src/HOL/Tools/Sledgehammer/sledgehammer_mash.ML

tuning

(*  Title:      HOL/Tools/Sledgehammer/sledgehammer_mash.ML
    Author:     Jasmin Blanchette, TU Muenchen
    Author:     Cezary Kaliszyk, University of Innsbruck

Sledgehammer's machine-learning-based relevance filter (MaSh).
*)

signature SLEDGEHAMMER_MASH =
sig
  type stature = ATP_Problem_Generate.stature
  type raw_fact = Sledgehammer_Fact.raw_fact
  type fact = Sledgehammer_Fact.fact
  type fact_override = Sledgehammer_Fact.fact_override
  type params = Sledgehammer_Prover.params
  type prover_result = Sledgehammer_Prover.prover_result

  val trace : bool Config.T
  val duplicates : bool Config.T
  val MePoN : string
  val MaShN : string
  val MeShN : string
  val mepoN : string
  val mashN : string
  val meshN : string
  val unlearnN : string
  val learn_isarN : string
  val learn_proverN : string
  val relearn_isarN : string
  val relearn_proverN : string
  val fact_filters : string list
  val encode_str : string -> string
  val encode_strs : string list -> string
  val decode_str : string -> string
  val decode_strs : string -> string list
  val encode_features : (string * real) list -> string
  val extract_suggestions : string -> string * (string * real) list

  datatype mash_engine =
    MaSh_Py
  | MaSh_SML_kNN
  | MaSh_SML_kNN_Cpp
  | MaSh_SML_NB of bool * bool
  | MaSh_SML_NB_Cpp
  | MaSh_SML_NB_Py

  val is_mash_enabled : unit -> bool
  val the_mash_engine : unit -> mash_engine

  structure MaSh_Py :
  sig
    val unlearn : Proof.context -> bool -> unit
    val learn : Proof.context -> bool -> bool ->
      (string * string list * string list * string list) list -> unit
    val relearn : Proof.context -> bool -> bool -> (string * string list) list -> unit
    val query : Proof.context -> bool -> int ->
      (string * string list * string list * string list) list * string list * string list
        * (string * real) list ->
      (string * real) list
  end

  structure MaSh_SML :
  sig
    val k_nearest_neighbors : int -> int -> (int -> int list) -> (int -> (int * real) list) ->
      int -> (int * real) list -> (int * real) list
    val naive_bayes : (bool * bool) -> int -> int -> (int -> int list) -> (int -> int list) ->
      int -> int -> (int * real) list -> (int * real) list
    val naive_bayes_py : Proof.context -> bool -> int -> int -> (int -> int list) ->
      (int -> int list) -> int -> int -> (int * real) list -> (int * real) list
    val query : Proof.context -> bool -> mash_engine -> string list -> int ->
      (string * (string * real) list * string list) list * string list * (string * real) list ->
      string list
  end

  val mash_unlearn : Proof.context -> params -> unit
  val nickname_of_thm : thm -> string
  val find_suggested_facts : Proof.context -> ('b * thm) list -> string list -> ('b * thm) list
  val mesh_facts : ('a * 'a -> bool) -> int -> (real * (('a * real) list * 'a list)) list -> 'a list
  val crude_thm_ord : thm * thm -> order
  val thm_less : thm * thm -> bool
  val goal_of_thm : theory -> thm -> thm
  val run_prover_for_mash : Proof.context -> params -> string -> string -> fact list -> thm ->
    prover_result
  val features_of : Proof.context -> theory -> int -> int Symtab.table -> stature -> term list ->
    (string * real) list
  val trim_dependencies : string list -> string list option
  val isar_dependencies_of : string Symtab.table * string Symtab.table -> thm -> string list option
  val prover_dependencies_of : Proof.context -> params -> string -> int -> raw_fact list ->
    string Symtab.table * string Symtab.table -> thm -> bool * string list
  val attach_parents_to_facts : ('a * thm) list -> ('a * thm) list ->
    (string list * ('a * thm)) list
  val num_extra_feature_facts : int
  val extra_feature_factor : real
  val weight_facts_smoothly : 'a list -> ('a * real) list
  val weight_facts_steeply : 'a list -> ('a * real) list
  val find_mash_suggestions : Proof.context -> int -> string list -> ('b * thm) list ->
    ('b * thm) list -> ('b * thm) list -> ('b * thm) list * ('b * thm) list
  val add_const_counts : term -> int Symtab.table -> int Symtab.table
  val mash_suggested_facts : Proof.context -> params -> int -> term list -> term -> raw_fact list ->
    fact list * fact list
  val mash_learn_proof : Proof.context -> params -> term -> ('a * thm) list -> thm list -> unit
  val mash_learn_facts : Proof.context -> params -> string -> bool -> int -> bool -> Time.time ->
    raw_fact list -> string
  val mash_learn : Proof.context -> params -> fact_override -> thm list -> bool -> unit

  val mash_can_suggest_facts : Proof.context -> bool -> bool
  val generous_max_suggestions : int -> int
  val mepo_weight : real
  val mash_weight : real
  val relevant_facts : Proof.context -> params -> string -> int -> fact_override -> term list ->
    term -> raw_fact list -> (string * fact list) list
  val kill_learners : Proof.context -> params -> unit
  val running_learners : unit -> unit
end;

structure Sledgehammer_MaSh : SLEDGEHAMMER_MASH =
struct

open ATP_Util
open ATP_Problem_Generate
open Sledgehammer_Util
open Sledgehammer_Fact
open Sledgehammer_Prover
open Sledgehammer_Prover_Minimize
open Sledgehammer_MePo

val trace = Attrib.setup_config_bool @{binding sledgehammer_mash_trace} (K false)
val duplicates = Attrib.setup_config_bool @{binding sledgehammer_fact_duplicates} (K false)

fun trace_msg ctxt msg = if Config.get ctxt trace then tracing (msg ()) else ()

fun gen_eq_thm ctxt = if Config.get ctxt duplicates then Thm.eq_thm_strict else Thm.eq_thm_prop

val MePoN = "MePo"
val MaShN = "MaSh"
val MeShN = "MeSh"

val mepoN = "mepo"
val mashN = "mash"
val meshN = "mesh"

val fact_filters = [meshN, mepoN, mashN]

val unlearnN = "unlearn"
val learn_isarN = "learn_isar"
val learn_proverN = "learn_prover"
val relearn_isarN = "relearn_isar"
val relearn_proverN = "relearn_prover"

fun mash_state_dir () = Path.explode "$ISABELLE_HOME_USER/mash" |> tap Isabelle_System.mkdir
fun mash_state_file () = Path.append (mash_state_dir ()) (Path.explode "state")

fun wipe_out_mash_state_dir () =
  let val path = mash_state_dir () in
    try (File.fold_dir (fn file => fn _ => try File.rm (Path.append path (Path.basic file))) path)
      NONE;
    ()
  end

datatype mash_engine =
  MaSh_Py
| MaSh_SML_kNN
| MaSh_SML_kNN_Cpp
| MaSh_SML_NB of bool * bool
| MaSh_SML_NB_Cpp
| MaSh_SML_NB_Py

val default_MaSh_SML_NB = MaSh_SML_NB (false, true)

fun mash_engine () =
  let val flag1 = Options.default_string @{system_option MaSh} in
    (case if flag1 <> "none" (* default *) then flag1 else getenv "MASH" of
      "yes" => SOME default_MaSh_SML_NB
    | "py" => SOME MaSh_Py
    | "sml" => SOME default_MaSh_SML_NB
    | "sml_knn" => SOME MaSh_SML_kNN
    | "sml_knn_cpp" => SOME MaSh_SML_kNN_Cpp
    | "sml_nb" => SOME default_MaSh_SML_NB
    | "sml_nbCC" => SOME (MaSh_SML_NB (false, false))
    | "sml_nbCD" => SOME (MaSh_SML_NB (false, true))
    | "sml_nbDC" => SOME (MaSh_SML_NB (true, false))
    | "sml_nbDD" => SOME (MaSh_SML_NB (true, true))
    | "sml_nb_cpp" => SOME MaSh_SML_NB_Cpp
    | "sml_nb_py" => SOME MaSh_SML_NB_Py
    | _ => NONE)
  end

val is_mash_enabled = is_some o mash_engine
val the_mash_engine = the_default default_MaSh_SML_NB o mash_engine


