src/HOL/Library/Quotient.thy
author wenzelm
Thu, 30 Nov 2000 20:05:34 +0100
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parent 10505 b89e6cc963e3
child 10681 ec76e17f73c5
permissions -rw-r--r--
renamed "equivalence_class" to "class";
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
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(*  Title:      HOL/Library/Quotient.thy
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    ID:         $Id$
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    Author:     Markus Wenzel, TU Muenchen
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*)
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header {*
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  \title{Quotient types}
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  \author{Markus Wenzel}
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*}
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theory Quotient = Main:
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text {*
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 We introduce the notion of quotient types over equivalence relations
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 via axiomatic type classes.
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*}
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subsection {* Equivalence relations and quotient types *}
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text {*
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 \medskip Type class @{text equiv} models equivalence relations @{text
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 "\<sim> :: 'a => 'a => bool"}.
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*}
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axclass eqv < "term"
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consts
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  eqv :: "('a::eqv) => 'a => bool"    (infixl "\<sim>" 50)
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axclass equiv < eqv
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  equiv_refl [intro]: "x \<sim> x"
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  equiv_trans [trans]: "x \<sim> y ==> y \<sim> z ==> x \<sim> z"
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  equiv_sym [elim?]: "x \<sim> y ==> y \<sim> x"
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lemma not_equiv_sym [elim?]: "\<not> (x \<sim> y) ==> \<not> (y \<sim> (x::'a::equiv))"
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proof -
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  assume "\<not> (x \<sim> y)" thus "\<not> (y \<sim> x)"
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    by (rule contrapos_nn) (rule equiv_sym)
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qed
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lemma not_equiv_trans1 [trans]: "\<not> (x \<sim> y) ==> y \<sim> z ==> \<not> (x \<sim> (z::'a::equiv))"
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proof -
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  assume "\<not> (x \<sim> y)" and yz: "y \<sim> z"
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  show "\<not> (x \<sim> z)"
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  proof
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    assume "x \<sim> z"
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    also from yz have "z \<sim> y" ..
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    finally have "x \<sim> y" .
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    thus False by contradiction
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  qed
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qed
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lemma not_equiv_trans2 [trans]: "x \<sim> y ==> \<not> (y \<sim> z) ==> \<not> (x \<sim> (z::'a::equiv))"
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proof -
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  assume "\<not> (y \<sim> z)" hence "\<not> (z \<sim> y)" ..
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  also assume "x \<sim> y" hence "y \<sim> x" ..
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  finally have "\<not> (z \<sim> x)" . thus "(\<not> x \<sim> z)" ..
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qed
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text {*
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 \medskip The quotient type @{text "'a quot"} consists of all
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 \emph{equivalence classes} over elements of the base type @{typ 'a}.
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*}
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typedef 'a quot = "{{x. a \<sim> x} | a::'a::eqv. True}"
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  by blast
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lemma quotI [intro]: "{x. a \<sim> x} \<in> quot"
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  by (unfold quot_def) blast
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lemma quotE [elim]: "R \<in> quot ==> (!!a. R = {x. a \<sim> x} ==> C) ==> C"
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  by (unfold quot_def) blast
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text {*
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 \medskip Abstracted equivalence classes are the canonical
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 representation of elements of a quotient type.
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*}
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constdefs
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  class :: "'a::equiv => 'a quot"    ("\<lfloor>_\<rfloor>")
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  "\<lfloor>a\<rfloor> == Abs_quot {x. a \<sim> x}"
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theorem quot_exhaust: "\<exists>a. A = \<lfloor>a\<rfloor>"
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proof (cases A)
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  fix R assume R: "A = Abs_quot R"
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  assume "R \<in> quot" hence "\<exists>a. R = {x. a \<sim> x}" by blast
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  with R have "\<exists>a. A = Abs_quot {x. a \<sim> x}" by blast
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  thus ?thesis by (unfold class_def)
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qed
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lemma quot_cases [cases type: quot]: "(!!a. A = \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> ==> C) ==> C"
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  by (insert quot_exhaust) blast
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subsection {* Equality on quotients *}
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text {*
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 Equality of canonical quotient elements coincides with the original
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 relation.
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*}
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theorem quot_equality: "(\<lfloor>a\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>b\<rfloor>) = (a \<sim> b)"
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proof
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  assume eq: "\<lfloor>a\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>b\<rfloor>"
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  show "a \<sim> b"
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  proof -
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    from eq have "{x. a \<sim> x} = {x. b \<sim> x}"
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      by (simp only: class_def Abs_quot_inject quotI)
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    moreover have "a \<sim> a" ..
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    ultimately have "a \<in> {x. b \<sim> x}" by blast
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    hence "b \<sim> a" by blast
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    thus ?thesis ..
