doc-src/TutorialI/document/Ifexpr.tex

tuned messages;

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\def\isabellecontext{Ifexpr}%
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\isatagtheory
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{\isafoldtheory}%
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\isamarkupsubsection{Case Study: Boolean Expressions%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
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\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\label{sec:boolex}\index{boolean expressions example|(}
The aim of this case study is twofold: it shows how to model boolean
expressions and some algorithms for manipulating them, and it demonstrates
the constructs introduced above.%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isamarkupsubsubsection{Modelling Boolean Expressions%
}
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
We want to represent boolean expressions built up from variables and
constants by negation and conjunction. The following datatype serves exactly
that purpose:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{datatype}\isamarkupfalse%
\ boolex\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ Const\ bool\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Var\ nat\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ Neg\ boolex\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ And\ boolex\ boolex%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent
The two constants are represented by \isa{Const\ True} and
\isa{Const\ False}. Variables are represented by terms of the form
\isa{Var\ n}, where \isa{n} is a natural number (type \isa{nat}).
For example, the formula $P@0 \land \neg P@1$ is represented by the term
\isa{And\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Var\ {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Neg\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Var\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}.

\subsubsection{The Value of a Boolean Expression}

The value of a boolean expression depends on the value of its variables.
Hence the function \isa{value} takes an additional parameter, an
\emph{environment} of type \isa{nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool}, which maps variables to their
values:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}value{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}boolex\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}value\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Const\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ env\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}value\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Var\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ \ env\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ env\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}value\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Neg\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ \ env\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6E6F743E}{\isasymnot}}\ value\ b\ env{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}value\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}And\ b\ c{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ env\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}value\ b\ env\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ value\ c\ env{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent
\subsubsection{If-Expressions}

An alternative and often more efficient (because in a certain sense
canonical) representation are so-called \emph{If-expressions} built up
from constants (\isa{CIF}), variables (\isa{VIF}) and conditionals
(\isa{IF}):%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{datatype}\isamarkupfalse%
\ ifex\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ CIF\ bool\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ VIF\ nat\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ IF\ ifex\ ifex\ ifex%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent
The evaluation of If-expressions proceeds as for \isa{boolex}:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
\ valif\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}ifex\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}nat\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}valif\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}CIF\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ \ \ env\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}valif\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}VIF\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ \ \ env\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ env\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}valif\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}IF\ b\ t\ e{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ env\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}if\ valif\ b\ env\ then\ valif\ t\ env\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ else\ valif\ e\ env{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\subsubsection{Converting Boolean and If-Expressions}

The type \isa{boolex} is close to the customary representation of logical
formulae, whereas \isa{ifex} is designed for efficiency. It is easy to
translate from \isa{boolex} into \isa{ifex}:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
\ bool{\isadigit{2}}if\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}boolex\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ ifex{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}bool{\isadigit{2}}if\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Const\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ CIF\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}bool{\isadigit{2}}if\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Var\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ \ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ VIF\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}bool{\isadigit{2}}if\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}Neg\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ \ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ IF\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}bool{\isadigit{2}}if\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}CIF\ False{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}CIF\ True{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}bool{\isadigit{2}}if\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}And\ b\ c{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ IF\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}bool{\isadigit{2}}if\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}bool{\isadigit{2}}if\ c{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}CIF\ False{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent
At last, we have something we can verify: that \isa{bool{\isadigit{2}}if} preserves the
value of its argument:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}valif\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}bool{\isadigit{2}}if\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ env\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ value\ b\ env{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
\isadelimproof
%
\endisadelimproof
%
\isatagproof
%
\begin{isamarkuptxt}%
\noindent
The proof is canonical:%
\end{isamarkuptxt}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{apply}\isamarkupfalse%
{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\isacommand{apply}\isamarkupfalse%
{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}auto{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
\isacommand{done}\isamarkupfalse%
%
\endisatagproof
{\isafoldproof}%
%
\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent
In fact, all proofs in this case study look exactly like this. Hence we do
not show them below.

