |
have "z2 \<in> C" |
|
808 |
using z2 z1 * atMostAtLeast_subset_convex \<open>convex C\<close> \<open>z1 \<in> C\<close> \<open>y \<in> C\<close> \<open>z1 < y\<close> |
|
809 |
by fastforce |
|
810 |
then have B: "f'' z2 \<ge> 0" |
|
811 |
using assms by auto |
|
812 |
from A B have "(z1 - x) * f'' z2 \<ge> 0" |
|
813 |
by auto |
|
814 |
with cool have "(f y - f x) / (y - x) - f' x \<ge> 0" |
|
815 |
by auto |
|
36623 | 816 |
from mult_right_mono[OF this ge(2)] |
817 |
have "(f y - f x) / (y - x) * (y - x) - f' x * (y - x) \<ge> 0 * (y - x)" |
|
36778
739a9379e29b
avoid using real-specific versions of generic lemmas
huffman
parents:
36648
diff
changeset
|
818 |
by (simp add: algebra_simps) |
60423 | 819 |
then have "f y - f x - f' x * (y - x) \<ge> 0" |
820 |
using ge by auto |
|
49609 | 821 |
then have "f y - f x \<ge> f' x * (y - x)" "f' y * (x - y) \<le> f x - f y" |
60423 | 822 |
using res by auto |
823 |
} note less_imp = this |
|
56796 | 824 |
{ |
825 |
fix x y :: real |
|
49609 | 826 |
assume "x \<in> C" "y \<in> C" "x \<noteq> y" |
827 |
then have"f y - f x \<ge> f' x * (y - x)" |
|
56796 | 828 |
unfolding neq_iff using less_imp by auto |
829 |
} |
|
36623 | 830 |
moreover |
56796 | 831 |
{ |
832 |
fix x y :: real |
|
60423 | 833 |
assume "x \<in> C" "y \<in> C" "x = y" |
56796 | 834 |
then have "f y - f x \<ge> f' x * (y - x)" by auto |
835 |
} |
|
36623 | 836 |
ultimately show ?thesis using assms by blast |
837 |
qed |
|
838 |
||
839 |
lemma f''_ge0_imp_convex: |
|
840 |
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real" |
|
841 |
assumes conv: "convex C" |
|
49609 | 842 |
and f': "\<And>x. x \<in> C \<Longrightarrow> DERIV f x :> (f' x)" |
843 |
and f'': "\<And>x. x \<in> C \<Longrightarrow> DERIV f' x :> (f'' x)" |
|
844 |
and pos: "\<And>x. x \<in> C \<Longrightarrow> f'' x \<ge> 0" |
|
36623 | 845 |
shows "convex_on C f" |
56796 | 846 |
using f''_imp_f'[OF conv f' f'' pos] assms pos_convex_function |
847 |
by fastforce |
|
36623 | 848 |
|
849 |
lemma minus_log_convex: |
|
850 |
fixes b :: real |
|
851 |
assumes "b > 1" |
|
852 |
shows "convex_on {0 <..} (\<lambda> x. - log b x)" |
|
853 |
proof - |
|
56796 | 854 |
have "\<And>z. z > 0 \<Longrightarrow> DERIV (log b) z :> 1 / (ln b * z)" |
855 |
using DERIV_log by auto |
|
49609 | 856 |
then have f': "\<And>z. z > 0 \<Longrightarrow> DERIV (\<lambda> z. - log b z) z :> - 1 / (ln b * z)" |
56479
91958d4b30f7
revert c1bbd3e22226, a14831ac3023, and 36489d77c484: divide_minus_left/right are again simp rules
hoelzl
parents:
56409
diff
changeset
|
857 |
by (auto simp: DERIV_minus) |
49609 | 858 |
have "\<And>z :: real. z > 0 \<Longrightarrow> DERIV inverse z :> - (inverse z ^ Suc (Suc 0))" |
36623 | 859 |
using less_imp_neq[THEN not_sym, THEN DERIV_inverse] by auto |
860 |
from this[THEN DERIV_cmult, of _ "- 1 / ln b"] |
|
49609 | 861 |
have "\<And>z :: real. z > 0 \<Longrightarrow> |
862 |
DERIV (\<lambda> z. (- 1 / ln b) * inverse z) z :> (- 1 / ln b) * (- (inverse z ^ Suc (Suc 0)))" |
|
36623 | 863 |
by auto |
56796 | 864 |
then have f''0: "\<And>z::real. z > 0 \<Longrightarrow> |
865 |
DERIV (\<lambda> z. - 1 / (ln b * z)) z :> 1 / (ln b * z * z)" |
|
60423 | 866 |
unfolding inverse_eq_divide by (auto simp: mult.assoc) |
56796 | 867 |
have f''_ge0: "\<And>z::real. z > 0 \<Longrightarrow> 1 / (ln b * z * z) \<ge> 0" |
60423 | 868 |
using \<open>b > 1\<close> by (auto intro!: less_imp_le) |
36623 | 869 |
from f''_ge0_imp_convex[OF pos_is_convex, |
870 |
unfolded greaterThan_iff, OF f' f''0 f''_ge0] |
|
871 |
show ?thesis by auto |
|
872 |
qed |
|
873 |
||
61531
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
874 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
875 |
subsection \<open>Convexity of real functions\<close> |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
876 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
877 |
lemma convex_on_realI: |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
878 |
assumes "connected A" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
879 |
assumes "\<And>x. x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> (f has_real_derivative f' x) (at x)" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
880 |
assumes "\<And>x y. x \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> y \<Longrightarrow> f' x \<le> f' y" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