(*** Low-level communication with the Python version of MaSh ***)

val save_models_arg = "--saveModels"
val shutdown_server_arg = "--shutdownServer"

fun wipe_out_file file = ignore (try (File.rm o Path.explode) file)

fun write_file banner (xs, f) path =
  (case banner of SOME s => File.write path s | NONE => ();
   xs |> chunk_list 500 |> List.app (File.append path o implode o map f))
  handle IO.Io _ => ()

fun run_mash_tool ctxt overlord extra_args background write_cmds read_suggs =
  let
    val (temp_dir, serial) =
      if overlord then (getenv "ISABELLE_HOME_USER", "")
      else (getenv "ISABELLE_TMP", serial_string ())
    val log_file = temp_dir ^ "/mash_log" ^ serial
    val err_file = temp_dir ^ "/mash_err" ^ serial
    val sugg_file = temp_dir ^ "/mash_suggs" ^ serial
    val sugg_path = Path.explode sugg_file
    val cmd_file = temp_dir ^ "/mash_commands" ^ serial
    val cmd_path = Path.explode cmd_file
    val model_dir = File.shell_path (mash_state_dir ())

    val command =
      "cd \"$ISABELLE_SLEDGEHAMMER_MASH\"/src; \
      \PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=y ./mash.py\
      \ --quiet\
      \ --port=$MASH_PORT\
      \ --outputDir " ^ model_dir ^
      " --modelFile=" ^ model_dir ^ "/model.pickle\
      \ --dictsFile=" ^ model_dir ^ "/dict.pickle\
      \ --log " ^ log_file ^
      " --inputFile " ^ cmd_file ^
      " --predictions " ^ sugg_file ^
      (if extra_args = [] then "" else " " ^ space_implode " " extra_args) ^ " >& " ^ err_file ^
      (if background then " &" else "")

    fun run_on () =
      (Isabelle_System.bash command
       |> tap (fn _ =>
         (case try File.read (Path.explode err_file) |> the_default "" of
           "" => trace_msg ctxt (K "Done")
         | s => warning ("MaSh error: " ^ elide_string 1000 s)));
       read_suggs (fn () => try File.read_lines sugg_path |> these))

    fun clean_up () =
      if overlord then () else List.app wipe_out_file [err_file, sugg_file, cmd_file]
  in
    write_file (SOME "") ([], K "") sugg_path;
    write_file (SOME "") write_cmds cmd_path;
    trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Running " ^ command);
    with_cleanup clean_up run_on ()
  end

fun meta_char c =
  if Char.isAlphaNum c orelse c = #"_" orelse c = #"." orelse c = #"(" orelse c = #")" orelse
     c = #"," then
    String.str c
  else
    (* fixed width, in case more digits follow *)
    "%" ^ stringN_of_int 3 (Char.ord c)

fun unmeta_chars accum [] = String.implode (rev accum)
  | unmeta_chars accum (#"%" :: d1 :: d2 :: d3 :: cs) =
    (case Int.fromString (String.implode [d1, d2, d3]) of
      SOME n => unmeta_chars (Char.chr n :: accum) cs
    | NONE => "" (* error *))
  | unmeta_chars _ (#"%" :: _) = "" (* error *)
  | unmeta_chars accum (c :: cs) = unmeta_chars (c :: accum) cs

val encode_str = String.translate meta_char
val decode_str = String.explode #> unmeta_chars []

val encode_strs = map encode_str #> space_implode " "
val decode_strs = space_explode " " #> filter_out (curry (op =) "") #> map decode_str

(* Avoid scientific notation *)
fun safe_str_of_real r =
  if r < 0.00001 then "0.00001"
  else if r >= 1000000.0 then "1000000"
  else Markup.print_real r

fun encode_feature (names, weight) =
  encode_str names ^ (if Real.== (weight, 1.0) then "" else "=" ^ safe_str_of_real weight)

fun decode_feature s =
  (case space_explode "=" s of
    [feat, weight] => (decode_str feat, Real.fromString weight |> the_default 1.0)
  | _ => (decode_str s, 1.0))

val encode_features = map encode_feature #> space_implode " "
val decode_features = space_explode " " #> map decode_feature

fun str_of_learn (name, parents, feats, deps) =
  "! " ^ encode_str name ^ ": " ^ encode_strs parents ^ "; " ^ encode_strs feats ^ "; " ^
  encode_strs deps ^ "\n"

fun str_of_relearn (name, deps) = "p " ^ encode_str name ^ ": " ^ encode_strs deps ^ "\n"

fun str_of_query max_suggs (learns, hints, parents, feats) =
  implode (map str_of_learn learns) ^
  "? " ^ string_of_int max_suggs ^ " # " ^ encode_strs parents ^ "; " ^ encode_features feats ^
  (if null hints then "" else "; " ^ encode_strs hints) ^ "\n"

(* The suggested weights do not make much sense. *)
fun extract_suggestion sugg =
  (case space_explode "=" sugg of
    [name, weight] => SOME (decode_str name, Real.fromString weight |> the_default 1.0)
  | [name] => SOME (decode_str name, 1.0)
  | _ => NONE)

fun extract_suggestions line =
  (case space_explode ":" line of
    [goal, suggs] => (decode_str goal, map_filter extract_suggestion (space_explode " " suggs))
  | _ => ("", []))

structure MaSh_Py =
struct

fun shutdown ctxt overlord =
  (trace_msg ctxt (K "MaSh_Py shutdown");
   run_mash_tool ctxt overlord [shutdown_server_arg] false ([], K "") (K ()))

fun save ctxt overlord =
  (trace_msg ctxt (K "MaSh_Py save");
   run_mash_tool ctxt overlord [save_models_arg] true ([], K "") (K ()))

fun unlearn ctxt overlord =
  (trace_msg ctxt (K "MaSh_Py unlearn");
   shutdown ctxt overlord;
   wipe_out_mash_state_dir ())

fun learn _ _ _ [] = ()
  | learn ctxt overlord save learns =
    (trace_msg ctxt (fn () =>
       "MaSh_Py learn {" ^ elide_string 1000 (space_implode " " (map #1 learns)) ^ "}");
     run_mash_tool ctxt overlord ([] |> save ? cons save_models_arg) false (learns, str_of_learn)
       (K ()))

fun relearn _ _ _ [] = ()
  | relearn ctxt overlord save relearns =
    (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "MaSh_Py relearn " ^
       elide_string 1000 (space_implode " " (map #1 relearns)));
     run_mash_tool ctxt overlord ([] |> save ? cons save_models_arg) false
       (relearns, str_of_relearn) (K ()))

fun query ctxt overlord max_suggs (query as (_, _, _, feats)) =
  (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "MaSh_Py query " ^ encode_features feats);
   run_mash_tool ctxt overlord [] false ([query], str_of_query max_suggs) (fn suggs =>
     (case suggs () of [] => [] | suggs => snd (extract_suggestions (List.last suggs))))
   handle List.Empty => [])

end;


(*** Standard ML version of MaSh ***)

structure MaSh_SML =
struct

exception BOTTOM of int

fun heap cmp bnd al a =
  let
    fun maxson l i =
      let val i31 = i + i + i + 1 in
        if i31 + 2 < l then
          let val x = Unsynchronized.ref i31 in
            if cmp (Array.sub (a, i31), Array.sub (a, i31 + 1)) = LESS then x := i31 + 1 else ();
            if cmp (Array.sub (a, !x), Array.sub (a, i31 + 2)) = LESS then x := i31 + 2 else ();
            !x
          end
        else
          if i31 + 1 < l andalso cmp (Array.sub (a, i31), Array.sub (a, i31 + 1)) = LESS
          then i31 + 1 else if i31 < l then i31 else raise BOTTOM i
      end

    fun trickledown l i e =
      let val j = maxson l i in
        if cmp (Array.sub (a, j), e) = GREATER then
          (Array.update (a, i, Array.sub (a, j)); trickledown l j e)
        else
          Array.update (a, i, e)
      end

    fun trickle l i e = trickledown l i e handle BOTTOM i => Array.update (a, i, e)

    fun bubbledown l i =
      let val j = maxson l i in
        Array.update (a, i, Array.sub (a, j));
        bubbledown l j
      end

    fun bubble l i = bubbledown l i handle BOTTOM i => i

    fun trickleup i e =
      let val father = (i - 1) div 3 in
        if cmp (Array.sub (a, father), e) = LESS then
          (Array.update (a, i, Array.sub (a, father));
           if father > 0 then trickleup father e else Array.update (a, 0, e))
        else
          Array.update (a, i, e)
      end

    fun for i = if i < 0 then () else (trickle al i (Array.sub (a, i)); for (i - 1))

    fun for2 i =
      if i < Integer.max 2 (al - bnd) then
        ()
      else
        let val e = Array.sub (a, i) in
          Array.update (a, i, Array.sub (a, 0));
          trickleup (bubble i 0) e;
          for2 (i - 1)
        end
  in
    for (((al + 1) div 3) - 1);
    for2 (al - 1);
    if al > 1 then
      let val e = Array.sub (a, 1) in
        Array.update (a, 1, Array.sub (a, 0));
        Array.update (a, 0, e)
      end
    else
      ()
  end

val number_of_nearest_neighbors = 10 (* FUDGE *)

exception EXIT of unit

(*
  num_facts = maximum number of theorems to check dependencies and symbols
  num_visible_facts = do not return theorems over or equal to this number.
    Must satisfy: num_visible_facts <= num_facts.
  get_deps = returns dependencies of a theorem
  get_sym_ths = get theorems that have this feature
  max_suggs = number of suggestions to return
  feats = features of the goal
*)
fun k_nearest_neighbors num_facts num_visible_facts get_deps get_sym_ths max_suggs feats =
  let
    (* Can be later used for TFIDF *)
    fun sym_wght _ = 1.0

    val overlaps_sqr = Array.tabulate (num_facts, rpair 0.0)

    fun inc_overlap j v =
      let
        val ov = snd (Array.sub (overlaps_sqr, j))
      in
        Array.update (overlaps_sqr, j, (j, v + ov))
      end

    fun do_feat (s, con_wght) =
      let
        val sw = sym_wght s
        val w2 = sw * sw * con_wght

        fun do_th (j, prem_wght) = if j < num_facts then inc_overlap j (w2 * prem_wght) else ()
      in
        List.app do_th (get_sym_ths s)
      end