More interesting is the transformation of If-expressions into a normal form
where the first argument of \isa{IF} cannot be another \isa{IF} but
must be a constant or variable. Such a normal form can be computed by
repeatedly replacing a subterm of the form \isa{IF\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}IF\ b\ x\ y{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ z\ u} by
\isa{IF\ b\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}IF\ x\ z\ u{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}IF\ y\ z\ u{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}, which has the same value. The following
primitive recursive functions perform this task:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
\ normif\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}ifex\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ ifex\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ ifex\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ ifex{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}normif\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}CIF\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ \ \ t\ e\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ IF\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}CIF\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t\ e{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}normif\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}VIF\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ \ \ t\ e\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ IF\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}VIF\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ t\ e{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}normif\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}IF\ b\ t\ e{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ u\ f\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ normif\ b\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}normif\ t\ u\ f{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}normif\ e\ u\ f{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
\isanewline
\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
\ norm\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}ifex\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ ifex{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}norm\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}CIF\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ CIF\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}norm\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}VIF\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ VIF\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}norm\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}IF\ b\ t\ e{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ normif\ b\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}norm\ t{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}norm\ e{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent
Their interplay is tricky; we leave it to you to develop an
intuitive understanding. Fortunately, Isabelle can help us to verify that the
transformation preserves the value of the expression:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{theorem}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}valif\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}norm\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ env\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ valif\ b\ env{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
\isadelimproof
%
\endisadelimproof
%
\isatagproof
%
\endisatagproof
{\isafoldproof}%
%
\isadelimproof
%
\endisadelimproof
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent
The proof is canonical, provided we first show the following simplification
lemma, which also helps to understand what \isa{normif} does:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\isanewline
\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}t\ e{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ valif\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}normif\ b\ t\ e{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ env\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ valif\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}IF\ b\ t\ e{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ env{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
\isadelimproof
%
\endisadelimproof
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\isatagproof
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\endisatagproof
{\isafoldproof}%
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\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
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\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
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\isatagproof
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\endisatagproof
{\isafoldproof}%
%
\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent
Note that the lemma does not have a name, but is implicitly used in the proof
of the theorem shown above because of the \isa{{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}} attribute.

But how can we be sure that \isa{norm} really produces a normal form in
the above sense? We define a function that tests If-expressions for normality:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{primrec}\isamarkupfalse%
\ normal\ {\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}ifex\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ bool{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ \isakeyword{where}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}normal{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}CIF\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ True{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}normal{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}VIF\ x{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ True{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\isanewline
{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}normal{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}IF\ b\ t\ e{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}normal\ t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ normal\ e\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\isanewline
\ \ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}case\ b\ of\ CIF\ b\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ True\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ VIF\ x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ True\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ IF\ x\ y\ z\ {\isaliteral{5C3C52696768746172726F773E}{\isasymRightarrow}}\ False{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\noindent
Now we prove \isa{normal\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}norm\ b{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}}. Of course, this requires a lemma about
normality of \isa{normif}:%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
\isacommand{lemma}\isamarkupfalse%
\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}simp{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}t\ e{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ normal{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}normif\ b\ t\ e{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}normal\ t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C616E643E}{\isasymand}}\ normal\ e{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
\isadelimproof
%
\endisadelimproof
%
\isatagproof
%
\endisatagproof
{\isafoldproof}%
%
\isadelimproof
%
\endisadelimproof
%
\isadelimproof
%
\endisadelimproof
%
\isatagproof
%
\endisatagproof
{\isafoldproof}%
%
\isadelimproof
%
\endisadelimproof
%
\begin{isamarkuptext}%
\medskip
How do we come up with the required lemmas? Try to prove the main theorems
without them and study carefully what \isa{auto} leaves unproved. This 
can provide the clue.  The necessity of universal quantification
(\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C666F72616C6C3E}{\isasymforall}}t\ e}) in the two lemmas is explained in
\S\ref{sec:InductionHeuristics}

\begin{exercise}
  We strengthen the definition of a \isa{normal} If-expression as follows:
  the first argument of all \isa{IF}s must be a variable. Adapt the above
  development to this changed requirement. (Hint: you may need to formulate
  some of the goals as implications (\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymlongrightarrow}}}) rather than
  equalities (\isa{{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}}).)
\end{exercise}
\index{boolean expressions example|)}%
\end{isamarkuptext}%
\isamarkuptrue%
%
\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
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\isatagproof
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\endisatagproof
{\isafoldproof}%
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\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
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\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
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\isatagproof
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\endisatagproof
{\isafoldproof}%
%
\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
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\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
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\isatagproof
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\endisatagproof
{\isafoldproof}%
%
\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
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\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
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\isatagproof
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\endisatagproof
{\isafoldproof}%
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\isadelimproof
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\endisadelimproof
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\isadelimtheory
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\endisadelimtheory
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\isatagtheory
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\endisatagtheory
{\isafoldtheory}%
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\isadelimtheory
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\endisadelimtheory
\end{isabellebody}%
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