881 |
shows "convex_on A f" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
882 |
proof (rule convex_on_linorderI) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
883 |
fix t x y :: real |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
884 |
assume t: "t > 0" "t < 1" and xy: "x \<in> A" "y \<in> A" "x < y" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
885 |
def z \<equiv> "(1 - t) * x + t * y" |
61585 | 886 |
with \<open>connected A\<close> and xy have ivl: "{x..y} \<subseteq> A" using connected_contains_Icc by blast |
61531
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
887 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
888 |
from xy t have xz: "z > x" by (simp add: z_def algebra_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
889 |
have "y - z = (1 - t) * (y - x)" by (simp add: z_def algebra_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
890 |
also from xy t have "... > 0" by (intro mult_pos_pos) simp_all |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
891 |
finally have yz: "z < y" by simp |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
892 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
893 |
from assms xz yz ivl t have "\<exists>\<xi>. \<xi> > x \<and> \<xi> < z \<and> f z - f x = (z - x) * f' \<xi>" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
894 |
by (intro MVT2) (auto intro!: assms(2)) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
895 |
then obtain \<xi> where \<xi>: "\<xi> > x" "\<xi> < z" "f' \<xi> = (f z - f x) / (z - x)" by auto |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
896 |
from assms xz yz ivl t have "\<exists>\<eta>. \<eta> > z \<and> \<eta> < y \<and> f y - f z = (y - z) * f' \<eta>" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
897 |
by (intro MVT2) (auto intro!: assms(2)) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
898 |
then obtain \<eta> where \<eta>: "\<eta> > z" "\<eta> < y" "f' \<eta> = (f y - f z) / (y - z)" by auto |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
899 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
900 |
from \<eta>(3) have "(f y - f z) / (y - z) = f' \<eta>" .. |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
901 |
also from \<xi> \<eta> ivl have "\<xi> \<in> A" "\<eta> \<in> A" by auto |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
902 |
with \<xi> \<eta> have "f' \<eta> \<ge> f' \<xi>" by (intro assms(3)) auto |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
903 |
also from \<xi>(3) have "f' \<xi> = (f z - f x) / (z - x)" . |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
904 |
finally have "(f y - f z) * (z - x) \<ge> (f z - f x) * (y - z)" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
905 |
using xz yz by (simp add: field_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
906 |
also have "z - x = t * (y - x)" by (simp add: z_def algebra_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
907 |
also have "y - z = (1 - t) * (y - x)" by (simp add: z_def algebra_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
908 |
finally have "(f y - f z) * t \<ge> (f z - f x) * (1 - t)" using xy by simp |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
909 |
thus "(1 - t) * f x + t * f y \<ge> f ((1 - t) *\<^sub>R x + t *\<^sub>R y)" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
910 |
by (simp add: z_def algebra_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
911 |
qed |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
912 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
913 |
lemma convex_on_inverse: |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
914 |
assumes "A \<subseteq> {0<..}" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
915 |
shows "convex_on A (inverse :: real \<Rightarrow> real)" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
916 |
proof (rule convex_on_subset[OF _ assms], intro convex_on_realI[of _ _ "\<lambda>x. -inverse (x^2)"]) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
917 |
fix u v :: real assume "u \<in> {0<..}" "v \<in> {0<..}" "u \<le> v" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
918 |
with assms show "-inverse (u^2) \<le> -inverse (v^2)" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
919 |