    val _ = List.app do_feat feats
    val _ = heap (Real.compare o pairself snd) num_facts num_facts overlaps_sqr
    val no_recommends = Unsynchronized.ref 0
    val recommends = Array.tabulate (num_visible_facts, rpair 0.0)
    val age = Unsynchronized.ref 1000000000.0

    fun inc_recommend j v =
      let val ov = snd (Array.sub (recommends, j)) in
        if ov <= 0.0 then
          (no_recommends := !no_recommends + 1; Array.update (recommends, j, (j, !age + ov)))
        else
          (if ov < !age + 1000.0 then Array.update (recommends, j, (j, v + ov)) else ())
      end

    val k = Unsynchronized.ref 0
    fun do_k k =
      if k >= num_visible_facts then
        raise EXIT ()
      else
        let
          val (j, o2) = Array.sub (overlaps_sqr, num_facts - k - 1)
          val o1 = Math.sqrt o2
          val _ = inc_recommend j o1
          val ds = get_deps j
          val l = Real.fromInt (length ds)
        in
          List.app (fn d => inc_recommend d (o1 / l)) ds
        end

    fun while1 () =
      if !k = number_of_nearest_neighbors then () else (do_k (!k); k := !k + 1; while1 ())
      handle EXIT () => ()

    fun while2 () =
      if !no_recommends >= max_suggs then ()
      else (do_k (!k); k := !k + 1; age := !age - 10000.0; while2 ())
      handle EXIT () => ()

    fun ret acc at =
      if at = Array.length recommends then acc else ret (Array.sub (recommends, at) :: acc) (at + 1)
  in
    while1 (); while2 ();
    heap (Real.compare o pairself snd) max_suggs num_visible_facts recommends;
    ret [] (Integer.max 0 (num_visible_facts - max_suggs))
  end

val nb_def_prior_weight = 21 (* FUDGE *)

fun learn_facts tfreq sfreq dffreq num_facts get_deps get_feats num_feats =
  let
    fun learn_fact th feats deps =
      let
        fun add_th weight t =
          let
            val im = Array.sub (sfreq, t)
            fun fold_fn s sf = Inttab.map_default (s, 0) (Integer.add weight) sf
          in
            Array.update (tfreq, t, weight + Array.sub (tfreq, t));
            Array.update (sfreq, t, fold fold_fn feats im)
          end

        fun add_sym s = Array.update (dffreq, s, 1 + Array.sub (dffreq, s))
      in
        add_th nb_def_prior_weight th;
        List.app (add_th 1) deps;
        List.app add_sym feats
      end

    fun for i =
      if i = num_facts then () else (learn_fact i (get_feats i) (get_deps i); for (i + 1))

    val ln_afreq = Math.ln (Real.fromInt num_facts)
  in
    for 0;
    (Array.vector tfreq, Array.vector sfreq,
     Vector.map (fn i => ln_afreq - Math.ln (Real.fromInt i)) (Array.vector dffreq))
  end

fun learn num_facts get_deps get_feats num_feats =
  let
    val tfreq = Array.array (num_facts, 0)
    val sfreq = Array.array (num_facts, Inttab.empty)
    val dffreq = Array.array (num_feats, 0)
  in
    learn_facts tfreq sfreq dffreq num_facts get_deps get_feats num_feats
  end

fun naive_bayes_query (kuehlwein_log, kuehlwein_params) num_facts num_visible_facts max_suggs feats
    (tfreq, sfreq, idf) =
  let
    val tau = if kuehlwein_params then 0.05 else 0.02 (* FUDGE *)
    val pos_weight = if kuehlwein_params then 10.0 else 2.0 (* FUDGE *)
    val def_val = ~15.0 (* FUDGE *)

    val ln_afreq = Math.ln (Real.fromInt num_facts)
    fun tfidf feat = Vector.sub (idf, feat) handle Subscript => ln_afreq (* TODO: clean up *)

    fun log_posterior i =
      let
        val tfreq = Real.fromInt (Vector.sub (tfreq, i))

        fun fold_feats (f, _) (res, sfh) =
          (case Inttab.lookup sfh f of
            SOME sf =>
            (res + tfidf f * Math.ln (pos_weight * Real.fromInt sf / tfreq),
             Inttab.delete f sfh)
          | NONE => (res + tfidf f * def_val, sfh))

        val (res, sfh) = fold fold_feats feats (Math.ln tfreq, Vector.sub (sfreq, i))

        val fold_sfh =
          if kuehlwein_log then
            (fn (f, sf) => fn sow => sow - tfidf f * Math.ln (Real.fromInt sf / tfreq))
          else
            (fn (f, sf) => fn sow =>
               sow + tfidf f * Math.ln (1.0 + (1.0 - Real.fromInt sf) / tfreq))

        val sum_of_weights = Inttab.fold fold_sfh sfh 0.0
      in
        res + tau * sum_of_weights
      end

    val posterior = Array.tabulate (num_visible_facts, (fn j => (j, log_posterior j)))

    fun ret acc at =
      if at = num_visible_facts then acc else ret (Array.sub (posterior, at) :: acc) (at + 1)
  in
    heap (Real.compare o pairself snd) max_suggs num_visible_facts posterior;
    ret [] (Integer.max 0 (num_visible_facts - max_suggs))
  end

fun naive_bayes opts num_facts num_visible_facts get_deps get_feats num_feats max_suggs feats =
  learn num_facts get_deps get_feats num_feats
  |> naive_bayes_query opts num_facts num_visible_facts max_suggs feats

(* experimental *)
fun naive_bayes_py ctxt overlord num_facts num_visible_facts get_deps get_feats num_feats max_suggs
    feats =
  let
    fun name_of_fact j = "f" ^ string_of_int j
    fun fact_of_name s = the (Int.fromString (unprefix "f" s))
    fun name_of_feature j = "F" ^ string_of_int j
    fun parents_of j = if j = 0 then [] else [name_of_fact (j - 1)]

    val learns = map (fn j => (name_of_fact j, parents_of j, map name_of_feature (get_feats j),
      map name_of_fact (get_deps j))) (0 upto num_facts - 1)
    val parents' = parents_of num_visible_facts
    val feats' = map (apfst name_of_feature) feats
  in
    MaSh_Py.unlearn ctxt overlord;
    OS.Process.sleep (seconds 2.0); (* hack *)
    MaSh_Py.query ctxt overlord max_suggs (learns, [], parents', feats')
    |> map (apfst fact_of_name)
  end

(* experimental *)
fun c_plus_plus_tool tool max_suggs learns cfeats =
  let
    val ser = string_of_int (serial ()) (* poor person's attempt at thread-safety *)
    val ocs = TextIO.openOut ("adv_syms" ^ ser)
    val ocd = TextIO.openOut ("adv_deps" ^ ser)
    val ocq = TextIO.openOut ("adv_seq" ^ ser)
    val occ = TextIO.openOut ("adv_conj" ^ ser)

    fun os oc s = TextIO.output (oc, s)

    fun ol _ _ _ [] = ()
      | ol _ f _ [e] = f e
      | ol oc f sep (h :: t) = (f h; os oc sep; ol oc f sep t)

    fun do_learn (name, feats, deps) =
      (os ocs name; os ocs ":";
       ol ocs (fn (sy, _) => (os ocs "\""; os ocs sy; os ocs "\"")) ", " feats; os ocs "\n";
       os ocd name; os ocd ":"; ol ocd (os ocd) " " deps; os ocd "\n"; os ocq name; os ocq "\n")

    fun forkexec no =
      let
        val cmd =
          "~/misc/" ^ tool ^ " adv_syms" ^ ser ^ " adv_deps" ^ ser ^ " " ^ string_of_int no ^
          " adv_seq" ^ ser ^ " < adv_conj" ^ ser
      in
        fst (Isabelle_System.bash_output cmd)
        |> space_explode " "
        |> filter_out (curry (op =) "")
      end
  in
    (List.app do_learn learns; ol occ (fn sy => (os occ "\""; os occ sy; os occ "\"")) ", " cfeats;
     TextIO.closeOut ocs; TextIO.closeOut ocd; TextIO.closeOut ocq; TextIO.closeOut occ;
     forkexec max_suggs)
  end

val k_nearest_neighbors_cpp =
  c_plus_plus_tool ("newknn/knn" ^ " " ^ string_of_int number_of_nearest_neighbors)
val naive_bayes_cpp = c_plus_plus_tool "predict/nbayes"

fun add_to_xtab key (next, tab, keys) = (next + 1, Symtab.update_new (key, next) tab, key :: keys)

fun map_array_at ary f i = Array.update (ary, i, f (Array.sub (ary, i)))

fun query ctxt overlord engine visible_facts max_suggs (learns0, hints, feats) =
  let
    val visible_fact_set = Symtab.make_set visible_facts
    val learns =
      (learns0 |> List.partition (Symtab.defined visible_fact_set o #1) |> op @) @
      (if null hints then [] else [(".hints", feats, hints)])
  in
    if engine = MaSh_SML_kNN_Cpp then
      k_nearest_neighbors_cpp max_suggs learns (map fst feats)
    else if engine = MaSh_SML_NB_Cpp then
      naive_bayes_cpp max_suggs learns (map fst feats)
    else
      let
        val (rev_depss, rev_featss, (num_facts, _, rev_facts), (num_feats, feat_tab, _)) =
          fold (fn (fact, feats, deps) =>
                fn (rev_depss, rev_featss, fact_xtab as (_, fact_tab, _), feat_xtab) =>
              let
                fun add_feat (feat, weight) (xtab as (n, tab, _)) =
                  (case Symtab.lookup tab feat of
                    SOME i => ((i, weight), xtab)
                  | NONE => ((n, weight), add_to_xtab feat xtab))