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  qed
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next
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  assume ab: "a \<sim> b"
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  show "\<lfloor>a\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>b\<rfloor>"
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  proof -
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    have "{x. a \<sim> x} = {x. b \<sim> x}"
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    proof (rule Collect_cong)
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      fix x show "(a \<sim> x) = (b \<sim> x)"
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      proof
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        from ab have "b \<sim> a" ..
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        also assume "a \<sim> x"
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        finally show "b \<sim> x" .
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      next
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        note ab
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        also assume "b \<sim> x"
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        finally show "a \<sim> x" .
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      qed
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    qed
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    thus ?thesis by (simp only: class_def)
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  qed
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qed
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lemma quot_equalI [intro?]: "a \<sim> b ==> \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>b\<rfloor>"
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  by (simp only: quot_equality)
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lemma quot_equalD [dest?]: "\<lfloor>a\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>b\<rfloor> ==> a \<sim> b"
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  by (simp only: quot_equality)
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lemma quot_not_equalI [intro?]: "\<not> (a \<sim> b) ==> \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> \<noteq> \<lfloor>b\<rfloor>"
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  by (simp add: quot_equality)
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lemma quot_not_equalD [dest?]: "\<lfloor>a\<rfloor> \<noteq> \<lfloor>b\<rfloor> ==> \<not> (a \<sim> b)"
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  by (simp add: quot_equality)
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subsection {* Picking representing elements *}
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constdefs
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  pick :: "'a::equiv quot => 'a"
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  "pick A == SOME a. A = \<lfloor>a\<rfloor>"
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theorem pick_equiv [intro]: "pick \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> \<sim> a"
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proof (unfold pick_def)
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  show "(SOME x. \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>x\<rfloor>) \<sim> a"
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  proof (rule someI2)
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    show "\<lfloor>a\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>a\<rfloor>" ..
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    fix x assume "\<lfloor>a\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>x\<rfloor>"
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    hence "a \<sim> x" .. thus "x \<sim> a" ..
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  qed
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qed
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theorem pick_inverse [intro]: "\<lfloor>pick A\<rfloor> = A"
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proof (cases A)
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  fix a assume a: "A = \<lfloor>a\<rfloor>"
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  hence "pick A \<sim> a" by (simp only: pick_equiv)
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  hence "\<lfloor>pick A\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>a\<rfloor>" ..
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  with a show ?thesis by simp
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qed
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text {*
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 \medskip The following rules support canonical function definitions
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 on quotient types (with up to two arguments).  Note that the
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 stripped-down version without additional conditions is sufficient
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 most of the time.
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*}
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theorem quot_cond_function:
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  "(!!X Y. P X Y ==> f X Y == g (pick X) (pick Y)) ==>
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    (!!x x' y y'. \<lfloor>x\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>x'\<rfloor> ==> \<lfloor>y\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>y'\<rfloor>
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      ==> P \<lfloor>x\<rfloor> \<lfloor>y\<rfloor> ==> P \<lfloor>x'\<rfloor> \<lfloor>y'\<rfloor> ==> g x y = g x' y') ==>
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    P \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> \<lfloor>b\<rfloor> ==> f \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> \<lfloor>b\<rfloor> = g a b"
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  (is "PROP ?eq ==> PROP ?cong ==> _ ==> _")
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proof -
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  assume cong: "PROP ?cong"
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  assume "PROP ?eq" and "P \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> \<lfloor>b\<rfloor>"
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  hence "f \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> \<lfloor>b\<rfloor> = g (pick \<lfloor>a\<rfloor>) (pick \<lfloor>b\<rfloor>)" by (simp only:)
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  also have "... = g a b"
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  proof (rule cong)
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    show "\<lfloor>pick \<lfloor>a\<rfloor>\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>a\<rfloor>" ..
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    moreover
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    show "\<lfloor>pick \<lfloor>b\<rfloor>\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>b\<rfloor>" ..
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    moreover
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    show "P \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> \<lfloor>b\<rfloor>" .
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    ultimately show "P \<lfloor>pick \<lfloor>a\<rfloor>\<rfloor> \<lfloor>pick \<lfloor>b\<rfloor>\<rfloor>" by (simp only:)
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  qed
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  finally show ?thesis .
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qed
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theorem quot_function:
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  "(!!X Y. f X Y == g (pick X) (pick Y)) ==>
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    (!!x x' y y'. \<lfloor>x\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>x'\<rfloor> ==> \<lfloor>y\<rfloor> = \<lfloor>y'\<rfloor> ==> g x y = g x' y') ==>
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    f \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> \<lfloor>b\<rfloor> = g a b"
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proof -
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  case antecedent from this TrueI
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  show ?thesis by (rule quot_cond_function)
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qed
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theorem quot_function':
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  "(!!X Y. f X Y == g (pick X) (pick Y)) ==>
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    (!!x x' y y'. x \<sim> x' ==> y \<sim> y' ==> g x y = g x' y') ==>
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    f \<lfloor>a\<rfloor> \<lfloor>b\<rfloor> = g a b"
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  by  (rule quot_function) (simp only: quot_equality)+
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end