doc-src/LaTeXsugar/Sugar/document/Sugar.tex
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\begin{isabellebody}%
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\def\isabellecontext{Sugar}%
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isamarkupsection{Introduction%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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This document is for those Isabelle users who have mastered
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the art of mixing \LaTeX\ text and Isabelle theories and never want to
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typeset a theorem by hand anymore because they have experienced the
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bliss of writing \verb!@!\verb!{thm[display]setsum_cartesian_product[no_vars]}!
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and seeing Isabelle typeset it for them:
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\begin{isabelle}%
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{\isacharparenleft}{\isasymSum}x{\isasymin}A{\isachardot}\ {\isasymSum}y{\isasymin}B{\isachardot}\ f\ x\ y{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharparenleft}{\isasymSum}z{\isasymin}A\ {\isasymtimes}\ B{\isachardot}\ f\ {\isacharparenleft}fst\ z{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharparenleft}snd\ z{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}%
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\end{isabelle}
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No typos, no omissions, no sweat.
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If you have not experienced that joy, read Chapter 4, \emph{Presenting
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Theories}, \cite{LNCS2283} first.
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If you have mastered the art of Isabelle's \emph{antiquotations},
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i.e.\ things like the above \verb!@!\verb!{thm...}!, beware: in your vanity
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you may be tempted to think that all readers of the stunning ps or pdf
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documents you can now produce at the drop of a hat will be struck with
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awe at the beauty unfolding in front of their eyes. Until one day you
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come across that very critical of readers known as the ``common referee''.
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He has the nasty habit of refusing to understand unfamiliar notation
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like Isabelle's infamous \isa{{\isasymlbrakk}\ {\isasymrbrakk}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}} no matter how many times you
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explain it in your paper. Even worse, he thinks that using \isa{{\isasymlbrakk}\ {\isasymrbrakk}} for anything other than denotational semantics is a cardinal sin
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that must be punished by instant rejection.
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This document shows you how to make Isabelle and \LaTeX\ cooperate to
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produce ordinary looking mathematics that hides the fact that it was
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typeset by a machine. You merely need to load the right files:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Import theory \texttt{LaTeXsugar} in the header of your own
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theory.  You may also want bits of \texttt{OptionalSugar}, which you can
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copy selectively into your own theory or import as a whole.  Both
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theories live in \texttt{HOL/Library} and are found automatically.
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\item Should you need additional \LaTeX\ packages (the text will tell
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you so), you include them at the beginning of your \LaTeX\ document,
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typically in \texttt{root.tex}.
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\end{itemize}%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsection{HOL syntax%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Logic%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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The predefined constructs \isa{if}, \isa{let} and
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\isa{case} are set in sans serif font to distinguish them from
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other functions. This improves readability:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \isa{\textsf{if}\ b\ \textsf{then}\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ \textsf{else}\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}} instead of \isa{if\ b\ then\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ else\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}}.
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\item \isa{\textsf{let}\ x\ {\isacharequal}\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ \textsf{in}\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}} instead of \isa{let\ x\ {\isacharequal}\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ in\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}}.
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\item \isa{\textsf{case}\ x\ \textsf{of}\ True\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharbar}\ False\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}} instead of\\
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      \isa{case\ x\ of\ True\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharbar}\ False\ {\isasymRightarrow}\ e\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}}.
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\end{itemize}%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Sets%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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Although set syntax in HOL is already close to
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standard, we provide a few further improvements:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \isa{{\isacharbraceleft}x\ {\isacharbar}\ P{\isacharbraceright}} instead of \isa{{\isacharbraceleft}x{\isachardot}\ P{\isacharbraceright}}.
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\item \isa{{\isasymemptyset}} instead of \isa{{\isacharbraceleft}{\isacharbraceright}}.
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\item \isa{{\isacharbraceleft}a{\isacharcomma}\ b{\isacharcomma}\ c{\isacharbraceright}\ {\isasymunion}\ M} instead of \isa{insert\ a\ {\isacharparenleft}insert\ b\ {\isacharparenleft}insert\ c\ M{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}}.
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\end{itemize}%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Lists%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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If lists are used heavily, the following notations increase readability:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \isa{x{\isasymcdot}xs} instead of \isa{x\ {\isacharhash}\ xs}.
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      Exceptionally, \isa{x{\isasymcdot}xs} is also input syntax.