                val (feats', feat_xtab') = fold_map add_feat feats feat_xtab
              in
                (map_filter (Symtab.lookup fact_tab) deps :: rev_depss, feats' :: rev_featss,
                 add_to_xtab fact fact_xtab, feat_xtab')
              end)
            learns ([], [], (0, Symtab.empty, []), (0, Symtab.empty, []))

        val facts = rev rev_facts
        val fact_vec = Vector.fromList facts

        val deps_vec = Vector.fromList (rev rev_depss)

        val num_visible_facts = length visible_facts
        val get_deps = curry Vector.sub deps_vec
      in
        trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "MaSh_SML query " ^ encode_features feats ^ " from {" ^
          elide_string 1000 (space_implode " " (take num_visible_facts facts)) ^ "}");
        (if engine = MaSh_SML_kNN then
           let
             val facts_ary = Array.array (num_feats, [])
             val _ =
               fold (fn feats => fn fact =>
                   let val fact' = fact - 1 in
                     List.app (fn (feat, weight) =>
                       map_array_at facts_ary (cons (fact', weight)) feat) feats;
                     fact'
                   end)
                 rev_featss num_facts
             val get_facts = curry Array.sub facts_ary
             val feats' = map_filter (fn (feat, weight) =>
               Option.map (rpair weight) (Symtab.lookup feat_tab feat)) feats
           in
             k_nearest_neighbors num_facts num_visible_facts get_deps get_facts max_suggs feats'
           end
         else
           let
             val unweighted_feats_ary = Vector.fromList (map (map fst) (rev rev_featss))
             val get_unweighted_feats = curry Vector.sub unweighted_feats_ary
             val int_feats = map (apfst (the_default ~1 o Symtab.lookup feat_tab)) feats
           in
             (case engine of
               MaSh_SML_NB opts =>
               naive_bayes opts num_facts num_visible_facts get_deps get_unweighted_feats num_feats
                 max_suggs int_feats
             | MaSh_SML_NB_Py => naive_bayes_py ctxt overlord num_facts num_visible_facts get_deps
                 get_unweighted_feats num_feats max_suggs int_feats)
           end)
        |> map (curry Vector.sub fact_vec o fst)
      end
  end

end;


(*** Middle-level communication with MaSh ***)

datatype proof_kind = Isar_Proof | Automatic_Proof | Isar_Proof_wegen_Prover_Flop

fun str_of_proof_kind Isar_Proof = "i"
  | str_of_proof_kind Automatic_Proof = "a"
  | str_of_proof_kind Isar_Proof_wegen_Prover_Flop = "x"

fun proof_kind_of_str "a" = Automatic_Proof
  | proof_kind_of_str "x" = Isar_Proof_wegen_Prover_Flop
  | proof_kind_of_str _ (* "i" *) = Isar_Proof

fun add_edge_to name parent =
  Graph.default_node (parent, (Isar_Proof, [], []))
  #> Graph.add_edge (parent, name)

fun add_node kind name parents feats deps G =
  (Graph.new_node (name, (kind, feats, deps)) G
   handle Graph.DUP _ => Graph.map_node name (K (kind, feats, deps)) G)
  |> fold (add_edge_to name) parents

fun try_graph ctxt when def f =
  f ()
  handle
    Graph.CYCLES (cycle :: _) =>
    (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Cycle involving " ^ commas cycle ^ " when " ^ when); def)
  | Graph.DUP name =>
    (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Duplicate fact " ^ quote name ^ " when " ^ when); def)
  | Graph.UNDEF name =>
    (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Unknown fact " ^ quote name ^ " when " ^ when); def)
  | exn =>
    if Exn.is_interrupt exn then
      reraise exn
    else
      (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Internal error when " ^ when ^ ":\n" ^ Runtime.exn_message exn);
       def)

fun graph_info G =
  string_of_int (length (Graph.keys G)) ^ " node(s), " ^
  string_of_int (fold (Integer.add o length o snd) (Graph.dest G) 0) ^ " edge(s), " ^
  string_of_int (length (Graph.maximals G)) ^ " maximal"

type mash_state =
  {access_G : (proof_kind * (string * real) list * string list) Graph.T,
   num_known_facts : int,
   dirty : string list option}

val empty_state = {access_G = Graph.empty, num_known_facts = 0, dirty = SOME []} : mash_state

local

val version = "*** MaSh version 20140519 ***"

exception FILE_VERSION_TOO_NEW of unit

fun extract_node line =
  (case space_explode ":" line of
    [head, tail] =>
    (case (space_explode " " head, map (unprefix " ") (space_explode ";" tail)) of
      ([kind, name], [parents, feats, deps]) =>
      SOME (proof_kind_of_str kind, decode_str name, decode_strs parents, decode_features feats,
        decode_strs deps)
    | _ => NONE)
  | _ => NONE)

fun load_state ctxt overlord (time_state as (memory_time, _)) =
  let val path = mash_state_file () in
    (case try OS.FileSys.modTime (Path.implode (Path.expand path)) of
      NONE => time_state
    | SOME disk_time =>
      if Time.>= (memory_time, disk_time) then
        time_state
      else
        (disk_time,
         (case try File.read_lines path of
           SOME (version' :: node_lines) =>
           let
             fun extract_line_and_add_node line =
               (case extract_node line of
                 NONE => I (* should not happen *)
               | SOME (kind, name, parents, feats, deps) => add_node kind name parents feats deps)

             val (access_G, num_known_facts) =
               (case string_ord (version', version) of
                 EQUAL =>
                 (try_graph ctxt "loading state" Graph.empty (fn () =>
                    fold extract_line_and_add_node node_lines Graph.empty),
                  length node_lines)
               | LESS =>
                 (* cannot parse old file *)
                 (if the_mash_engine () = MaSh_Py then MaSh_Py.unlearn ctxt overlord
                  else wipe_out_mash_state_dir ();
                  (Graph.empty, 0))
               | GREATER => raise FILE_VERSION_TOO_NEW ())
           in
             trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Loaded fact graph (" ^ graph_info access_G ^ ")");
             {access_G = access_G, num_known_facts = num_known_facts, dirty = SOME []}
           end
         | _ => empty_state)))
  end

fun str_of_entry (kind, name, parents, feats, deps) =
  str_of_proof_kind kind ^ " " ^ encode_str name ^ ": " ^ encode_strs parents ^ "; " ^
  encode_features feats ^ "; " ^ encode_strs deps ^ "\n"

fun save_state _ (time_state as (_, {dirty = SOME [], ...})) = time_state
  | save_state ctxt (memory_time, {access_G, num_known_facts, dirty}) =
    let
      fun append_entry (name, ((kind, feats, deps), (parents, _))) =
        cons (kind, name, Graph.Keys.dest parents, feats, deps)

      val path = mash_state_file ()
      val dirty' =
        (case try OS.FileSys.modTime (Path.implode path) of
          NONE => NONE
        | SOME disk_time => if Time.< (disk_time, memory_time) then dirty else NONE)
      val (banner, entries) =
        (case dirty' of
          SOME names => (NONE, fold (append_entry o Graph.get_entry access_G) names [])
        | NONE => (SOME (version ^ "\n"), Graph.fold append_entry access_G []))
    in
      write_file banner (entries, str_of_entry) path;
      trace_msg ctxt (fn () =>
        "Saved fact graph (" ^ graph_info access_G ^
        (case dirty of
          SOME dirty => "; " ^ string_of_int (length dirty) ^ " dirty fact(s)"
        | _ => "") ^  ")");
      (Time.now (), {access_G = access_G, num_known_facts = num_known_facts, dirty = SOME []})
    end

val global_state =
  Synchronized.var "Sledgehammer_MaSh.global_state" (Time.zeroTime, empty_state)

in

fun map_state ctxt overlord f =
  Synchronized.change global_state (load_state ctxt overlord ##> f #> save_state ctxt)
  handle FILE_VERSION_TOO_NEW () => ()

fun peek_state ctxt overlord f =
  Synchronized.change_result global_state (perhaps (try (load_state ctxt overlord)) #> `snd #>> f)

fun clear_state ctxt overlord =
  (* "MaSh_Py.unlearn" also removes the state file *)
  Synchronized.change global_state (fn _ =>
    (if the_mash_engine () = MaSh_Py then MaSh_Py.unlearn ctxt overlord
     else wipe_out_mash_state_dir ();
     (Time.zeroTime, empty_state)))

end

fun mash_unlearn ctxt ({overlord, ...} : params) =
  (clear_state ctxt overlord; Output.urgent_message "Reset MaSh.")


(*** Isabelle helpers ***)

val local_prefix = "local" ^ Long_Name.separator

fun elided_backquote_thm threshold th =
  elide_string threshold (backquote_thm (Proof_Context.init_global (Thm.theory_of_thm th)) th)

val thy_name_of_thm = Context.theory_name o Thm.theory_of_thm

fun nickname_of_thm th =
  if Thm.has_name_hint th then
    let val hint = Thm.get_name_hint th in
      (* There must be a better way to detect local facts. *)
      (case try (unprefix local_prefix) hint of
        SOME suf =>
        thy_name_of_thm th ^ Long_Name.separator ^ suf ^ Long_Name.separator ^
        elided_backquote_thm 50 th
      | NONE => hint)
    end
  else
    elided_backquote_thm 200 th

fun find_suggested_facts ctxt facts =
  let
    fun add (fact as (_, th)) = Symtab.default (nickname_of_thm th, fact)
    val tab = fold add facts Symtab.empty
    fun lookup nick =
      Symtab.lookup tab nick
      |> tap (fn NONE => trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Cannot find " ^ quote nick) | _ => ())
  in map_filter lookup end

fun scaled_avg [] = 0
  | scaled_avg xs = Real.ceil (100000000.0 * fold (curry (op +)) xs 0.0) div length xs

fun avg [] = 0.0
  | avg xs = fold (curry (op +)) xs 0.0 / Real.fromInt (length xs)

fun normalize_scores _ [] = []
  | normalize_scores max_facts xs =
    map (apsnd (curry Real.* (1.0 / avg (map snd (take max_facts xs))))) xs

fun mesh_facts fact_eq max_facts [(_, (sels, unks))] =
    distinct fact_eq (map fst (take max_facts sels) @ take (max_facts - length sels) unks)
  | mesh_facts fact_eq max_facts mess =
    let
      val mess = mess |> map (apsnd (apfst (normalize_scores max_facts)))

      fun score_in fact (global_weight, (sels, unks)) =
        let val score_at = try (nth sels) #> Option.map (fn (_, score) => global_weight * score) in
          (case find_index (curry fact_eq fact o fst) sels of
            ~1 => if member fact_eq unks fact then NONE else SOME 0.0
          | rank => score_at rank)
        end

      fun weight_of fact = mess |> map_filter (score_in fact) |> scaled_avg
    in
      fold (union fact_eq o map fst o take max_facts o fst o snd) mess []
      |> map (`weight_of) |> sort (int_ord o swap o pairself fst)
      |> map snd |> take max_facts
    end

val default_weight = 1.0
fun free_feature_of s = ("f" ^ s, 40.0 (* FUDGE *))
fun thy_feature_of s = ("y" ^ s, 8.0 (* FUDGE *))
fun type_feature_of s = ("t" ^ s, 4.0 (* FUDGE *))
fun class_feature_of s = ("s" ^ s, 1.0 (* FUDGE *))
val local_feature = ("local", 16.0 (* FUDGE *))

fun crude_theory_ord p =
  if Theory.subthy p then
    if Theory.eq_thy p then EQUAL else LESS
  else if Theory.subthy (swap p) then
    GREATER
  else
    (case int_ord (pairself (length o Theory.ancestors_of) p) of
      EQUAL => string_ord (pairself Context.theory_name p)
    | order => order)

fun crude_thm_ord p =
  (case crude_theory_ord (pairself theory_of_thm p) of
    EQUAL =>
    (* The hack below is necessary because of odd dependencies that are not reflected in the theory
       comparison. *)
    let val q = pairself nickname_of_thm p in
      (* Hack to put "xxx_def" before "xxxI" and "xxxE" *)
      (case bool_ord (pairself (String.isSuffix "_def") (swap q)) of
        EQUAL => string_ord q
      | ord => ord)
    end
  | ord => ord)

val thm_less_eq = Theory.subthy o pairself theory_of_thm
fun thm_less p = thm_less_eq p andalso not (thm_less_eq (swap p))

val freezeT = Type.legacy_freeze_type

fun freeze (t $ u) = freeze t $ freeze u
  | freeze (Abs (s, T, t)) = Abs (s, freezeT T, freeze t)
  | freeze (Var ((s, _), T)) = Free (s, freezeT T)
  | freeze (Const (s, T)) = Const (s, freezeT T)
  | freeze (Free (s, T)) = Free (s, freezeT T)
  | freeze t = t

fun goal_of_thm thy = prop_of #> freeze #> cterm_of thy #> Goal.init

fun run_prover_for_mash ctxt params prover goal_name facts goal =
  let
    val problem =
      {comment = "Goal: " ^ goal_name, state = Proof.init ctxt, goal = goal, subgoal = 1,
       subgoal_count = 1, factss = [("", facts)]}
  in
    get_minimizing_prover ctxt MaSh (K ()) prover params (K (K (K ""))) problem
  end

val bad_types = [@{type_name prop}, @{type_name bool}, @{type_name fun}]

val pat_tvar_prefix = "_"
val pat_var_prefix = "_"

(* try "Long_Name.base_name" for shorter names *)
fun massage_long_name s = s

val crude_str_of_sort = space_implode ":" o map massage_long_name o subtract (op =) @{sort type}

fun crude_str_of_typ (Type (s, [])) = massage_long_name s
  | crude_str_of_typ (Type (s, Ts)) = massage_long_name s ^ implode (map crude_str_of_typ Ts)
  | crude_str_of_typ (TFree (_, S)) = crude_str_of_sort S
  | crude_str_of_typ (TVar (_, S)) = crude_str_of_sort S

fun maybe_singleton_str _ "" = []
  | maybe_singleton_str pref s = [pref ^ s]

val max_pat_breadth = 10 (* FUDGE *)

fun term_features_of ctxt thy_name num_facts const_tab term_max_depth type_max_depth ts =
  let
    val thy = Proof_Context.theory_of ctxt

    val fixes = map snd (Variable.dest_fixes ctxt)
    val classes = Sign.classes_of thy

    fun add_classes @{sort type} = I
      | add_classes S =
        fold (`(Sorts.super_classes classes)
          #> swap #> op ::
          #> subtract (op =) @{sort type} #> map massage_long_name
          #> map class_feature_of
          #> union (eq_fst (op =))) S

    fun pattify_type 0 _ = []
      | pattify_type _ (Type (s, [])) =
        if member (op =) bad_types s then [] else [massage_long_name s]
      | pattify_type depth (Type (s, U :: Ts)) =
        let
          val T = Type (s, Ts)
          val ps = take max_pat_breadth (pattify_type depth T)
          val qs = take max_pat_breadth ("" :: pattify_type (depth - 1) U)
        in
          map_product (fn p => fn "" => p | q => p ^ "(" ^ q ^ ")") ps qs
        end
      | pattify_type _ (TFree (_, S)) =
        maybe_singleton_str pat_tvar_prefix (crude_str_of_sort S)
      | pattify_type _ (TVar (_, S)) =
        maybe_singleton_str pat_tvar_prefix (crude_str_of_sort S)

    fun add_type_pat depth T =
      union (eq_fst (op =)) (map type_feature_of (pattify_type depth T))

    fun add_type_pats 0 _ = I
      | add_type_pats depth t =
        add_type_pat depth t #> add_type_pats (depth - 1) t

    fun add_type T =
      add_type_pats type_max_depth T
      #> fold_atyps_sorts (add_classes o snd) T

    fun add_subtypes (T as Type (_, Ts)) = add_type T #> fold add_subtypes Ts
      | add_subtypes T = add_type T

    val base_weight_of_const = 16.0 (* FUDGE *)
    val weight_of_const =
      (if num_facts = 0 orelse Symtab.is_empty const_tab then
         K base_weight_of_const
       else
         fn s =>
         let val count = Symtab.lookup const_tab s |> the_default 1 in
           base_weight_of_const + Real.fromInt num_facts / Real.fromInt count
         end)

    fun pattify_term _ 0 _ = []
      | pattify_term _ _ (Const (s, _)) =
        if is_widely_irrelevant_const s then [] else [(massage_long_name s, weight_of_const s)]
      | pattify_term _ _ (Free (s, T)) =
        maybe_singleton_str pat_var_prefix (crude_str_of_typ T)
        |> map (rpair 1.0)
        |> (if member (op =) fixes s then
              cons (free_feature_of (massage_long_name
                  (thy_name ^ Long_Name.separator ^ s)))
            else
              I)
      | pattify_term _ _ (Var (_, T)) =
        maybe_singleton_str pat_var_prefix (crude_str_of_typ T) |> map (rpair default_weight)
      | pattify_term Ts _ (Bound j) =
        maybe_singleton_str pat_var_prefix (crude_str_of_typ (nth Ts j))
        |> map (rpair default_weight)
      | pattify_term Ts depth (t $ u) =
        let
          val ps = take max_pat_breadth (pattify_term Ts depth t)
          val qs = take max_pat_breadth (("", default_weight) :: pattify_term Ts (depth - 1) u)
        in
          map_product (fn ppw as (p, pw) =>
            fn ("", _) => ppw
             | (q, qw) => (p ^ "(" ^ q ^ ")", pw + qw)) ps qs
        end
      | pattify_term _ _ _ = []

    fun add_term_pat Ts = union (eq_fst (op =)) oo pattify_term Ts

    fun add_term_pats _ 0 _ = I
      | add_term_pats Ts depth t = add_term_pat Ts depth t #> add_term_pats Ts (depth - 1) t

    fun add_term Ts = add_term_pats Ts term_max_depth

    fun add_subterms Ts t =
      (case strip_comb t of
        (Const (s, T), args) =>
        (not (is_widely_irrelevant_const s) ? add_term Ts t)
        #> add_subtypes T
        #> fold (add_subterms Ts) args
      | (head, args) =>
        (case head of
           Free (_, T) => add_term Ts t #> add_subtypes T
         | Var (_, T) => add_subtypes T
         | Abs (_, T, body) => add_subtypes T #> add_subterms (T :: Ts) body
         | _ => I)
        #> fold (add_subterms Ts) args)
  in
    fold (add_subterms []) ts []
  end

val term_max_depth = 2
val type_max_depth = 1

(* TODO: Generate type classes for types? *)
fun features_of ctxt thy num_facts const_tab (scope, _) ts =
  let val thy_name = Context.theory_name thy in
    thy_feature_of thy_name ::
    term_features_of ctxt thy_name num_facts const_tab term_max_depth type_max_depth ts
    |> scope <> Global ? cons local_feature
  end

(* Too many dependencies is a sign that a decision procedure is at work. There is not much to learn
   from such proofs. *)
val max_dependencies = 20

val prover_default_max_facts = 25

(* "type_definition_xxx" facts are characterized by their use of "CollectI". *)
val typedef_dep = nickname_of_thm @{thm CollectI}
(* Mysterious parts of the class machinery create lots of proofs that refer exclusively to
   "someI_ex" (and to some internal constructions). *)
val class_some_dep = nickname_of_thm @{thm someI_ex}

val fundef_ths =
  @{thms fundef_ex1_existence fundef_ex1_uniqueness fundef_ex1_iff fundef_default_value}
  |> map nickname_of_thm

(* "Rep_xxx_inject", "Abs_xxx_inverse", etc., are derived using these facts. *)
val typedef_ths =
  @{thms type_definition.Abs_inverse type_definition.Rep_inverse type_definition.Rep
      type_definition.Rep_inject type_definition.Abs_inject type_definition.Rep_cases
      type_definition.Abs_cases type_definition.Rep_induct type_definition.Abs_induct
      type_definition.Rep_range type_definition.Abs_image}
  |> map nickname_of_thm

fun is_size_def [dep] th =
    (case first_field ".rec" dep of
      SOME (pref, _) =>
      (case first_field ".size" (nickname_of_thm th) of
        SOME (pref', _) => pref = pref'
      | NONE => false)
    | NONE => false)
  | is_size_def _ _ = false

fun trim_dependencies deps =
  if length deps > max_dependencies then NONE else SOME deps

fun isar_dependencies_of name_tabs th =
  thms_in_proof max_dependencies (SOME name_tabs) th
  |> Option.map (fn deps =>
    if deps = [typedef_dep] orelse deps = [class_some_dep] orelse
       exists (member (op =) fundef_ths) deps orelse exists (member (op =) typedef_ths) deps orelse
       is_size_def deps th then
      []
    else
      deps)

fun prover_dependencies_of ctxt (params as {verbose, max_facts, ...}) prover auto_level facts
    name_tabs th =
  (case isar_dependencies_of name_tabs th of
    SOME [] => (false, [])
  | isar_deps0 =>
    let
      val isar_deps = these isar_deps0
      val thy = Proof_Context.theory_of ctxt
      val goal = goal_of_thm thy th
      val name = nickname_of_thm th
      val (_, hyp_ts, concl_t) = ATP_Util.strip_subgoal goal 1 ctxt
      val facts = facts |> filter (fn (_, th') => thm_less (th', th))

      fun nickify ((_, stature), th) = ((nickname_of_thm th, stature), th)

      fun is_dep dep (_, th) = nickname_of_thm th = dep

      fun add_isar_dep facts dep accum =
        if exists (is_dep dep) accum then
          accum
        else
          (case find_first (is_dep dep) facts of
            SOME ((_, status), th) => accum @ [(("", status), th)]
          | NONE => accum (* should not happen *))

      val mepo_facts =
        facts
        |> mepo_suggested_facts ctxt params (max_facts |> the_default prover_default_max_facts) NONE
             hyp_ts concl_t
      val facts =
        mepo_facts
        |> fold (add_isar_dep facts) isar_deps
        |> map nickify
      val num_isar_deps = length isar_deps
    in
      if verbose andalso auto_level = 0 then
        Output.urgent_message ("MaSh: " ^ quote prover ^ " on " ^ quote name ^ " with " ^
          string_of_int num_isar_deps ^ " + " ^ string_of_int (length facts - num_isar_deps) ^
          " facts.")
      else
        ();
      (case run_prover_for_mash ctxt params prover name facts goal of
        {outcome = NONE, used_facts, ...} =>
        (if verbose andalso auto_level = 0 then
           let val num_facts = length used_facts in
             Output.urgent_message ("Found proof with " ^ string_of_int num_facts ^ " fact" ^
               plural_s num_facts ^ ".")
           end
         else
           ();
         (true, map fst used_facts))
      | _ => (false, isar_deps))
    end)


(*** High-level communication with MaSh ***)

(* In the following functions, chunks are risers w.r.t. "thm_less_eq". *)

fun chunks_and_parents_for chunks th =
  let
    fun insert_parent new parents =
      let val parents = parents |> filter_out (fn p => thm_less_eq (p, new)) in
        parents |> forall (fn p => not (thm_less_eq (new, p))) parents ? cons new
      end

    fun rechunk seen (rest as th' :: ths) =
      if thm_less_eq (th', th) then (rev seen, rest)
      else rechunk (th' :: seen) ths

    fun do_chunk [] accum = accum
      | do_chunk (chunk as hd_chunk :: _) (chunks, parents) =
        if thm_less_eq (hd_chunk, th) then
          (chunk :: chunks, insert_parent hd_chunk parents)
        else if thm_less_eq (List.last chunk, th) then
          let val (front, back as hd_back :: _) = rechunk [] chunk in
            (front :: back :: chunks, insert_parent hd_back parents)
          end
        else
          (chunk :: chunks, parents)
  in
    fold_rev do_chunk chunks ([], [])
    |>> cons []
    ||> map nickname_of_thm
  end

fun attach_parents_to_facts _ [] = []
  | attach_parents_to_facts old_facts (facts as (_, th) :: _) =
    let
      fun do_facts _ [] = []
        | do_facts (_, parents) [fact] = [(parents, fact)]
        | do_facts (chunks, parents)
                   ((fact as (_, th)) :: (facts as (_, th') :: _)) =
          let
            val chunks = app_hd (cons th) chunks
            val chunks_and_parents' =
              if thm_less_eq (th, th') andalso
                 thy_name_of_thm th = thy_name_of_thm th' then
                (chunks, [nickname_of_thm th])
              else
                chunks_and_parents_for chunks th'
          in
            (parents, fact) :: do_facts chunks_and_parents' facts
          end
    in
      old_facts @ facts
      |> do_facts (chunks_and_parents_for [[]] th)
      |> drop (length old_facts)
    end

fun maximal_wrt_graph G keys =
  let
    val tab = Symtab.empty |> fold (fn name => Symtab.default (name, ())) keys

    fun insert_new seen name = not (Symtab.defined seen name) ? insert (op =) name

    fun num_keys keys = Graph.Keys.fold (K (Integer.add 1)) keys 0

    fun find_maxes _ (maxs, []) = map snd maxs
      | find_maxes seen (maxs, new :: news) =
        find_maxes (seen |> num_keys (Graph.imm_succs G new) > 1 ? Symtab.default (new, ()))
          (if Symtab.defined tab new then
             let
               val newp = Graph.all_preds G [new]
               fun is_ancestor x yp = member (op =) yp x
               val maxs = maxs |> filter (fn (_, max) => not (is_ancestor max newp))
             in
               if exists (is_ancestor new o fst) maxs then (maxs, news)
               else ((newp, new) :: filter_out (fn (_, max) => is_ancestor max newp) maxs, news)
             end
           else
             (maxs, Graph.Keys.fold (insert_new seen) (Graph.imm_preds G new) news))
  in
    find_maxes Symtab.empty ([], Graph.maximals G)
  end

fun maximal_wrt_access_graph access_G facts =
  map (nickname_of_thm o snd) facts
  |> maximal_wrt_graph access_G

fun is_fact_in_graph access_G = can (Graph.get_node access_G) o nickname_of_thm

val chained_feature_factor = 0.5 (* FUDGE *)
val extra_feature_factor = 0.1 (* FUDGE *)
val num_extra_feature_facts = 10 (* FUDGE *)

(* FUDGE *)
fun weight_of_proximity_fact rank =
  Math.pow (1.3, 15.5 - 0.2 * Real.fromInt rank) + 15.0

fun weight_facts_smoothly facts =
  facts ~~ map weight_of_proximity_fact (0 upto length facts - 1)

