Added lots of material on infinite sums, convergence radii, harmonic numbers, Gamma function
(*
Title: HOL/Library/Nonpos_Ints.thy
Author: Manuel Eberl, TU München
The set of non-positive integers on a ring. (in analogy to the set of non-negative
integers @{term "\<nat>"}) This is useful e.g. for the Gamma function.
*)
theory Nonpos_Ints
imports Complex_Main
begin
subsection \<open>Non-positive integers\<close>
definition nonpos_Ints ("\<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0") where "\<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 = {of_int n |n. n \<le> 0}"
lemma zero_in_nonpos_Ints [simp,intro]: "0 \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
unfolding nonpos_Ints_def by (auto intro!: exI[of _ "0::int"])
lemma neg_one_in_nonpos_Ints [simp,intro]: "-1 \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
unfolding nonpos_Ints_def by (auto intro!: exI[of _ "-1::int"])
lemma neg_numeral_in_nonpos_Ints [simp,intro]: "-numeral n \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
unfolding nonpos_Ints_def by (auto intro!: exI[of _ "-numeral n::int"])
lemma one_notin_nonpos_Ints [simp]: "(1 :: 'a :: ring_char_0) \<notin> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
by (auto simp: nonpos_Ints_def)
lemma numeral_notin_nonpos_Ints [simp]: "(numeral n :: 'a :: ring_char_0) \<notin> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
by (auto simp: nonpos_Ints_def)
lemma minus_of_nat_in_nonpos_Ints [simp, intro]: "- of_nat n \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
proof -
have "- of_nat n = of_int (-int n)" by simp
also have "-int n \<le> 0" by simp
hence "of_int (-int n) \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0" unfolding nonpos_Ints_def by blast
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma of_nat_in_nonpos_Ints_iff: "(of_nat n :: 'a :: {ring_1,ring_char_0}) \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<longleftrightarrow> n = 0"
proof
assume "(of_nat n :: 'a) \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
then obtain m where "of_nat n = (of_int m :: 'a)" "m \<le> 0" by (auto simp: nonpos_Ints_def)
hence "(of_int m :: 'a) = of_nat n" by simp
also have "... = of_int (int n)" by simp
finally have "m = int n" by (subst (asm) of_int_eq_iff)
with `m \<le> 0` show "n = 0" by auto
qed simp
lemma nonpos_Ints_of_int: "n \<le> 0 \<Longrightarrow> of_int n \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
unfolding nonpos_Ints_def by blast
lemma nonpos_IntsI:
"x \<in> \<int> \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> 0 \<Longrightarrow> (x :: 'a :: linordered_idom) \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
using assms unfolding nonpos_Ints_def Ints_def by auto
lemma nonpos_Ints_subset_Ints: "\<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<subseteq> \<int>"
unfolding nonpos_Ints_def Ints_def by blast
lemma nonpos_Ints_nonpos [dest]: "x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> (0 :: 'a :: linordered_idom)"
unfolding nonpos_Ints_def by auto
lemma nonpos_Ints_Int [dest]: "x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> \<int>"
unfolding nonpos_Ints_def Ints_def by blast
lemma nonpos_Ints_cases:
assumes "x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
obtains n where "x = of_int n" "n \<le> 0"
using assms unfolding nonpos_Ints_def by (auto elim!: Ints_cases)
lemma nonpos_Ints_cases':
assumes "x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
obtains n where "x = -of_nat n"
proof -
from assms obtain m where "x = of_int m" and m: "m \<le> 0" by (auto elim!: nonpos_Ints_cases)
hence "x = - of_int (-m)" by auto
also from m have "(of_int (-m) :: 'a) = of_nat (nat (-m))" by simp_all
finally show ?thesis by (rule that)
qed
lemma of_real_in_nonpos_Ints_iff: "(of_real x :: 'a :: real_algebra_1) \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<longleftrightarrow> x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
proof
assume "of_real x \<in> (\<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 :: 'a set)"
then obtain n where "(of_real x :: 'a) = of_int n" "n \<le> 0" by (erule nonpos_Ints_cases)
note `of_real x = of_int n`
also have "of_int n = of_real (of_int n)" by (rule of_real_of_int_eq [symmetric])
finally have "x = of_int n" by (subst (asm) of_real_eq_iff)
with `n \<le> 0` show "x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0" by (simp add: nonpos_Ints_of_int)
qed (auto elim!: nonpos_Ints_cases intro!: nonpos_Ints_of_int)
lemma nonpos_Ints_altdef: "\<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 = {n \<in> \<int>. (n :: 'a :: linordered_idom) \<le> 0}"
by (auto intro!: nonpos_IntsI elim!: nonpos_Ints_cases)
lemma uminus_in_Nats_iff: "-x \<in> \<nat> \<longleftrightarrow> x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
proof
assume "-x \<in> \<nat>"
then obtain n where "n \<ge> 0" "-x = of_int n" by (auto simp: Nats_altdef1)
hence "-n \<le> 0" "x = of_int (-n)" by (simp_all add: eq_commute minus_equation_iff[of x])
thus "x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0" unfolding nonpos_Ints_def by blast
next
assume "x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
then obtain n where "n \<le> 0" "x = of_int n" by (auto simp: nonpos_Ints_def)
hence "-n \<ge> 0" "-x = of_int (-n)" by (simp_all add: eq_commute minus_equation_iff[of x])
thus "-x \<in> \<nat>" unfolding Nats_altdef1 by blast
qed
lemma uminus_in_nonpos_Ints_iff: "-x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<longleftrightarrow> x \<in> \<nat>"
using uminus_in_Nats_iff[of "-x"] by simp
lemma nonpos_Ints_mult: "x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<Longrightarrow> x * y \<in> \<nat>"
using Nats_mult[of "-x" "-y"] by (simp add: uminus_in_Nats_iff)
lemma Nats_mult_nonpos_Ints: "x \<in> \<nat> \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<Longrightarrow> x * y \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
using Nats_mult[of x "-y"] by (simp add: uminus_in_Nats_iff)
lemma nonpos_Ints_mult_Nats:
"x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> \<nat> \<Longrightarrow> x * y \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
using Nats_mult[of "-x" y] by (simp add: uminus_in_Nats_iff)
lemma nonpos_Ints_add:
"x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<Longrightarrow> x + y \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
using Nats_add[of "-x" "-y"] uminus_in_Nats_iff[of "y+x", simplified minus_add]
by (simp add: uminus_in_Nats_iff add.commute)
lemma nonpos_Ints_diff_Nats:
"x \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> \<nat> \<Longrightarrow> x - y \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
using Nats_add[of "-x" "y"] uminus_in_Nats_iff[of "x-y", simplified minus_add]
by (simp add: uminus_in_Nats_iff add.commute)
lemma Nats_diff_nonpos_Ints:
"x \<in> \<nat> \<Longrightarrow> y \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0 \<Longrightarrow> x - y \<in> \<nat>"
using Nats_add[of "x" "-y"] by (simp add: uminus_in_Nats_iff add.commute)
lemma plus_of_nat_eq_0_imp: "z + of_nat n = 0 \<Longrightarrow> z \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0"
proof -
assume "z + of_nat n = 0"
hence A: "z = - of_nat n" by (simp add: eq_neg_iff_add_eq_0)
show "z \<in> \<int>\<^sub>\<le>\<^sub>0" by (subst A) simp
qed
end