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If you prefer more space around the $\cdot$ you have to redefine
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\verb!\isasymcdot! in \LaTeX:
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\verb!\renewcommand{\isasymcdot}{\isamath{\,\cdot\,}}!
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\item \isa{{\isacharbar}xs{\isacharbar}} instead of \isa{length\ xs}.
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\item \isa{xs\ensuremath{_{[\mathit{n}]}}} instead of \isa{nth\ xs\ n},
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      the $n$th element of \isa{xs}.
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\item The \isa{{\isacharat}} operation associates implicitly to the right,
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which leads to unpleasant line breaks if the term is too long for one
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line. To avoid this, \texttt{OptionalSugar} contains syntax to group
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\isa{{\isacharat}}-terms to the left before printing, which leads to better
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line breaking behaviour:
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\begin{isabelle}%
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term\isactrlisub {\isadigit{0}}\ \isacharat\ term\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\ \isacharat\ term\isactrlisub {\isadigit{2}}\ \isacharat\ term\isactrlisub {\isadigit{3}}\ \isacharat\ term\isactrlisub {\isadigit{4}}\ \isacharat\ term\isactrlisub {\isadigit{5}}\ \isacharat\ term\isactrlisub {\isadigit{6}}\ \isacharat\ term\isactrlisub {\isadigit{7}}\ \isacharat\ term\isactrlisub {\isadigit{8}}\ \isacharat\ term\isactrlisub {\isadigit{9}}\ \isacharat\ term\isactrlisub {\isadigit{1}}\isactrlisub {\isadigit{0}}%
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\end{isabelle}
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\end{itemize}%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupsection{Printing theorems%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Question marks%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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If you print anything, especially theorems, containing
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schematic variables they are prefixed with a question mark:
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\verb!@!\verb!{thm conjI}! results in \isa{{\isasymlbrakk}{\isacharquery}P{\isacharsemicolon}\ {\isacharquery}Q{\isasymrbrakk}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isacharquery}P\ {\isasymand}\ {\isacharquery}Q}. Most of the time
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you would rather not see the question marks. There is an attribute
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\verb!no_vars! that you can attach to the theorem that turns its
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schematic into ordinary free variables: \verb!@!\verb!{thm conjI[no_vars]}!
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results in \isa{{\isasymlbrakk}P{\isacharsemicolon}\ Q{\isasymrbrakk}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ P\ {\isasymand}\ Q}.
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This \verb!no_vars! business can become a bit tedious.
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If you would rather never see question marks, simply put
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\begin{verbatim}
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reset show_var_qmarks;
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\end{verbatim}
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at the beginning of your file \texttt{ROOT.ML}.
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The rest of this document is produced with this flag reset.%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Inference rules%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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To print theorems as inference rules you need to include Didier
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R\'emy's \texttt{mathpartir} package~\cite{mathpartir}
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for typesetting inference rules in your \LaTeX\ file.
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Writing \verb!@!\verb!{thm[mode=Rule] conjI}! produces
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\isa{\mbox{}\inferrule{\mbox{P}\\\ \mbox{Q}}{\mbox{P\ {\isasymand}\ Q}}}, even in the middle of a sentence.
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If you prefer your inference rule on a separate line, maybe with a name,
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\begin{center}
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\isa{\mbox{}\inferrule{\mbox{P}\\\ \mbox{Q}}{\mbox{P\ {\isasymand}\ Q}}} {\sc conjI}
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\end{center}
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is produced by
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\begin{quote}
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\verb!\begin{center}!\\
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\verb!@!\verb!{thm[mode=Rule] conjI} {\sc conjI}!\\
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\verb!\end{center}!
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\end{quote}
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It is not recommended to use the standard \texttt{display} attribute
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together with \texttt{Rule} because centering does not work and because
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the line breaking mechanisms of \texttt{display} and \texttt{mathpartir} can
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clash.
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Of course you can display multiple rules in this fashion:
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\begin{quote}
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\verb!\begin{center}\isastyle!\\
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\verb!@!\verb!{thm[mode=Rule] conjI} {\sc conjI} \\[1ex]!\\
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\verb!@!\verb!{thm[mode=Rule] conjE} {\sc disjI$_1$} \qquad!\\
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\verb!@!\verb!{thm[mode=Rule] disjE} {\sc disjI$_2$}!\\
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\verb!\end{center}!