(* FUDGE *)
fun steep_weight_of_fact rank =
  Math.pow (0.62, log2 (Real.fromInt (rank + 1)))

fun weight_facts_steeply facts =
  facts ~~ map steep_weight_of_fact (0 upto length facts - 1)

val max_proximity_facts = 100

fun find_mash_suggestions ctxt max_facts suggs facts chained raw_unknown =
  let
    val inter_fact = inter (eq_snd Thm.eq_thm_prop)
    val raw_mash = find_suggested_facts ctxt facts suggs
    val proximate = take max_proximity_facts facts
    val unknown_chained = inter_fact raw_unknown chained
    val unknown_proximate = inter_fact raw_unknown proximate
    val mess =
      [(0.9 (* FUDGE *), (map (rpair 1.0) unknown_chained, [])),
       (0.4 (* FUDGE *), (weight_facts_smoothly unknown_proximate, [])),
       (0.1 (* FUDGE *), (weight_facts_steeply raw_mash, raw_unknown))]
    val unknown = raw_unknown
      |> fold (subtract (eq_snd Thm.eq_thm_prop)) [unknown_chained, unknown_proximate]
  in
    (mesh_facts (eq_snd (gen_eq_thm ctxt)) max_facts mess, unknown)
  end

fun add_const_counts t =
  fold (fn s => Symtab.map_default (s, 0) (Integer.add 1)) (Term.add_const_names t [])

fun mash_suggested_facts ctxt ({debug, overlord, ...} : params) max_facts hyp_ts concl_t facts =
  let
    val thy = Proof_Context.theory_of ctxt
    val thy_name = Context.theory_name thy
    val engine = the_mash_engine ()

    val facts = facts |> sort (crude_thm_ord o pairself snd o swap)
    val chained = facts |> filter (fn ((_, (scope, _)), _) => scope = Chained)
    val num_facts = length facts

    (* Weights appear to hurt kNN more than they help. *)
    val const_tab = Symtab.empty |> engine <> MaSh_SML_kNN
      ? fold (add_const_counts o prop_of o snd) facts

    fun fact_has_right_theory (_, th) =
      thy_name = Context.theory_name (theory_of_thm th)

    fun chained_or_extra_features_of factor (((_, stature), th), weight) =
      [prop_of th]
      |> features_of ctxt (theory_of_thm th) num_facts const_tab stature
      |> map (apsnd (fn r => weight * factor * r))

    fun query_args access_G =
      let
        val parents = maximal_wrt_access_graph access_G facts
        val hints = chained
          |> filter (is_fact_in_graph access_G o snd)
          |> map (nickname_of_thm o snd)

        val goal_feats =
          features_of ctxt thy num_facts const_tab (Local, General) (concl_t :: hyp_ts)
        val chained_feats = chained
          |> map (rpair 1.0)
          |> map (chained_or_extra_features_of chained_feature_factor)
          |> rpair [] |-> fold (union (eq_fst (op =)))
        val extra_feats =
          facts
          |> take (Int.max (0, num_extra_feature_facts - length chained))
          |> filter fact_has_right_theory
          |> weight_facts_steeply
          |> map (chained_or_extra_features_of extra_feature_factor)
          |> rpair [] |-> fold (union (eq_fst (op =)))
        val feats = fold (union (eq_fst (op =))) [chained_feats, extra_feats] goal_feats
          |> debug ? sort (Real.compare o swap o pairself snd)
      in
        (parents, hints, feats)
      end

    val (access_G, py_suggs) =
      peek_state ctxt overlord (fn {access_G, ...} =>
        if Graph.is_empty access_G then
          (trace_msg ctxt (K "Nothing has been learned yet"); (access_G, []))
        else
          (access_G,
           if engine = MaSh_Py then
             let val (parents, hints, feats) = query_args access_G in
               MaSh_Py.query ctxt overlord max_facts ([], hints, parents, feats)
               |> map fst
             end
           else
             []))

    val sml_suggs =
      if engine = MaSh_Py then
        []
      else
        let
          val (parents, hints, feats) = query_args access_G
          val visible_facts = Graph.all_preds access_G parents
          val learns =
            Graph.schedule (fn _ => fn (fact, (_, feats, deps)) => (fact, feats, deps)) access_G
        in
          MaSh_SML.query ctxt overlord engine visible_facts max_facts (learns, hints, feats)
        end

    val unknown = filter_out (is_fact_in_graph access_G o snd) facts
  in
    find_mash_suggestions ctxt max_facts (py_suggs @ sml_suggs) facts chained unknown
    |> pairself (map fact_of_raw_fact)
  end

fun learn_wrt_access_graph ctxt (name, parents, feats, deps) (learns, G) =
  let
    fun maybe_learn_from from (accum as (parents, G)) =
      try_graph ctxt "updating graph" accum (fn () =>
        (from :: parents, Graph.add_edge_acyclic (from, name) G))
    val G = G |> Graph.default_node (name, (Isar_Proof, feats, deps))
    val (parents, G) = ([], G) |> fold maybe_learn_from parents
    val (deps, _) = ([], G) |> fold maybe_learn_from deps
  in
    ((name, parents, map fst feats, deps) :: learns, G)
  end

fun relearn_wrt_access_graph ctxt (name, deps) (relearns, G) =
  let
    fun maybe_relearn_from from (accum as (parents, G)) =
      try_graph ctxt "updating graph" accum (fn () =>
        (from :: parents, Graph.add_edge_acyclic (from, name) G))
    val G = G |> Graph.map_node name (fn (_, feats, _) => (Automatic_Proof, feats, deps))
    val (deps, _) = ([], G) |> fold maybe_relearn_from deps
  in
    ((name, deps) :: relearns, G)
  end

fun flop_wrt_access_graph name =
  Graph.map_node name (fn (_, feats, deps) => (Isar_Proof_wegen_Prover_Flop, feats, deps))

val learn_timeout_slack = 20.0

fun launch_thread timeout task =
  let
    val hard_timeout = time_mult learn_timeout_slack timeout
    val birth_time = Time.now ()
    val death_time = Time.+ (birth_time, hard_timeout)
    val desc = ("Machine learner for Sledgehammer", "")
  in
    Async_Manager.thread MaShN birth_time death_time desc task
  end

fun learned_proof_name () =
  Date.fmt ".%Y%m%d.%H%M%S." (Date.fromTimeLocal (Time.now ())) ^ serial_string ()

fun mash_learn_proof ctxt ({overlord, timeout, ...} : params) t facts used_ths =
  if is_mash_enabled () then
    launch_thread timeout (fn () =>
      let
        val thy = Proof_Context.theory_of ctxt
        val feats = features_of ctxt thy 0 Symtab.empty (Local, General) [t]
      in
        map_state ctxt overlord (fn state as {access_G, num_known_facts, dirty} =>
          let
            val parents = maximal_wrt_access_graph access_G facts
            val deps = used_ths
              |> filter (is_fact_in_graph access_G)
              |> map nickname_of_thm
          in
            if the_mash_engine () = MaSh_Py then
              (MaSh_Py.learn ctxt overlord true [("", parents, map fst feats, deps)]; state)
            else
              let
                val name = learned_proof_name ()
                val access_G = access_G |> add_node Automatic_Proof name parents feats deps
              in
                {access_G = access_G, num_known_facts = num_known_facts + 1,
                 dirty = Option.map (cons name) dirty}
              end
          end);
        (true, "")
      end)
  else
    ()

fun sendback sub = Active.sendback_markup [Markup.padding_command] (sledgehammerN ^ " " ^ sub)

val commit_timeout = seconds 30.0

(* The timeout is understood in a very relaxed fashion. *)
fun mash_learn_facts ctxt (params as {debug, verbose, overlord, ...}) prover save auto_level
    run_prover learn_timeout facts =
  let
    val timer = Timer.startRealTimer ()
    fun next_commit_time () = Time.+ (Timer.checkRealTimer timer, commit_timeout)

    val engine = the_mash_engine ()
    val {access_G, ...} = peek_state ctxt overlord I
    val is_in_access_G = is_fact_in_graph access_G o snd
    val no_new_facts = forall is_in_access_G facts
  in
    if no_new_facts andalso not run_prover then
      if auto_level < 2 then
        "No new " ^ (if run_prover then "automatic" else "Isar") ^ " proofs to learn." ^
        (if auto_level = 0 andalso not run_prover then
           "\n\nHint: Try " ^ sendback learn_proverN ^ " to learn from an automatic prover."
         else
           "")
      else
        ""
    else
      let
        val name_tabs = build_name_tables nickname_of_thm facts

        fun deps_of status th =
          if status = Non_Rec_Def orelse status = Rec_Def then
            SOME []
          else if run_prover then
            prover_dependencies_of ctxt params prover auto_level facts name_tabs th
            |> (fn (false, _) => NONE | (true, deps) => trim_dependencies deps)
          else
            isar_dependencies_of name_tabs th

        fun do_commit [] [] [] state = state
          | do_commit learns relearns flops {access_G, num_known_facts, dirty} =
            let
              val was_empty = Graph.is_empty access_G
              val (learns, access_G) = ([], access_G) |> fold (learn_wrt_access_graph ctxt) learns
              val (relearns, access_G) =
                ([], access_G) |> fold (relearn_wrt_access_graph ctxt) relearns
              val access_G = access_G |> fold flop_wrt_access_graph flops
              val num_known_facts = num_known_facts + length learns
              val dirty =
                (case (was_empty, dirty) of
                  (false, SOME names) => SOME (map #1 learns @ map #1 relearns @ names)
                | _ => NONE)
            in
              if engine = MaSh_Py then
                (MaSh_Py.learn ctxt overlord (save andalso null relearns) (rev learns);
                 MaSh_Py.relearn ctxt overlord save relearns)
              else
                ();
              {access_G = access_G, num_known_facts = num_known_facts, dirty = dirty}
            end

        fun commit last learns relearns flops =
          (if debug andalso auto_level = 0 then Output.urgent_message "Committing..." else ();
           map_state ctxt overlord (do_commit (rev learns) relearns flops);
           if not last andalso auto_level = 0 then
             let val num_proofs = length learns + length relearns in
               Output.urgent_message ("Learned " ^ string_of_int num_proofs ^ " " ^
                 (if run_prover then "automatic" else "Isar") ^ " proof" ^
                 plural_s num_proofs ^ " in the last " ^ string_of_time commit_timeout ^ ".")
             end
           else
             ())

        fun learn_new_fact _ (accum as (_, (_, _, true))) = accum
          | learn_new_fact (parents, ((_, stature as (_, status)), th))
              (learns, (n, next_commit, _)) =
            let
              val name = nickname_of_thm th
              val feats = features_of ctxt (theory_of_thm th) 0 Symtab.empty stature [prop_of th]
              val deps = deps_of status th |> these
              val n = n |> not (null deps) ? Integer.add 1
              val learns = (name, parents, feats, deps) :: learns
              val (learns, next_commit) =
                if Time.> (Timer.checkRealTimer timer, next_commit) then
                  (commit false learns [] []; ([], next_commit_time ()))
                else
                  (learns, next_commit)
              val timed_out = Time.> (Timer.checkRealTimer timer, learn_timeout)
            in
              (learns, (n, next_commit, timed_out))
            end

        val n =
          if no_new_facts then
            0
          else
            let
              val new_facts = facts
                |> sort (crude_thm_ord o pairself snd)
                |> attach_parents_to_facts []
                |> filter_out (is_in_access_G o snd)
              val (learns, (n, _, _)) =
                ([], (0, next_commit_time (), false))
                |> fold learn_new_fact new_facts
            in
              commit true learns [] []; n
            end

        fun relearn_old_fact _ (accum as (_, (_, _, true))) = accum
          | relearn_old_fact ((_, (_, status)), th) ((relearns, flops), (n, next_commit, _)) =
            let
              val name = nickname_of_thm th
              val (n, relearns, flops) =
                (case deps_of status th of
                  SOME deps => (n + 1, (name, deps) :: relearns, flops)
                | NONE => (n, relearns, name :: flops))
              val (relearns, flops, next_commit) =
                if Time.> (Timer.checkRealTimer timer, next_commit) then
                  (commit false [] relearns flops; ([], [], next_commit_time ()))
                else
                  (relearns, flops, next_commit)
              val timed_out = Time.> (Timer.checkRealTimer timer, learn_timeout)
            in
              ((relearns, flops), (n, next_commit, timed_out))
            end

        val n =
          if not run_prover then
            n
          else
            let
              val max_isar = 1000 * max_dependencies

              fun priority_of th =
                random_range 0 max_isar +
                (case try (Graph.get_node access_G) (nickname_of_thm th) of
                  SOME (Isar_Proof, _, deps) => ~100 * length deps
                | SOME (Automatic_Proof, _, _) => 2 * max_isar
                | SOME (Isar_Proof_wegen_Prover_Flop, _, _) => max_isar
                | NONE => 0)

              val old_facts = facts
                |> filter is_in_access_G
                |> map (`(priority_of o snd))
                |> sort (int_ord o pairself fst)
                |> map snd
              val ((relearns, flops), (n, _, _)) =
                (([], []), (n, next_commit_time (), false))
                |> fold relearn_old_fact old_facts
            in
              commit true [] relearns flops; n
            end
      in
        if verbose orelse auto_level < 2 then
          "Learned " ^ string_of_int n ^ " nontrivial " ^
          (if run_prover then "automatic and " else "") ^ "Isar proof" ^ plural_s n ^
          (if verbose then " in " ^ string_of_time (Timer.checkRealTimer timer) else "") ^ "."
        else
          ""
      end
  end

fun mash_learn ctxt (params as {provers, timeout, ...}) fact_override chained run_prover =
  let
    val css = Sledgehammer_Fact.clasimpset_rule_table_of ctxt
    val ctxt = ctxt |> Config.put instantiate_inducts false
    val facts = nearly_all_facts ctxt false fact_override Symtab.empty css chained [] @{prop True}
      |> sort (crude_thm_ord o pairself snd o swap)
    val num_facts = length facts
    val prover = hd provers

    fun learn auto_level run_prover =
      mash_learn_facts ctxt params prover true auto_level run_prover one_year facts
      |> Output.urgent_message
  in
    if run_prover then
      (Output.urgent_message ("MaShing through " ^ string_of_int num_facts ^ " fact" ^
         plural_s num_facts ^ " for automatic proofs (" ^ quote prover ^ " timeout: " ^
         string_of_time timeout ^ ").\n\nCollecting Isar proofs first...");
       learn 1 false;
       Output.urgent_message "Now collecting automatic proofs. This may take several hours. You \
         \can safely stop the learning process at any point.";
       learn 0 true)
    else
      (Output.urgent_message ("MaShing through " ^ string_of_int num_facts ^ " fact" ^
         plural_s num_facts ^ " for Isar proofs...");
       learn 0 false)
  end

fun mash_can_suggest_facts ctxt overlord =
  not (Graph.is_empty (#access_G (peek_state ctxt overlord I)))

(* Generate more suggestions than requested, because some might be thrown out later for various
   reasons (e.g., duplicates). *)
fun generous_max_suggestions max_facts = 3 * max_facts div 2 + 25

val mepo_weight = 0.5
val mash_weight = 0.5

val max_facts_to_learn_before_query = 100

(* The threshold should be large enough so that MaSh does not get activated for Auto Sledgehammer
   and Try. *)
val min_secs_for_learning = 15

fun relevant_facts ctxt (params as {overlord, blocking, learn, fact_filter, timeout, ...}) prover
    max_facts ({add, only, ...} : fact_override) hyp_ts concl_t facts =
  if not (subset (op =) (the_list fact_filter, fact_filters)) then
    error ("Unknown fact filter: " ^ quote (the fact_filter) ^ ".")
  else if only then
    [("", map fact_of_raw_fact facts)]
  else if max_facts <= 0 orelse null facts then
    [("", [])]
  else
    let
      fun maybe_launch_thread () =
        if not (Async_Manager.has_running_threads MaShN) andalso
           Time.toSeconds timeout >= min_secs_for_learning then
          let val timeout = time_mult learn_timeout_slack timeout in
            launch_thread timeout
              (fn () => (true, mash_learn_facts ctxt params prover true 2 false timeout facts))
          end
        else
          ()

      fun maybe_learn () =
        if is_mash_enabled () andalso learn then
          let
            val {access_G, num_known_facts, ...} = peek_state ctxt overlord I
            val is_in_access_G = is_fact_in_graph access_G o snd
          in
            if length facts - num_known_facts <= max_facts_to_learn_before_query then
              (case length (filter_out is_in_access_G facts) of
                0 => false
              | num_facts_to_learn =>
                if num_facts_to_learn <= max_facts_to_learn_before_query then
                  (mash_learn_facts ctxt params prover false 2 false timeout facts
                   |> (fn "" => () | s => Output.urgent_message (MaShN ^ ": " ^ s));
                   true)
                else
                  (maybe_launch_thread (); false))
            else
              (maybe_launch_thread (); false)
          end
        else
          false

      val (save, effective_fact_filter) =
        (case fact_filter of
          SOME ff => (ff <> mepoN andalso maybe_learn (), ff)
        | NONE =>
          if is_mash_enabled () then
            (maybe_learn (), if mash_can_suggest_facts ctxt overlord then meshN else mepoN)
          else
            (false, mepoN))

      val unique_facts = drop_duplicate_facts facts
      val add_ths = Attrib.eval_thms ctxt add

      fun in_add (_, th) = member Thm.eq_thm_prop add_ths th

      fun add_and_take accepts =
        (case add_ths of
           [] => accepts
         | _ =>
           (unique_facts |> filter in_add |> map fact_of_raw_fact) @ (accepts |> filter_out in_add))
        |> take max_facts

      fun mepo () =
        (mepo_suggested_facts ctxt params max_facts NONE hyp_ts concl_t unique_facts
         |> weight_facts_steeply, [])

      fun mash () =
        mash_suggested_facts ctxt params (generous_max_suggestions max_facts) hyp_ts concl_t facts
        |>> weight_facts_steeply

      val mess =
        (* the order is important for the "case" expression below *)
        [] |> effective_fact_filter <> mepoN ? cons (mash_weight, mash)
           |> effective_fact_filter <> mashN ? cons (mepo_weight, mepo)
           |> Par_List.map (apsnd (fn f => f ()))
      val mesh = mesh_facts (eq_snd (gen_eq_thm ctxt)) max_facts mess |> add_and_take
    in
      if the_mash_engine () = MaSh_Py andalso save then MaSh_Py.save ctxt overlord else ();
      (case (fact_filter, mess) of
        (NONE, [(_, (mepo, _)), (_, (mash, _))]) =>
        [(meshN, mesh), (mepoN, mepo |> map fst |> add_and_take),
         (mashN, mash |> map fst |> add_and_take)]
      | _ => [(effective_fact_filter, mesh)])
    end

fun kill_learners ctxt ({overlord, ...} : params) =
  (Async_Manager.kill_threads MaShN "learner";
   if the_mash_engine () = MaSh_Py then MaSh_Py.shutdown ctxt overlord else ())

fun running_learners () = Async_Manager.running_threads MaShN "learner"

end;