by (intro le_imp_neg_le le_imp_inverse_le power_mono) (simp_all) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
920 |
qed (insert assms, auto intro!: derivative_eq_intros simp: divide_simps power2_eq_square) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
921 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
922 |
lemma convex_onD_Icc': |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
923 |
assumes "convex_on {x..y} f" "c \<in> {x..y}" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
924 |
defines "d \<equiv> y - x" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
925 |
shows "f c \<le> (f y - f x) / d * (c - x) + f x" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
926 |
proof (cases y x rule: linorder_cases) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
927 |
assume less: "x < y" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
928 |
hence d: "d > 0" by (simp add: d_def) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
929 |
from assms(2) less have A: "0 \<le> (c - x) / d" "(c - x) / d \<le> 1" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
930 |
by (simp_all add: d_def divide_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
931 |
have "f c = f (x + (c - x) * 1)" by simp |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
932 |
also from less have "1 = ((y - x) / d)" by (simp add: d_def) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
933 |
also from d have "x + (c - x) * \<dots> = (1 - (c - x) / d) *\<^sub>R x + ((c - x) / d) *\<^sub>R y" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
934 |
by (simp add: field_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
935 |
also have "f \<dots> \<le> (1 - (c - x) / d) * f x + (c - x) / d * f y" using assms less |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
936 |
by (intro convex_onD_Icc) simp_all |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
937 |
also from d have "\<dots> = (f y - f x) / d * (c - x) + f x" by (simp add: field_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
938 |
finally show ?thesis . |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
939 |
qed (insert assms(2), simp_all) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
940 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
941 |
lemma convex_onD_Icc'': |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
942 |
assumes "convex_on {x..y} f" "c \<in> {x..y}" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
943 |
defines "d \<equiv> y - x" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
944 |
shows "f c \<le> (f x - f y) / d * (y - c) + f y" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
945 |
proof (cases y x rule: linorder_cases) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
946 |
assume less: "x < y" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
947 |
hence d: "d > 0" by (simp add: d_def) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
948 |
from assms(2) less have A: "0 \<le> (y - c) / d" "(y - c) / d \<le> 1" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
949 |
by (simp_all add: d_def divide_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
950 |
have "f c = f (y - (y - c) * 1)" by simp |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
951 |
also from less have "1 = ((y - x) / d)" by (simp add: d_def) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
952 |
also from d have "y - (y - c) * \<dots> = (1 - (1 - (y - c) / d)) *\<^sub>R x + (1 - (y - c) / d) *\<^sub>R y" |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
953 |
by (simp add: field_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
954 |
also have "f \<dots> \<le> (1 - (1 - (y - c) / d)) * f x + (1 - (y - c) / d) * f y" using assms less |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
955 |
by (intro convex_onD_Icc) (simp_all add: field_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
956 |
also from d have "\<dots> = (f x - f y) / d * (y - c) + f y" by (simp add: field_simps) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
957 |
finally show ?thesis . |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
958 |
qed (insert assms(2), simp_all) |
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
959 |
|
ab2e862263e7
Rounding function, uniform limits, cotangent, binomial identities
eberlm
parents:
61520
diff
changeset
|
960 |
|
36623 | 961 |
end |