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\end{quote}
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yields
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\begin{center}\isastyle
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\isa{\mbox{}\inferrule{\mbox{P}\\\ \mbox{Q}}{\mbox{P\ {\isasymand}\ Q}}} {\sc conjI} \\[1ex]
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\isa{\mbox{}\inferrule{\mbox{P}}{\mbox{P\ {\isasymor}\ Q}}} {\sc disjI$_1$} \qquad
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\isa{\mbox{}\inferrule{\mbox{Q}}{\mbox{P\ {\isasymor}\ Q}}} {\sc disjI$_2$}
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\end{center}
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Note that we included \verb!\isastyle! to obtain
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the smaller font that otherwise comes only with \texttt{display}.
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The \texttt{mathpartir} package copes well if there are too many
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premises for one line:
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\begin{center}
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\isa{\mbox{}\inferrule{\mbox{A\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ B}\\\ \mbox{B\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ C}\\\ \mbox{C\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ D}\\\ \mbox{D\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ E}\\\ \mbox{E\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ F}\\\ \mbox{F\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ G}\\\ \mbox{G\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ H}\\\ \mbox{H\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ I}\\\ \mbox{I\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ J}\\\ \mbox{J\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ K}}{\mbox{A\ {\isasymlongrightarrow}\ K}}}
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\end{center}
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Limitations: 1. Premises and conclusion must each not be longer than
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the line.  2. Premises that are \isa{{\isasymLongrightarrow}}-implications are again
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displayed with a horizontal line, which looks at least unusual.%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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%
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\isamarkupsubsection{If-then%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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If you prefer a fake ``natural language'' style you can produce
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the body of
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\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
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\begin{theorem}
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\isa{{\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize{}If\,}\ \mbox{i\ {\isasymle}\ j}\ {\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize \,and\,}\ \mbox{j\ {\isasymle}\ k}\ {\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize \,then\,}\ i\ {\isasymle}\ k{\isachardot}}
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\end{theorem}
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by typing
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\begin{quote}
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\verb!@!\verb!{thm[mode=IfThen] le_trans}!
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\end{quote}
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In order to prevent odd line breaks, the premises are put into boxes.
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At times this is too drastic:
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\begin{theorem}
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\isa{{\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize{}If\,}\ \mbox{longpremise}\ {\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize \,and\,}\ \mbox{longerpremise}\ {\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize \,and\,}\ \mbox{P\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ x{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize \,and\,}\ \mbox{longestpremise}\ {\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize \,then\,}\ conclusion{\isachardot}}
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\end{theorem}
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In which case you should use \texttt{mode=IfThenNoBox} instead of
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\texttt{mode=IfThen}:
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\begin{theorem}
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\isa{{\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize{}If\,}\ longpremise\ {\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize \,and\,}\ longerpremise\ {\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize \,and\,}\ P\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ x{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\ {\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize \,and\,}\ longestpremise\ {\rmfamily\upshape\normalsize \,then\,}\ conclusion{\isachardot}}
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\end{theorem}%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Definitions and Equations%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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The \verb!thm! antiquotation works nicely for proper theorems, but
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  sets of equations as used in definitions are more difficult to
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  typeset nicely: for some reason people tend to prefer aligned 
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  \isa{{\isacharequal}} signs.
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  Isabelle2005 has a nice mechanism for this, namely the two
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  antiquotations \verb!@!\verb!{lhs thm}! and \verb!@!\verb!{rhs thm}!.
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  \begin{center}
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  \begin{tabular}{l@ {~~\isa{{\isacharequal}}~~}l}
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  \isa{foldl\ f\ a\ {\isacharbrackleft}{\isacharbrackright}} & \isa{a}\\
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  \isa{foldl\ f\ a\ {\isacharparenleft}x{\isasymcdot}xs{\isacharparenright}} & \isa{foldl\ f\ {\isacharparenleft}f\ a\ x{\isacharparenright}\ xs}
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  \end{tabular}
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  \end{center}
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  \noindent 
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  is produced by the following code:
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\begin{quote}
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  \verb!\begin{center}!\\
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  \verb!\begin{tabular}{l@ {~~!\verb!@!\verb!{text "="}~~}l}!\\
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  \verb!@!\verb!{lhs foldl_Nil} & @!\verb!{rhs foldl_Nil}!\\
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  \verb!@!\verb!{lhs foldl_Cons} & @!\verb!{rhs foldl_Cons}!\\
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  \verb!\end{tabular}!\\
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  \verb!\end{center}!
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\end{quote}
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  \noindent
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  Note the space between \verb!@! and \verb!{! in the tabular argument.
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  It prevents Isabelle from interpreting \verb!@ {~~...~~}! 
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  as antiquotation. \verb!@!\verb!{lhs thm}! and \verb!@!\verb!{rhs thm}! 
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  try to be smart about the interpretation of the theorem they
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  print, they work just as well for meta equality \isa{{\isasymequiv}} and other
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  binary operators like \isa{{\isacharless}}.%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Patterns%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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Sometimes functions ignore one or more of their
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  arguments and some functional languages have nice 
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  syntax for that as in \isa{hd\ {\isacharparenleft}x{\isasymcdot}\_{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ x}.
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  You can simulate this in Isabelle by instantiating the \isa{xs} in
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  definition \mbox{\isa{hd\ {\isacharparenleft}x{\isasymcdot}xs{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ x}} with a constant \isa{DUMMY} that
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  is printed as \isa{\_}. The code for the pattern above is 
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  \verb!@!\verb!{thm hd.simps [where xs=DUMMY]}!.
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  You can drive this game even further and extend the syntax of let
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  bindings such that certain functions like \isa{fst}, \isa{hd}, 
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  etc.\ are printed as patterns. \texttt{OptionalSugar} provides the
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  following:
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  \begin{center}
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  \begin{tabular}{l@ {~~produced by~~}l}
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  \isa{\textsf{let}\ {\isacharparenleft}x{\isacharcomma}\ \_{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ p\ \textsf{in}\ t} & \verb!@!\verb!{term "let x = fst p in t"}!\\
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  \isa{\textsf{let}\ {\isacharparenleft}\_{\isacharcomma}\ x{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharequal}\ p\ \textsf{in}\ t} & \verb!@!\verb!{term "let x = snd p in t"}!\\
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  \isa{\textsf{let}\ x{\isasymcdot}\_\ {\isacharequal}\ xs\ \textsf{in}\ t} & \verb!@!\verb!{term "let x = hd xs in t"}!\\
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  \isa{\textsf{let}\ \_{\isasymcdot}x\ {\isacharequal}\ xs\ \textsf{in}\ t} & \verb!@!\verb!{term "let x = tl xs in t"}!\\
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  \isa{\textsf{let}\ Some\ x\ {\isacharequal}\ y\ \textsf{in}\ t} & \verb!@!\verb!{term "let x = the y in t"}!\\
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  \end{tabular}
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  \end{center}%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Proofs%
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}
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\isamarkuptrue%
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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Full proofs, even if written in beautiful Isar style, are likely to
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  be too long and detailed to be included in conference papers, but
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  some key lemmas might be of interest.
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  It is usually easiest to put them in figures like the one in Fig.\
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  \ref{fig:proof}. This was achieved with the \isakeyword{text\_raw}
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  command:%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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%
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\begin{figure}
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  \begin{center}\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}  
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  \isastyle\isamarkuptrue
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\isacommand{lemma}\ True\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{proof}\ {\isacharminus}\isanewline
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\ \ %
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\isamarkupcmt{pretty trivial%
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}
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\isanewline
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\ \ \isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{show}\ True\ \isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{by}\ force\isanewline
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\isacommand{qed}\isamarkupfalse%
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%
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\end{minipage}\end{center}
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  \caption{Example proof in a figure.}\label{fig:proof}
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  \end{figure}
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%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
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\begin{quote}
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\small
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\verb!text_raw {!\verb!*!\\
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\verb!  \begin{figure}!\\
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\verb!  \begin{center}\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}!\\
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\verb!  \isastyle\isamarkuptrue!\\
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\verb!*!\verb!}!\\
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\verb!lemma True!\\
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\verb!proof -!\\
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\verb!  -- "pretty trivial"!\\
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\verb!  show True by force!\\
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\verb!qed!\\
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\verb!text_raw {!\verb!*!\\
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\verb!  \end{minipage}\end{center}!\\
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\verb!  \caption{Example proof in a figure.}\label{fig:proof}!\\
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\verb!  \end{figure}!\\
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\verb!*!\verb!}!
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\end{quote}%
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\end{isamarkuptext}%
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\isamarkuptrue%
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\isamarkupfalse%
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\end{isabellebody}%
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%%% Local Variables:
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%%% mode: latex
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%%% TeX-master: "root"
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%%% End: