--- a/src/HOL/Complex/NSCA.thy Sat Feb 21 20:05:16 2004 +0100
+++ b/src/HOL/Complex/NSCA.thy Mon Feb 23 16:35:46 2004 +0100
@@ -1,44 +1,1461 @@
(* Title : NSCA.thy
Author : Jacques D. Fleuriot
Copyright : 2001,2002 University of Edinburgh
- Description : Infinite, infinitesimal complex number etc!
*)
-NSCA = NSComplex +
+header{*Non-Standard Complex Analysis*}
-consts
+theory NSCA = NSComplex:
- (* infinitely close *)
- "@c=" :: [hcomplex,hcomplex] => bool (infixl 50)
+constdefs
+ capprox :: "[hcomplex,hcomplex] => bool" (infixl "@c=" 50)
+ --{*the ``infinitely close'' relation*}
+ "x @c= y == (x - y) \<in> CInfinitesimal"
-constdefs
(* standard complex numbers reagarded as an embedded subset of NS complex *)
SComplex :: "hcomplex set"
- "SComplex == {x. EX r. x = hcomplex_of_complex r}"
+ "SComplex == {x. \<exists>r. x = hcomplex_of_complex r}"
CInfinitesimal :: "hcomplex set"
- "CInfinitesimal == {x. ALL r: Reals. 0 < r --> hcmod x < r}"
+ "CInfinitesimal == {x. \<forall>r \<in> Reals. 0 < r --> hcmod x < r}"
CFinite :: "hcomplex set"
- "CFinite == {x. EX r: Reals. hcmod x < r}"
+ "CFinite == {x. \<exists>r \<in> Reals. hcmod x < r}"
CInfinite :: "hcomplex set"
- "CInfinite == {x. ALL r: Reals. r < hcmod x}"
+ "CInfinite == {x. \<forall>r \<in> Reals. r < hcmod x}"
- (* standard part map *)
- stc :: hcomplex => hcomplex
- "stc x == (@r. x : CFinite & r:SComplex & r @c= x)"
+ stc :: "hcomplex => hcomplex"
+ --{* standard part map*}
+ "stc x == (@r. x \<in> CFinite & r:SComplex & r @c= x)"
- cmonad :: hcomplex => hcomplex set
+ cmonad :: "hcomplex => hcomplex set"
"cmonad x == {y. x @c= y}"
- cgalaxy :: hcomplex => hcomplex set
- "cgalaxy x == {y. (x - y) : CFinite}"
+ cgalaxy :: "hcomplex => hcomplex set"
+ "cgalaxy x == {y. (x - y) \<in> CFinite}"
+
+
+
+subsection{*Closure Laws for SComplex, the Standard Complex Numbers*}
+
+lemma SComplex_add: "[| x \<in> SComplex; y \<in> SComplex |] ==> x + y \<in> SComplex"
+apply (simp add: SComplex_def, safe)
+apply (rule_tac x = "r + ra" in exI, simp)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_mult: "[| x \<in> SComplex; y \<in> SComplex |] ==> x * y \<in> SComplex"
+apply (simp add: SComplex_def, safe)
+apply (rule_tac x = "r * ra" in exI, simp)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_inverse: "x \<in> SComplex ==> inverse x \<in> SComplex"
+apply (simp add: SComplex_def)
+apply (blast intro: hcomplex_of_complex_inverse [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_divide: "[| x \<in> SComplex; y \<in> SComplex |] ==> x/y \<in> SComplex"
+by (simp add: SComplex_mult SComplex_inverse divide_inverse_zero)
+
+lemma SComplex_minus: "x \<in> SComplex ==> -x \<in> SComplex"
+apply (simp add: SComplex_def)
+apply (blast intro: hcomplex_of_complex_minus [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_minus_iff [simp]: "(-x \<in> SComplex) = (x \<in> SComplex)"
+apply auto
+apply (erule_tac [2] SComplex_minus)
+apply (drule SComplex_minus, auto)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_diff: "[| x \<in> SComplex; y \<in> SComplex |] ==> x - y \<in> SComplex"
+by (simp add: diff_minus SComplex_add)
+
+lemma SComplex_add_cancel:
+ "[| x + y \<in> SComplex; y \<in> SComplex |] ==> x \<in> SComplex"
+by (drule SComplex_diff, assumption, simp)
+
+lemma SReal_hcmod_hcomplex_of_complex [simp]:
+ "hcmod (hcomplex_of_complex r) \<in> Reals"
+by (simp add: hcomplex_of_complex_def hcmod SReal_def hypreal_of_real_def)
+
+lemma SReal_hcmod_number_of [simp]: "hcmod (number_of w ::hcomplex) \<in> Reals"
+apply (subst hcomplex_number_of [symmetric])
+apply (rule SReal_hcmod_hcomplex_of_complex)
+done
+
+lemma SReal_hcmod_SComplex: "x \<in> SComplex ==> hcmod x \<in> Reals"
+by (auto simp add: SComplex_def)
+
+lemma SComplex_hcomplex_of_complex [simp]: "hcomplex_of_complex x \<in> SComplex"
+by (simp add: SComplex_def)
+
+lemma SComplex_number_of [simp]: "(number_of w ::hcomplex) \<in> SComplex"
+apply (subst hcomplex_number_of [symmetric])
+apply (rule SComplex_hcomplex_of_complex)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_divide_number_of:
+ "r \<in> SComplex ==> r/(number_of w::hcomplex) \<in> SComplex"
+apply (simp only: divide_inverse_zero)
+apply (blast intro!: SComplex_number_of SComplex_mult SComplex_inverse)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_UNIV_complex:
+ "{x. hcomplex_of_complex x \<in> SComplex} = (UNIV::complex set)"
+by (simp add: SComplex_def)
+
+lemma SComplex_iff: "(x \<in> SComplex) = (\<exists>y. x = hcomplex_of_complex y)"
+by (simp add: SComplex_def)
+
+lemma hcomplex_of_complex_image:
+ "hcomplex_of_complex `(UNIV::complex set) = SComplex"
+by (auto simp add: SComplex_def)
+
+lemma inv_hcomplex_of_complex_image: "inv hcomplex_of_complex `SComplex = UNIV"
+apply (auto simp add: SComplex_def)
+apply (rule inj_hcomplex_of_complex [THEN inv_f_f, THEN subst], blast)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_hcomplex_of_complex_image:
+ "[| \<exists>x. x: P; P \<le> SComplex |] ==> \<exists>Q. P = hcomplex_of_complex ` Q"
+apply (simp add: SComplex_def, blast)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_SReal_dense:
+ "[| x \<in> SComplex; y \<in> SComplex; hcmod x < hcmod y
+ |] ==> \<exists>r \<in> Reals. hcmod x< r & r < hcmod y"
+apply (auto intro: SReal_dense simp add: SReal_hcmod_SComplex)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_hcmod_SReal:
+ "z \<in> SComplex ==> hcmod z \<in> Reals"
+apply (simp add: SComplex_def SReal_def)
+apply (rule_tac z = z in eq_Abs_hcomplex)
+apply (auto simp add: hcmod hypreal_of_real_def hcomplex_of_complex_def cmod_def)
+apply (rule_tac x = "cmod r" in exI)
+apply (simp add: cmod_def, ultra)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_zero [simp]: "0 \<in> SComplex"
+by (simp add: SComplex_def hcomplex_of_complex_zero_iff)
+
+lemma SComplex_one [simp]: "1 \<in> SComplex"
+by (simp add: SComplex_def hcomplex_of_complex_def hcomplex_one_def)
+
+(*
+Goalw [SComplex_def,SReal_def] "hcmod z \<in> Reals ==> z \<in> SComplex"
+by (res_inst_tac [("z","z")] eq_Abs_hcomplex 1);
+by (auto_tac (claset(),simpset() addsimps [hcmod,hypreal_of_real_def,
+ hcomplex_of_complex_def,cmod_def]));
+*)
+
+
+subsection{*The Finite Elements form a Subring*}
+
+lemma CFinite_add: "[|x \<in> CFinite; y \<in> CFinite|] ==> (x+y) \<in> CFinite"
+apply (simp add: CFinite_def)
+apply (blast intro!: SReal_add hcmod_add_less)
+done
+
+lemma CFinite_mult: "[|x \<in> CFinite; y \<in> CFinite|] ==> x*y \<in> CFinite"
+apply (simp add: CFinite_def)
+apply (blast intro!: SReal_mult hcmod_mult_less)
+done
+
+lemma CFinite_minus_iff [simp]: "(-x \<in> CFinite) = (x \<in> CFinite)"
+by (simp add: CFinite_def)
+
+lemma SComplex_subset_CFinite [simp]: "SComplex \<le> CFinite"
+apply (auto simp add: SComplex_def CFinite_def)
+apply (rule_tac x = "1 + hcmod (hcomplex_of_complex r) " in bexI)
+apply (auto intro: SReal_add)
+done
+
+lemma HFinite_hcmod_hcomplex_of_complex [simp]:
+ "hcmod (hcomplex_of_complex r) \<in> HFinite"
+by (auto intro!: SReal_subset_HFinite [THEN subsetD])
+
+lemma CFinite_hcomplex_of_complex [simp]: "hcomplex_of_complex x \<in> CFinite"
+by (auto intro!: SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD])
+
+lemma CFiniteD: "x \<in> CFinite ==> \<exists>t \<in> Reals. hcmod x < t"
+by (simp add: CFinite_def)
+
+lemma CFinite_hcmod_iff: "(x \<in> CFinite) = (hcmod x \<in> HFinite)"
+by (simp add: CFinite_def HFinite_def)
+
+lemma CFinite_number_of [simp]: "number_of w \<in> CFinite"
+by (rule SComplex_number_of [THEN SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD]])
+
+lemma CFinite_bounded: "[|x \<in> CFinite; y \<le> hcmod x; 0 \<le> y |] ==> y: HFinite"
+by (auto intro: HFinite_bounded simp add: CFinite_hcmod_iff)
+
+
+subsection{*The Complex Infinitesimals form a Subring*}
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_zero [iff]: "0 \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (simp add: CInfinitesimal_def)
+
+lemma hcomplex_sum_of_halves: "x/(2::hcomplex) + x/(2::hcomplex) = x"
+by auto
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff:
+ "(z \<in> CInfinitesimal) = (hcmod z \<in> Infinitesimal)"
+by (simp add: CInfinitesimal_def Infinitesimal_def)
+
+lemma one_not_CInfinitesimal [simp]: "1 \<notin> CInfinitesimal"
+by (simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_add:
+ "[| x \<in> CInfinitesimal; y \<in> CInfinitesimal |] ==> (x+y) \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+apply (auto simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
+apply (rule hrabs_le_Infinitesimal)
+apply (rule_tac y = "hcmod y" in Infinitesimal_add, auto)
+done
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_minus_iff [simp]:
+ "(-x:CInfinitesimal) = (x:CInfinitesimal)"
+by (simp add: CInfinitesimal_def)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_diff:
+ "[| x \<in> CInfinitesimal; y \<in> CInfinitesimal |] ==> x-y \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (simp add: diff_minus CInfinitesimal_add)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_mult:
+ "[| x \<in> CInfinitesimal; y \<in> CInfinitesimal |] ==> x * y \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto intro: Infinitesimal_mult simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff hcmod_mult)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult:
+ "[| x \<in> CInfinitesimal; y \<in> CFinite |] ==> (x * y) \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto intro: Infinitesimal_HFinite_mult simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff CFinite_hcmod_iff hcmod_mult)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult2:
+ "[| x \<in> CInfinitesimal; y \<in> CFinite |] ==> (y * x) \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto dest: CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult simp add: hcomplex_mult_commute)
+
+lemma CInfinite_hcmod_iff: "(z \<in> CInfinite) = (hcmod z \<in> HInfinite)"
+by (simp add: CInfinite_def HInfinite_def)
+
+lemma CInfinite_inverse_CInfinitesimal:
+ "x \<in> CInfinite ==> inverse x \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto intro: HInfinite_inverse_Infinitesimal simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff CInfinite_hcmod_iff hcmod_hcomplex_inverse)
+
+lemma CInfinite_mult: "[|x \<in> CInfinite; y \<in> CInfinite|] ==> (x*y): CInfinite"
+by (auto intro: HInfinite_mult simp add: CInfinite_hcmod_iff hcmod_mult)
+
+lemma CInfinite_minus_iff [simp]: "(-x \<in> CInfinite) = (x \<in> CInfinite)"
+by (simp add: CInfinite_def)
+
+lemma CFinite_sum_squares:
+ "[|a \<in> CFinite; b \<in> CFinite; c \<in> CFinite|]
+ ==> a*a + b*b + c*c \<in> CFinite"
+by (auto intro: CFinite_mult CFinite_add)
+
+lemma not_CInfinitesimal_not_zero: "x \<notin> CInfinitesimal ==> x \<noteq> 0"
+by auto
+
+lemma not_CInfinitesimal_not_zero2: "x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal ==> x \<noteq> 0"
+by auto
+
+lemma CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal_hcmod:
+ "x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal ==> hcmod x \<in> HFinite - Infinitesimal"
+by (simp add: CFinite_hcmod_iff CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
+
+lemma hcmod_less_CInfinitesimal:
+ "[| e \<in> CInfinitesimal; hcmod x < hcmod e |] ==> x \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto intro: hrabs_less_Infinitesimal simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
+
+lemma hcmod_le_CInfinitesimal:
+ "[| e \<in> CInfinitesimal; hcmod x \<le> hcmod e |] ==> x \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto intro: hrabs_le_Infinitesimal simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_interval:
+ "[| e \<in> CInfinitesimal;
+ e' \<in> CInfinitesimal;
+ hcmod e' < hcmod x ; hcmod x < hcmod e
+ |] ==> x \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto intro: Infinitesimal_interval simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_interval2:
+ "[| e \<in> CInfinitesimal;
+ e' \<in> CInfinitesimal;
+ hcmod e' \<le> hcmod x ; hcmod x \<le> hcmod e
+ |] ==> x \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto intro: Infinitesimal_interval2 simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
+
+lemma not_CInfinitesimal_mult:
+ "[| x \<notin> CInfinitesimal; y \<notin> CInfinitesimal|] ==> (x*y) \<notin> CInfinitesimal"
+apply (auto simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff hcmod_mult)
+apply (drule not_Infinitesimal_mult, auto)
+done
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_mult_disj:
+ "x*y \<in> CInfinitesimal ==> x \<in> CInfinitesimal | y \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto dest: Infinitesimal_mult_disj simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff hcmod_mult)
+
+lemma CFinite_CInfinitesimal_diff_mult:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal; y \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal |]
+ ==> x*y \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal"
+by (blast dest: CFinite_mult not_CInfinitesimal_mult)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_subset_CFinite: "CInfinitesimal \<le> CFinite"
+by (auto intro: Infinitesimal_subset_HFinite [THEN subsetD]
+ simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff CFinite_hcmod_iff)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_hcomplex_of_complex_mult:
+ "x \<in> CInfinitesimal ==> x * hcomplex_of_complex r \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto intro!: Infinitesimal_HFinite_mult simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff hcmod_mult)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_hcomplex_of_complex_mult2:
+ "x \<in> CInfinitesimal ==> hcomplex_of_complex r * x \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto intro!: Infinitesimal_HFinite_mult2 simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff hcmod_mult)
+
+
+subsection{*The ``Infinitely Close'' Relation*}
+
+(*
+Goalw [capprox_def,approx_def] "(z @c= w) = (hcmod z @= hcmod w)"
+by (auto_tac (claset(),simpset() addsimps [CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff]));
+*)
+
+lemma mem_cinfmal_iff: "x:CInfinitesimal = (x @c= 0)"
+by (simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff capprox_def)
+
+lemma capprox_minus_iff: "(x @c= y) = (x + -y @c= 0)"
+by (simp add: capprox_def diff_minus)
+
+lemma capprox_minus_iff2: "(x @c= y) = (-y + x @c= 0)"
+by (simp add: capprox_def diff_minus add_commute)
+
+lemma capprox_refl [simp]: "x @c= x"
+by (simp add: capprox_def)
+
+lemma capprox_sym: "x @c= y ==> y @c= x"
+by (simp add: capprox_def CInfinitesimal_def hcmod_diff_commute)
+
+lemma capprox_trans: "[| x @c= y; y @c= z |] ==> x @c= z"
+apply (simp add: capprox_def)
+apply (drule CInfinitesimal_add, assumption)
+apply (simp add: diff_minus)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_trans2: "[| r @c= x; s @c= x |] ==> r @c= s"
+by (blast intro: capprox_sym capprox_trans)
+
+lemma capprox_trans3: "[| x @c= r; x @c= s|] ==> r @c= s"
+by (blast intro: capprox_sym capprox_trans)
+
+lemma number_of_capprox_reorient [simp]:
+ "(number_of w @c= x) = (x @c= number_of w)"
+by (blast intro: capprox_sym)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_capprox_minus: "(x-y \<in> CInfinitesimal) = (x @c= y)"
+by (simp add: diff_minus capprox_minus_iff [symmetric] mem_cinfmal_iff)
+
+lemma capprox_monad_iff: "(x @c= y) = (cmonad(x)=cmonad(y))"
+by (auto simp add: cmonad_def dest: capprox_sym elim!: capprox_trans equalityCE)
+
+lemma Infinitesimal_capprox:
+ "[| x \<in> CInfinitesimal; y \<in> CInfinitesimal |] ==> x @c= y"
+apply (simp add: mem_cinfmal_iff)
+apply (blast intro: capprox_trans capprox_sym)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_add: "[| a @c= b; c @c= d |] ==> a+c @c= b+d"
+apply (simp add: capprox_def diff_minus)
+apply (rule minus_add_distrib [THEN ssubst])
+apply (rule add_assoc [THEN ssubst])
+apply (rule_tac b1 = c in add_left_commute [THEN subst])
+apply (rule add_assoc [THEN subst])
+apply (blast intro: CInfinitesimal_add)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_minus: "a @c= b ==> -a @c= -b"
+apply (rule capprox_minus_iff [THEN iffD2, THEN capprox_sym])
+apply (drule capprox_minus_iff [THEN iffD1])
+apply (simp add: add_commute)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_minus2: "-a @c= -b ==> a @c= b"
+by (auto dest: capprox_minus)
+
+lemma capprox_minus_cancel [simp]: "(-a @c= -b) = (a @c= b)"
+by (blast intro: capprox_minus capprox_minus2)
+
+lemma capprox_add_minus: "[| a @c= b; c @c= d |] ==> a + -c @c= b + -d"
+by (blast intro!: capprox_add capprox_minus)
+
+lemma capprox_mult1:
+ "[| a @c= b; c \<in> CFinite|] ==> a*c @c= b*c"
+apply (simp add: capprox_def diff_minus)
+apply (simp only: CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult minus_mult_left hcomplex_add_mult_distrib [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma capprox_mult2: "[|a @c= b; c \<in> CFinite|] ==> c*a @c= c*b"
+by (simp add: capprox_mult1 hcomplex_mult_commute)
+
+lemma capprox_mult_subst:
+ "[|u @c= v*x; x @c= y; v \<in> CFinite|] ==> u @c= v*y"
+by (blast intro: capprox_mult2 capprox_trans)
+
+lemma capprox_mult_subst2:
+ "[| u @c= x*v; x @c= y; v \<in> CFinite |] ==> u @c= y*v"
+by (blast intro: capprox_mult1 capprox_trans)
+
+lemma capprox_mult_subst_SComplex:
+ "[| u @c= x*hcomplex_of_complex v; x @c= y |]
+ ==> u @c= y*hcomplex_of_complex v"
+by (auto intro: capprox_mult_subst2)
+
+lemma capprox_eq_imp: "a = b ==> a @c= b"
+by (simp add: capprox_def)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_minus_capprox: "x \<in> CInfinitesimal ==> -x @c= x"
+by (blast intro: CInfinitesimal_minus_iff [THEN iffD2] mem_cinfmal_iff [THEN iffD1] capprox_trans2)
+
+lemma bex_CInfinitesimal_iff: "(\<exists>y \<in> CInfinitesimal. x - z = y) = (x @c= z)"
+by (unfold capprox_def, blast)
+
+lemma bex_CInfinitesimal_iff2: "(\<exists>y \<in> CInfinitesimal. x = z + y) = (x @c= z)"
+by (simp add: bex_CInfinitesimal_iff [symmetric], force)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_add_capprox:
+ "[| y \<in> CInfinitesimal; x + y = z |] ==> x @c= z"
+apply (rule bex_CInfinitesimal_iff [THEN iffD1])
+apply (drule CInfinitesimal_minus_iff [THEN iffD2])
+apply (simp add: eq_commute compare_rls)
+done
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self: "y \<in> CInfinitesimal ==> x @c= x + y"
+apply (rule bex_CInfinitesimal_iff [THEN iffD1])
+apply (drule CInfinitesimal_minus_iff [THEN iffD2])
+apply (simp add: eq_commute compare_rls)
+done
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self2: "y \<in> CInfinitesimal ==> x @c= y + x"
+by (auto dest: CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self simp add: add_commute)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_add_minus_capprox_self:
+ "y \<in> CInfinitesimal ==> x @c= x + -y"
+by (blast intro!: CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self CInfinitesimal_minus_iff [THEN iffD2])
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_add_cancel:
+ "[| y \<in> CInfinitesimal; x+y @c= z|] ==> x @c= z"
+apply (drule_tac x = x in CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self [THEN capprox_sym])
+apply (erule capprox_trans3 [THEN capprox_sym], assumption)
+done
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_add_right_cancel:
+ "[| y \<in> CInfinitesimal; x @c= z + y|] ==> x @c= z"
+apply (drule_tac x = z in CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self2 [THEN capprox_sym])
+apply (erule capprox_trans3 [THEN capprox_sym])
+apply (simp add: add_commute)
+apply (erule capprox_sym)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_add_left_cancel: "d + b @c= d + c ==> b @c= c"
+apply (drule capprox_minus_iff [THEN iffD1])
+apply (simp add: minus_add_distrib capprox_minus_iff [symmetric] add_ac)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_add_right_cancel: "b + d @c= c + d ==> b @c= c"
+apply (rule capprox_add_left_cancel)
+apply (simp add: add_commute)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_add_mono1: "b @c= c ==> d + b @c= d + c"
+apply (rule capprox_minus_iff [THEN iffD2])
+apply (simp add: capprox_minus_iff [symmetric] add_ac)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_add_mono2: "b @c= c ==> b + a @c= c + a"
+apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: add_commute capprox_add_mono1)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_add_left_iff [iff]: "(a + b @c= a + c) = (b @c= c)"
+by (fast elim: capprox_add_left_cancel capprox_add_mono1)
+
+lemma capprox_add_right_iff [iff]: "(b + a @c= c + a) = (b @c= c)"
+by (simp add: add_commute)
+
+lemma capprox_CFinite: "[| x \<in> CFinite; x @c= y |] ==> y \<in> CFinite"
+apply (drule bex_CInfinitesimal_iff2 [THEN iffD2], safe)
+apply (drule CInfinitesimal_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD, THEN CFinite_minus_iff [THEN iffD2]])
+apply (drule CFinite_add)
+apply (assumption, auto)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_hcomplex_of_complex_CFinite:
+ "x @c= hcomplex_of_complex D ==> x \<in> CFinite"
+by (rule capprox_sym [THEN [2] capprox_CFinite], auto)
+
+lemma capprox_mult_CFinite:
+ "[|a @c= b; c @c= d; b \<in> CFinite; d \<in> CFinite|] ==> a*c @c= b*d"
+apply (rule capprox_trans)
+apply (rule_tac [2] capprox_mult2)
+apply (rule capprox_mult1)
+prefer 2 apply (blast intro: capprox_CFinite capprox_sym, auto)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_mult_hcomplex_of_complex:
+ "[|a @c= hcomplex_of_complex b; c @c= hcomplex_of_complex d |]
+ ==> a*c @c= hcomplex_of_complex b * hcomplex_of_complex d"
+apply (blast intro!: capprox_mult_CFinite capprox_hcomplex_of_complex_CFinite CFinite_hcomplex_of_complex)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_SComplex_mult_cancel_zero:
+ "[| a \<in> SComplex; a \<noteq> 0; a*x @c= 0 |] ==> x @c= 0"
+apply (drule SComplex_inverse [THEN SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD]])
+apply (auto dest: capprox_mult2 simp add: hcomplex_mult_assoc [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma capprox_mult_SComplex1: "[| a \<in> SComplex; x @c= 0 |] ==> x*a @c= 0"
+by (auto dest: SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD] capprox_mult1)
+
+lemma capprox_mult_SComplex2: "[| a \<in> SComplex; x @c= 0 |] ==> a*x @c= 0"
+by (auto dest: SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD] capprox_mult2)
+
+lemma capprox_mult_SComplex_zero_cancel_iff [simp]:
+ "[|a \<in> SComplex; a \<noteq> 0 |] ==> (a*x @c= 0) = (x @c= 0)"
+by (blast intro: capprox_SComplex_mult_cancel_zero capprox_mult_SComplex2)
+
+lemma capprox_SComplex_mult_cancel:
+ "[| a \<in> SComplex; a \<noteq> 0; a* w @c= a*z |] ==> w @c= z"
+apply (drule SComplex_inverse [THEN SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD]])
+apply (auto dest: capprox_mult2 simp add: hcomplex_mult_assoc [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma capprox_SComplex_mult_cancel_iff1 [simp]:
+ "[| a \<in> SComplex; a \<noteq> 0|] ==> (a* w @c= a*z) = (w @c= z)"
+by (auto intro!: capprox_mult2 SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD]
+ intro: capprox_SComplex_mult_cancel)
+
+lemma capprox_hcmod_approx_zero: "(x @c= y) = (hcmod (y - x) @= 0)"
+apply (rule capprox_minus_iff [THEN ssubst])
+apply (simp add: capprox_def CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff mem_infmal_iff diff_minus [symmetric] hcmod_diff_commute)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_approx_zero_iff: "(x @c= 0) = (hcmod x @= 0)"
+by (simp add: capprox_hcmod_approx_zero)
+
+lemma capprox_minus_zero_cancel_iff [simp]: "(-x @c= 0) = (x @c= 0)"
+by (simp add: capprox_hcmod_approx_zero)
+
+lemma Infinitesimal_hcmod_add_diff:
+ "u @c= 0 ==> hcmod(x + u) - hcmod x \<in> Infinitesimal"
+apply (rule_tac e = "hcmod u" and e' = "- hcmod u" in Infinitesimal_interval2)
+apply (auto dest: capprox_approx_zero_iff [THEN iffD1]
+ simp add: mem_infmal_iff [symmetric] hypreal_diff_def)
+apply (rule_tac c1 = "hcmod x" in add_le_cancel_left [THEN iffD1])
+apply (auto simp add: diff_minus [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma approx_hcmod_add_hcmod: "u @c= 0 ==> hcmod(x + u) @= hcmod x"
+apply (rule approx_minus_iff [THEN iffD2])
+apply (auto intro: Infinitesimal_hcmod_add_diff simp add: mem_infmal_iff [symmetric] diff_minus [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma capprox_hcmod_approx: "x @c= y ==> hcmod x @= hcmod y"
+by (auto intro: approx_hcmod_add_hcmod
+ dest!: bex_CInfinitesimal_iff2 [THEN iffD2]
+ simp add: mem_cinfmal_iff)
-defs
+subsection{*Zero is the Only Infinitesimal Complex Number*}
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_less_SComplex:
+ "[| x \<in> SComplex; y \<in> CInfinitesimal; 0 < hcmod x |] ==> hcmod y < hcmod x"
+by (auto intro!: Infinitesimal_less_SReal SComplex_hcmod_SReal simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
+
+lemma SComplex_Int_CInfinitesimal_zero: "SComplex Int CInfinitesimal = {0}"
+apply (auto simp add: SComplex_def CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
+apply (cut_tac r = r in SReal_hcmod_hcomplex_of_complex)
+apply (drule_tac A = Reals in IntI, assumption)
+apply (subgoal_tac "hcmod (hcomplex_of_complex r) = 0")
+apply simp
+apply (simp add: SReal_Int_Infinitesimal_zero)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_CInfinitesimal_zero:
+ "[| x \<in> SComplex; x \<in> CInfinitesimal|] ==> x = 0"
+by (cut_tac SComplex_Int_CInfinitesimal_zero, blast)
+
+lemma SComplex_CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal:
+ "[| x \<in> SComplex; x \<noteq> 0 |] ==> x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal"
+by (auto dest: SComplex_CInfinitesimal_zero SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD])
+
+lemma hcomplex_of_complex_CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal:
+ "hcomplex_of_complex x \<noteq> 0
+ ==> hcomplex_of_complex x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal"
+by (rule SComplex_CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal, auto)
+
+lemma hcomplex_of_complex_CInfinitesimal_iff_0 [iff]:
+ "(hcomplex_of_complex x \<in> CInfinitesimal) = (x=0)"
+apply (auto simp add: hcomplex_of_complex_zero)
+apply (rule ccontr)
+apply (rule hcomplex_of_complex_CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal [THEN DiffD2], auto)
+done
+
+lemma number_of_not_CInfinitesimal [simp]:
+ "number_of w \<noteq> (0::hcomplex) ==> number_of w \<notin> CInfinitesimal"
+by (fast dest: SComplex_number_of [THEN SComplex_CInfinitesimal_zero])
+
+lemma capprox_SComplex_not_zero:
+ "[| y \<in> SComplex; x @c= y; y\<noteq> 0 |] ==> x \<noteq> 0"
+by (auto dest: SComplex_CInfinitesimal_zero capprox_sym [THEN mem_cinfmal_iff [THEN iffD2]])
+
+lemma CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal_capprox:
+ "[| x @c= y; y \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal |]
+ ==> x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal"
+apply (auto intro: capprox_sym [THEN [2] capprox_CFinite]
+ simp add: mem_cinfmal_iff)
+apply (drule capprox_trans3, assumption)
+apply (blast dest: capprox_sym)
+done
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_ratio:
+ "[| y \<noteq> 0; y \<in> CInfinitesimal; x/y \<in> CFinite |] ==> x \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+apply (drule CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult2, assumption)
+apply (simp add: divide_inverse_zero hcomplex_mult_assoc)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_capprox_iff:
+ "[|x \<in> SComplex; y \<in> SComplex|] ==> (x @c= y) = (x = y)"
+apply auto
+apply (simp add: capprox_def)
+apply (subgoal_tac "x-y = 0", simp)
+apply (rule SComplex_CInfinitesimal_zero)
+apply (simp add: SComplex_diff, assumption)
+done
+
+lemma number_of_capprox_iff [simp]:
+ "(number_of v @c= number_of w) = (number_of v = (number_of w :: hcomplex))"
+by (rule SComplex_capprox_iff, auto)
+
+lemma number_of_CInfinitesimal_iff [simp]:
+ "(number_of w \<in> CInfinitesimal) = (number_of w = (0::hcomplex))"
+apply (rule iffI)
+apply (fast dest: SComplex_number_of [THEN SComplex_CInfinitesimal_zero])
+apply (simp (no_asm_simp))
+done
+
+lemma hcomplex_of_complex_approx_iff [simp]:
+ "(hcomplex_of_complex k @c= hcomplex_of_complex m) = (k = m)"
+apply auto
+apply (rule inj_hcomplex_of_complex [THEN injD])
+apply (rule SComplex_capprox_iff [THEN iffD1], auto)
+done
+
+lemma hcomplex_of_complex_capprox_number_of_iff [simp]:
+ "(hcomplex_of_complex k @c= number_of w) = (k = number_of w)"
+by (subst hcomplex_of_complex_approx_iff [symmetric], auto)
+
+lemma capprox_unique_complex:
+ "[| r \<in> SComplex; s \<in> SComplex; r @c= x; s @c= x|] ==> r = s"
+by (blast intro: SComplex_capprox_iff [THEN iffD1] capprox_trans2)
+
+lemma hcomplex_capproxD1:
+ "Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) @c= Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel``{%n. Y n})
+ ==> Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(X n)}) @=
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(Y n)})"
+apply (auto simp add: approx_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff)
+apply (drule capprox_minus_iff [THEN iffD1])
+apply (auto simp add: hcomplex_minus hcomplex_add mem_cinfmal_iff [symmetric] CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff hcmod Infinitesimal_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff2)
+apply (drule_tac x = m in spec, ultra)
+apply (rename_tac Z x)
+apply (case_tac "X x")
+apply (case_tac "Y x")
+apply (auto simp add: complex_minus complex_add complex_mod
+ simp del: realpow_Suc)
+apply (rule_tac y="abs(Z x)" in order_le_less_trans)
+apply (drule_tac t = "Z x" in sym)
+apply (auto simp add: abs_eqI1 simp del: realpow_Suc)
+done
+
+(* same proof *)
+lemma hcomplex_capproxD2:
+ "Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) @c= Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel``{%n. Y n})
+ ==> Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(X n)}) @=
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(Y n)})"
+apply (auto simp add: approx_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff)
+apply (drule capprox_minus_iff [THEN iffD1])
+apply (auto simp add: hcomplex_minus hcomplex_add mem_cinfmal_iff [symmetric] CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff hcmod Infinitesimal_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff2)
+apply (drule_tac x = m in spec, ultra)
+apply (rename_tac Z x)
+apply (case_tac "X x")
+apply (case_tac "Y x")
+apply (auto simp add: complex_minus complex_add complex_mod simp del: realpow_Suc)
+apply (rule_tac y="abs(Z x)" in order_le_less_trans)
+apply (drule_tac t = "Z x" in sym)
+apply (auto simp add: abs_eqI1 simp del: realpow_Suc)
+done
+
+lemma hcomplex_capproxI:
+ "[| Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(X n)}) @=
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(Y n)});
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(X n)}) @=
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(Y n)})
+ |] ==> Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) @c= Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel``{%n. Y n})"
+apply (drule approx_minus_iff [THEN iffD1])
+apply (drule approx_minus_iff [THEN iffD1])
+apply (rule capprox_minus_iff [THEN iffD2])
+apply (auto simp add: mem_cinfmal_iff [symmetric] mem_infmal_iff [symmetric] hypreal_minus hypreal_add hcomplex_minus hcomplex_add CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff hcmod Infinitesimal_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff)
+apply (rule bexI, rule_tac [2] lemma_hyprel_refl, auto)
+apply (drule_tac x = "u/2" in spec)
+apply (drule_tac x = "u/2" in spec, auto, ultra)
+apply (drule sym, drule sym)
+apply (case_tac "X x")
+apply (case_tac "Y x")
+apply (auto simp add: complex_minus complex_add complex_mod snd_conv fst_conv numeral_2_eq_2)
+apply (rename_tac a b c d)
+apply (subgoal_tac "sqrt (abs (a + - c) ^ 2 + abs (b + - d) ^ 2) < u")
+apply (rule_tac [2] lemma_sqrt_hcomplex_capprox, auto)
+apply (simp add: power2_eq_square)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_approx_iff:
+ "(Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) @c= Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel``{%n. Y n})) =
+ (Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(X n)}) @= Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(Y n)}) &
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(X n)}) @= Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(Y n)}))"
+apply (blast intro: hcomplex_capproxI hcomplex_capproxD1 hcomplex_capproxD2)
+done
+
+lemma hcomplex_of_hypreal_capprox_iff [simp]:
+ "(hcomplex_of_hypreal x @c= hcomplex_of_hypreal z) = (x @= z)"
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of x])
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of z])
+apply (simp add: hcomplex_of_hypreal capprox_approx_iff)
+done
+
+lemma CFinite_HFinite_Re:
+ "Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) \<in> CFinite
+ ==> Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(X n)}) \<in> HFinite"
+apply (auto simp add: CFinite_hcmod_iff hcmod HFinite_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff)
+apply (rule bexI, rule_tac [2] lemma_hyprel_refl)
+apply (rule_tac x = u in exI, ultra)
+apply (drule sym, case_tac "X x")
+apply (auto simp add: complex_mod numeral_2_eq_2 simp del: realpow_Suc)
+apply (rule ccontr, drule linorder_not_less [THEN iffD1])
+apply (drule order_less_le_trans, assumption)
+apply (drule real_sqrt_ge_abs1 [THEN [2] order_less_le_trans])
+apply (auto simp add: numeral_2_eq_2 [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma CFinite_HFinite_Im:
+ "Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) \<in> CFinite
+ ==> Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(X n)}) \<in> HFinite"
+apply (auto simp add: CFinite_hcmod_iff hcmod HFinite_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff)
+apply (rule bexI, rule_tac [2] lemma_hyprel_refl)
+apply (rule_tac x = u in exI, ultra)
+apply (drule sym, case_tac "X x")
+apply (auto simp add: complex_mod simp del: realpow_Suc)
+apply (rule ccontr, drule linorder_not_less [THEN iffD1])
+apply (drule order_less_le_trans, assumption)
+apply (drule real_sqrt_ge_abs2 [THEN [2] order_less_le_trans], auto)
+done
+
+lemma HFinite_Re_Im_CFinite:
+ "[| Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(X n)}) \<in> HFinite;
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(X n)}) \<in> HFinite
+ |] ==> Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) \<in> CFinite"
+apply (auto simp add: CFinite_hcmod_iff hcmod HFinite_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff)
+apply (rename_tac Y Z u v)
+apply (rule bexI, rule_tac [2] lemma_hyprel_refl)
+apply (rule_tac x = "2* (u + v) " in exI)
+apply ultra
+apply (drule sym, case_tac "X x")
+apply (auto simp add: complex_mod numeral_2_eq_2 simp del: realpow_Suc)
+apply (subgoal_tac "0 < u")
+ prefer 2 apply arith
+apply (subgoal_tac "0 < v")
+ prefer 2 apply arith
+apply (subgoal_tac "sqrt (abs (Y x) ^ 2 + abs (Z x) ^ 2) < 2*u + 2*v")
+apply (rule_tac [2] lemma_sqrt_hcomplex_capprox, auto)
+apply (simp add: power2_eq_square)
+done
+
+lemma CFinite_HFinite_iff:
+ "(Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) \<in> CFinite) =
+ (Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(X n)}) \<in> HFinite &
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(X n)}) \<in> HFinite)"
+by (blast intro: HFinite_Re_Im_CFinite CFinite_HFinite_Im CFinite_HFinite_Re)
+
+lemma SComplex_Re_SReal:
+ "Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) \<in> SComplex
+ ==> Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(X n)}) \<in> Reals"
+apply (auto simp add: SComplex_def hcomplex_of_complex_def SReal_def hypreal_of_real_def)
+apply (rule_tac x = "Re r" in exI, ultra)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_Im_SReal:
+ "Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) \<in> SComplex
+ ==> Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(X n)}) \<in> Reals"
+apply (auto simp add: SComplex_def hcomplex_of_complex_def SReal_def hypreal_of_real_def)
+apply (rule_tac x = "Im r" in exI, ultra)
+done
+
+lemma Reals_Re_Im_SComplex:
+ "[| Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(X n)}) \<in> Reals;
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(X n)}) \<in> Reals
+ |] ==> Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) \<in> SComplex"
+apply (auto simp add: SComplex_def hcomplex_of_complex_def SReal_def hypreal_of_real_def)
+apply (rule_tac x = "Complex r ra" in exI, ultra)
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_SReal_iff:
+ "(Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) \<in> SComplex) =
+ (Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(X n)}) \<in> Reals &
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(X n)}) \<in> Reals)"
+by (blast intro: SComplex_Re_SReal SComplex_Im_SReal Reals_Re_Im_SComplex)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_Infinitesimal_iff:
+ "(Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) \<in> CInfinitesimal) =
+ (Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(X n)}) \<in> Infinitesimal &
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(X n)}) \<in> Infinitesimal)"
+by (simp add: mem_cinfmal_iff mem_infmal_iff hcomplex_zero_num hypreal_zero_num capprox_approx_iff)
+
+lemma eq_Abs_hcomplex_EX:
+ "(\<exists>t. P t) = (\<exists>X. P (Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel `` {X})))"
+apply auto
+apply (rule_tac z = t in eq_Abs_hcomplex, auto)
+done
+
+lemma eq_Abs_hcomplex_Bex:
+ "(\<exists>t \<in> A. P t) = (\<exists>X. (Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel `` {X})) \<in> A &
+ P (Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel `` {X})))"
+apply auto
+apply (rule_tac z = t in eq_Abs_hcomplex, auto)
+done
+
+(* Here we go - easy proof now!! *)
+lemma stc_part_Ex: "x:CFinite ==> \<exists>t \<in> SComplex. x @c= t"
+apply (rule_tac z = x in eq_Abs_hcomplex)
+apply (auto simp add: CFinite_HFinite_iff eq_Abs_hcomplex_Bex SComplex_SReal_iff capprox_approx_iff)
+apply (drule st_part_Ex, safe)+
+apply (rule_tac z = t in eq_Abs_hypreal)
+apply (rule_tac z = ta in eq_Abs_hypreal, auto)
+apply (rule_tac x = "%n. Complex (xa n) (xb n) " in exI)
+apply auto
+done
+
+lemma stc_part_Ex1: "x:CFinite ==> EX! t. t \<in> SComplex & x @c= t"
+apply (drule stc_part_Ex, safe)
+apply (drule_tac [2] capprox_sym, drule_tac [2] capprox_sym, drule_tac [2] capprox_sym)
+apply (auto intro!: capprox_unique_complex)
+done
+
+lemma CFinite_Int_CInfinite_empty: "CFinite Int CInfinite = {}"
+by (simp add: CFinite_def CInfinite_def, auto)
+
+lemma CFinite_not_CInfinite: "x \<in> CFinite ==> x \<notin> CInfinite"
+by (insert CFinite_Int_CInfinite_empty, blast)
+
+text{*Not sure this is a good idea!*}
+declare CFinite_Int_CInfinite_empty [simp]
+
+lemma not_CFinite_CInfinite: "x\<notin> CFinite ==> x \<in> CInfinite"
+by (auto intro: not_HFinite_HInfinite simp add: CFinite_hcmod_iff CInfinite_hcmod_iff)
+
+lemma CInfinite_CFinite_disj: "x \<in> CInfinite | x \<in> CFinite"
+by (blast intro: not_CFinite_CInfinite)
+
+lemma CInfinite_CFinite_iff: "(x \<in> CInfinite) = (x \<notin> CFinite)"
+by (blast dest: CFinite_not_CInfinite not_CFinite_CInfinite)
+
+lemma CFinite_CInfinite_iff: "(x \<in> CFinite) = (x \<notin> CInfinite)"
+by (simp add: CInfinite_CFinite_iff)
+
+lemma CInfinite_diff_CFinite_CInfinitesimal_disj:
+ "x \<notin> CInfinitesimal ==> x \<in> CInfinite | x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal"
+by (fast intro: not_CFinite_CInfinite)
+
+lemma CFinite_inverse:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite; x \<notin> CInfinitesimal |] ==> inverse x \<in> CFinite"
+apply (cut_tac x = "inverse x" in CInfinite_CFinite_disj)
+apply (auto dest!: CInfinite_inverse_CInfinitesimal)
+done
+
+lemma CFinite_inverse2: "x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal ==> inverse x \<in> CFinite"
+by (blast intro: CFinite_inverse)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_inverse_CFinite:
+ "x \<notin> CInfinitesimal ==> inverse(x) \<in> CFinite"
+apply (drule CInfinite_diff_CFinite_CInfinitesimal_disj)
+apply (blast intro: CFinite_inverse CInfinite_inverse_CInfinitesimal CInfinitesimal_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD])
+done
+
+
+lemma CFinite_not_CInfinitesimal_inverse:
+ "x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal ==> inverse x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal"
+apply (auto intro: CInfinitesimal_inverse_CFinite)
+apply (drule CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult2, assumption)
+apply (simp add: not_CInfinitesimal_not_zero)
+done
+
+lemma capprox_inverse:
+ "[| x @c= y; y \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal |] ==> inverse x @c= inverse y"
+apply (frule CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal_capprox, assumption)
+apply (frule not_CInfinitesimal_not_zero2)
+apply (frule_tac x = x in not_CInfinitesimal_not_zero2)
+apply (drule CFinite_inverse2)+
+apply (drule capprox_mult2, assumption, auto)
+apply (drule_tac c = "inverse x" in capprox_mult1, assumption)
+apply (auto intro: capprox_sym simp add: hcomplex_mult_assoc)
+done
+
+lemmas hcomplex_of_complex_capprox_inverse = hcomplex_of_complex_CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal [THEN [2] capprox_inverse]
+
+lemma inverse_add_CInfinitesimal_capprox:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal;
+ h \<in> CInfinitesimal |] ==> inverse(x + h) @c= inverse x"
+by (auto intro: capprox_inverse capprox_sym CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self)
+
+lemma inverse_add_CInfinitesimal_capprox2:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal;
+ h \<in> CInfinitesimal |] ==> inverse(h + x) @c= inverse x"
+apply (rule add_commute [THEN subst])
+apply (blast intro: inverse_add_CInfinitesimal_capprox)
+done
+
+lemma inverse_add_CInfinitesimal_approx_CInfinitesimal:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite - CInfinitesimal;
+ h \<in> CInfinitesimal |] ==> inverse(x + h) - inverse x @c= h"
+apply (rule capprox_trans2)
+apply (auto intro: inverse_add_CInfinitesimal_capprox
+ simp add: mem_cinfmal_iff diff_minus capprox_minus_iff [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_square_iff [iff]:
+ "(x*x \<in> CInfinitesimal) = (x \<in> CInfinitesimal)"
+by (simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff hcmod_mult)
+
+lemma capprox_CFinite_mult_cancel:
+ "[| a \<in> CFinite-CInfinitesimal; a*w @c= a*z |] ==> w @c= z"
+apply safe
+apply (frule CFinite_inverse, assumption)
+apply (drule not_CInfinitesimal_not_zero)
+apply (auto dest: capprox_mult2 simp add: hcomplex_mult_assoc [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma capprox_CFinite_mult_cancel_iff1:
+ "a \<in> CFinite-CInfinitesimal ==> (a * w @c= a * z) = (w @c= z)"
+by (auto intro: capprox_mult2 capprox_CFinite_mult_cancel)
+
+
+subsection{*Theorems About Monads*}
+
+lemma capprox_cmonad_iff: "(x @c= y) = (cmonad(x)=cmonad(y))"
+apply (simp add: cmonad_def)
+apply (auto dest: capprox_sym elim!: capprox_trans equalityCE)
+done
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_cmonad_eq:
+ "e \<in> CInfinitesimal ==> cmonad (x+e) = cmonad x"
+by (fast intro!: CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self [THEN capprox_sym] capprox_cmonad_iff [THEN iffD1])
+
+lemma mem_cmonad_iff: "(u \<in> cmonad x) = (-u \<in> cmonad (-x))"
+by (simp add: cmonad_def)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_cmonad_zero_iff: "(x:CInfinitesimal) = (x \<in> cmonad 0)"
+by (auto intro: capprox_sym simp add: mem_cinfmal_iff cmonad_def)
+
+lemma cmonad_zero_minus_iff: "(x \<in> cmonad 0) = (-x \<in> cmonad 0)"
+by (simp add: CInfinitesimal_cmonad_zero_iff [symmetric])
+
+lemma cmonad_zero_hcmod_iff: "(x \<in> cmonad 0) = (hcmod x:monad 0)"
+by (simp add: CInfinitesimal_cmonad_zero_iff [symmetric] CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff Infinitesimal_monad_zero_iff [symmetric])
+
+lemma mem_cmonad_self [simp]: "x \<in> cmonad x"
+by (simp add: cmonad_def)
+
+
+subsection{*Theorems About Standard Part*}
+
+lemma stc_capprox_self: "x \<in> CFinite ==> stc x @c= x"
+apply (simp add: stc_def)
+apply (frule stc_part_Ex, safe)
+apply (rule someI2)
+apply (auto intro: capprox_sym)
+done
+
+lemma stc_SComplex: "x \<in> CFinite ==> stc x \<in> SComplex"
+apply (simp add: stc_def)
+apply (frule stc_part_Ex, safe)
+apply (rule someI2)
+apply (auto intro: capprox_sym)
+done
+
+lemma stc_CFinite: "x \<in> CFinite ==> stc x \<in> CFinite"
+by (erule stc_SComplex [THEN SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD]])
+
+lemma stc_SComplex_eq [simp]: "x \<in> SComplex ==> stc x = x"
+apply (simp add: stc_def)
+apply (rule some_equality)
+apply (auto intro: SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD])
+apply (blast dest: SComplex_capprox_iff [THEN iffD1])
+done
+
+lemma stc_hcomplex_of_complex:
+ "stc (hcomplex_of_complex x) = hcomplex_of_complex x"
+by auto
+
+lemma stc_eq_capprox:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite; y \<in> CFinite; stc x = stc y |] ==> x @c= y"
+by (auto dest!: stc_capprox_self elim!: capprox_trans3)
+
+lemma capprox_stc_eq:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite; y \<in> CFinite; x @c= y |] ==> stc x = stc y"
+by (blast intro: capprox_trans capprox_trans2 SComplex_capprox_iff [THEN iffD1]
+ dest: stc_capprox_self stc_SComplex)
- capprox_def "x @c= y == (x - y) : CInfinitesimal"
+lemma stc_eq_capprox_iff:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite; y \<in> CFinite|] ==> (x @c= y) = (stc x = stc y)"
+by (blast intro: capprox_stc_eq stc_eq_capprox)
+
+lemma stc_CInfinitesimal_add_SComplex:
+ "[| x \<in> SComplex; e \<in> CInfinitesimal |] ==> stc(x + e) = x"
+apply (frule stc_SComplex_eq [THEN subst])
+prefer 2 apply assumption
+apply (frule SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD])
+apply (frule CInfinitesimal_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD])
+apply (drule stc_SComplex_eq)
+apply (rule capprox_stc_eq)
+apply (auto intro: CFinite_add simp add: CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self [THEN capprox_sym])
+done
+
+lemma stc_CInfinitesimal_add_SComplex2:
+ "[| x \<in> SComplex; e \<in> CInfinitesimal |] ==> stc(e + x) = x"
+apply (rule add_commute [THEN subst])
+apply (blast intro!: stc_CInfinitesimal_add_SComplex)
+done
+
+lemma CFinite_stc_CInfinitesimal_add:
+ "x \<in> CFinite ==> \<exists>e \<in> CInfinitesimal. x = stc(x) + e"
+by (blast dest!: stc_capprox_self [THEN capprox_sym] bex_CInfinitesimal_iff2 [THEN iffD2])
+
+lemma stc_add:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite; y \<in> CFinite |] ==> stc (x + y) = stc(x) + stc(y)"
+apply (frule CFinite_stc_CInfinitesimal_add)
+apply (frule_tac x = y in CFinite_stc_CInfinitesimal_add, safe)
+apply (subgoal_tac "stc (x + y) = stc ((stc x + e) + (stc y + ea))")
+apply (drule_tac [2] sym, drule_tac [2] sym)
+ prefer 2 apply simp
+apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: add_ac)
+apply (drule stc_SComplex)+
+apply (drule SComplex_add, assumption)
+apply (drule CInfinitesimal_add, assumption)
+apply (rule add_assoc [THEN subst])
+apply (blast intro!: stc_CInfinitesimal_add_SComplex2)
+done
+
+lemma stc_number_of [simp]: "stc (number_of w) = number_of w"
+by (rule SComplex_number_of [THEN stc_SComplex_eq])
+
+lemma stc_zero [simp]: "stc 0 = 0"
+by simp
+
+lemma stc_one [simp]: "stc 1 = 1"
+by simp
+
+lemma stc_minus: "y \<in> CFinite ==> stc(-y) = -stc(y)"
+apply (frule CFinite_minus_iff [THEN iffD2])
+apply (rule hcomplex_add_minus_eq_minus)
+apply (drule stc_add [symmetric], assumption)
+apply (simp add: add_commute)
+done
+
+lemma stc_diff:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite; y \<in> CFinite |] ==> stc (x-y) = stc(x) - stc(y)"
+apply (simp add: diff_minus)
+apply (frule_tac y1 = y in stc_minus [symmetric])
+apply (drule_tac x1 = y in CFinite_minus_iff [THEN iffD2])
+apply (auto intro: stc_add)
+done
+
+lemma lemma_stc_mult:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite; y \<in> CFinite;
+ e \<in> CInfinitesimal;
+ ea: CInfinitesimal |]
+ ==> e*y + x*ea + e*ea: CInfinitesimal"
+apply (frule_tac x = e and y = y in CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult)
+apply (frule_tac [2] x = ea and y = x in CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult)
+apply (drule_tac [3] CInfinitesimal_mult)
+apply (auto intro: CInfinitesimal_add simp add: add_ac mult_ac)
+done
+
+lemma stc_mult:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite; y \<in> CFinite |]
+ ==> stc (x * y) = stc(x) * stc(y)"
+apply (frule CFinite_stc_CInfinitesimal_add)
+apply (frule_tac x = y in CFinite_stc_CInfinitesimal_add, safe)
+apply (subgoal_tac "stc (x * y) = stc ((stc x + e) * (stc y + ea))")
+apply (drule_tac [2] sym, drule_tac [2] sym)
+ prefer 2 apply simp
+apply (erule_tac V = "x = stc x + e" in thin_rl)
+apply (erule_tac V = "y = stc y + ea" in thin_rl)
+apply (simp add: hcomplex_add_mult_distrib right_distrib)
+apply (drule stc_SComplex)+
+apply (simp (no_asm_use) add: add_assoc)
+apply (rule stc_CInfinitesimal_add_SComplex)
+apply (blast intro!: SComplex_mult)
+apply (drule SComplex_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD])+
+apply (rule add_assoc [THEN subst])
+apply (blast intro!: lemma_stc_mult)
+done
+
+lemma stc_CInfinitesimal: "x \<in> CInfinitesimal ==> stc x = 0"
+apply (rule stc_zero [THEN subst])
+apply (rule capprox_stc_eq)
+apply (auto intro: CInfinitesimal_subset_CFinite [THEN subsetD]
+ simp add: mem_cinfmal_iff [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma stc_not_CInfinitesimal: "stc(x) \<noteq> 0 ==> x \<notin> CInfinitesimal"
+by (fast intro: stc_CInfinitesimal)
+
+lemma stc_inverse:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite; stc x \<noteq> 0 |]
+ ==> stc(inverse x) = inverse (stc x)"
+apply (rule_tac c1 = "stc x" in hcomplex_mult_left_cancel [THEN iffD1])
+apply (auto simp add: stc_mult [symmetric] stc_not_CInfinitesimal CFinite_inverse)
+apply (subst right_inverse, auto)
+done
+
+lemma stc_divide [simp]:
+ "[| x \<in> CFinite; y \<in> CFinite; stc y \<noteq> 0 |]
+ ==> stc(x/y) = (stc x) / (stc y)"
+by (simp add: divide_inverse_zero stc_mult stc_not_CInfinitesimal CFinite_inverse stc_inverse)
+
+lemma stc_idempotent [simp]: "x \<in> CFinite ==> stc(stc(x)) = stc(x)"
+by (blast intro: stc_CFinite stc_capprox_self capprox_stc_eq)
+
+lemma CFinite_HFinite_hcomplex_of_hypreal:
+ "z \<in> HFinite ==> hcomplex_of_hypreal z \<in> CFinite"
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of z])
+apply (simp add: hcomplex_of_hypreal CFinite_HFinite_iff hypreal_zero_def [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma SComplex_SReal_hcomplex_of_hypreal:
+ "x \<in> Reals ==> hcomplex_of_hypreal x \<in> SComplex"
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of x])
+apply (simp add: hcomplex_of_hypreal SComplex_SReal_iff hypreal_zero_def [symmetric])
+done
+
+lemma stc_hcomplex_of_hypreal:
+ "z \<in> HFinite ==> stc(hcomplex_of_hypreal z) = hcomplex_of_hypreal (st z)"
+apply (simp add: st_def stc_def)
+apply (frule st_part_Ex, safe)
+apply (rule someI2)
+apply (auto intro: approx_sym)
+apply (drule CFinite_HFinite_hcomplex_of_hypreal)
+apply (frule stc_part_Ex, safe)
+apply (rule someI2)
+apply (auto intro: capprox_sym intro!: capprox_unique_complex dest: SComplex_SReal_hcomplex_of_hypreal)
+done
+
+(*
+Goal "x \<in> CFinite ==> hcmod(stc x) = st(hcmod x)"
+by (dtac stc_capprox_self 1)
+by (auto_tac (claset(),simpset() addsimps [bex_CInfinitesimal_iff2 RS sym]));
+
+
+approx_hcmod_add_hcmod
+*)
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_hcnj_iff [simp]:
+ "(hcnj z \<in> CInfinitesimal) = (z \<in> CInfinitesimal)"
+by (simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
+
+lemma CInfinite_HInfinite_iff:
+ "(Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel ``{%n. X n}) \<in> CInfinite) =
+ (Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Re(X n)}) \<in> HInfinite |
+ Abs_hypreal(hyprel `` {%n. Im(X n)}) \<in> HInfinite)"
+by (simp add: CInfinite_CFinite_iff HInfinite_HFinite_iff CFinite_HFinite_iff)
+
+text{*These theorems should probably be deleted*}
+lemma hcomplex_split_CInfinitesimal_iff:
+ "(hcomplex_of_hypreal x + iii * hcomplex_of_hypreal y \<in> CInfinitesimal) =
+ (x \<in> Infinitesimal & y \<in> Infinitesimal)"
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of x])
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of y])
+apply (simp add: iii_def hcomplex_add hcomplex_mult hcomplex_of_hypreal CInfinitesimal_Infinitesimal_iff)
+done
+
+lemma hcomplex_split_CFinite_iff:
+ "(hcomplex_of_hypreal x + iii * hcomplex_of_hypreal y \<in> CFinite) =
+ (x \<in> HFinite & y \<in> HFinite)"
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of x])
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of y])
+apply (simp add: iii_def hcomplex_add hcomplex_mult hcomplex_of_hypreal CFinite_HFinite_iff)
+done
+
+lemma hcomplex_split_SComplex_iff:
+ "(hcomplex_of_hypreal x + iii * hcomplex_of_hypreal y \<in> SComplex) =
+ (x \<in> Reals & y \<in> Reals)"
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of x])
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of y])
+apply (simp add: iii_def hcomplex_add hcomplex_mult hcomplex_of_hypreal SComplex_SReal_iff)
+done
+
+lemma hcomplex_split_CInfinite_iff:
+ "(hcomplex_of_hypreal x + iii * hcomplex_of_hypreal y \<in> CInfinite) =
+ (x \<in> HInfinite | y \<in> HInfinite)"
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of x])
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of y])
+apply (simp add: iii_def hcomplex_add hcomplex_mult hcomplex_of_hypreal CInfinite_HInfinite_iff)
+done
+
+lemma hcomplex_split_capprox_iff:
+ "(hcomplex_of_hypreal x + iii * hcomplex_of_hypreal y @c=
+ hcomplex_of_hypreal x' + iii * hcomplex_of_hypreal y') =
+ (x @= x' & y @= y')"
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of x])
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of y])
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of x'])
+apply (rule eq_Abs_hypreal [of y'])
+apply (simp add: iii_def hcomplex_add hcomplex_mult hcomplex_of_hypreal capprox_approx_iff)
+done
+
+lemma complex_seq_to_hcomplex_CInfinitesimal:
+ "\<forall>n. cmod (X n - x) < inverse (real (Suc n)) ==>
+ Abs_hcomplex(hcomplexrel``{X}) - hcomplex_of_complex x \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+apply (simp add: hcomplex_diff CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff hcomplex_of_complex_def Infinitesimal_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff hcmod)
+apply (rule bexI, auto)
+apply (auto dest: FreeUltrafilterNat_inverse_real_of_posnat FreeUltrafilterNat_all FreeUltrafilterNat_Int intro: order_less_trans FreeUltrafilterNat_subset)
+done
+
+lemma CInfinitesimal_hcomplex_of_hypreal_epsilon [simp]:
+ "hcomplex_of_hypreal epsilon \<in> CInfinitesimal"
+by (simp add: CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
+
+lemma hcomplex_of_complex_approx_zero_iff [simp]:
+ "(hcomplex_of_complex z @c= 0) = (z = 0)"
+by (simp add: hcomplex_of_complex_zero [symmetric]
+ del: hcomplex_of_complex_zero)
+
+lemma hcomplex_of_complex_approx_zero_iff2 [simp]:
+ "(0 @c= hcomplex_of_complex z) = (z = 0)"
+by (simp add: hcomplex_of_complex_zero [symmetric]
+ del: hcomplex_of_complex_zero)
+
+
+ML
+{*
+val SComplex_add = thm "SComplex_add";
+val SComplex_mult = thm "SComplex_mult";
+val SComplex_inverse = thm "SComplex_inverse";
+val SComplex_divide = thm "SComplex_divide";
+val SComplex_minus = thm "SComplex_minus";
+val SComplex_minus_iff = thm "SComplex_minus_iff";
+val SComplex_diff = thm "SComplex_diff";
+val SComplex_add_cancel = thm "SComplex_add_cancel";
+val SReal_hcmod_hcomplex_of_complex = thm "SReal_hcmod_hcomplex_of_complex";
+val SReal_hcmod_number_of = thm "SReal_hcmod_number_of";
+val SReal_hcmod_SComplex = thm "SReal_hcmod_SComplex";
+val SComplex_hcomplex_of_complex = thm "SComplex_hcomplex_of_complex";
+val SComplex_number_of = thm "SComplex_number_of";
+val SComplex_divide_number_of = thm "SComplex_divide_number_of";
+val SComplex_UNIV_complex = thm "SComplex_UNIV_complex";
+val SComplex_iff = thm "SComplex_iff";
+val hcomplex_of_complex_image = thm "hcomplex_of_complex_image";
+val inv_hcomplex_of_complex_image = thm "inv_hcomplex_of_complex_image";
+val SComplex_hcomplex_of_complex_image = thm "SComplex_hcomplex_of_complex_image";
+val SComplex_SReal_dense = thm "SComplex_SReal_dense";
+val SComplex_hcmod_SReal = thm "SComplex_hcmod_SReal";
+val SComplex_zero = thm "SComplex_zero";
+val SComplex_one = thm "SComplex_one";
+val CFinite_add = thm "CFinite_add";
+val CFinite_mult = thm "CFinite_mult";
+val CFinite_minus_iff = thm "CFinite_minus_iff";
+val SComplex_subset_CFinite = thm "SComplex_subset_CFinite";
+val HFinite_hcmod_hcomplex_of_complex = thm "HFinite_hcmod_hcomplex_of_complex";
+val CFinite_hcomplex_of_complex = thm "CFinite_hcomplex_of_complex";
+val CFiniteD = thm "CFiniteD";
+val CFinite_hcmod_iff = thm "CFinite_hcmod_iff";
+val CFinite_number_of = thm "CFinite_number_of";
+val CFinite_bounded = thm "CFinite_bounded";
+val CInfinitesimal_zero = thm "CInfinitesimal_zero";
+val hcomplex_sum_of_halves = thm "hcomplex_sum_of_halves";
+val CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff = thm "CInfinitesimal_hcmod_iff";
+val one_not_CInfinitesimal = thm "one_not_CInfinitesimal";
+val CInfinitesimal_add = thm "CInfinitesimal_add";
+val CInfinitesimal_minus_iff = thm "CInfinitesimal_minus_iff";
+val CInfinitesimal_diff = thm "CInfinitesimal_diff";
+val CInfinitesimal_mult = thm "CInfinitesimal_mult";
+val CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult = thm "CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult";
+val CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult2 = thm "CInfinitesimal_CFinite_mult2";
+val CInfinite_hcmod_iff = thm "CInfinite_hcmod_iff";
+val CInfinite_inverse_CInfinitesimal = thm "CInfinite_inverse_CInfinitesimal";
+val CInfinite_mult = thm "CInfinite_mult";
+val CInfinite_minus_iff = thm "CInfinite_minus_iff";
+val CFinite_sum_squares = thm "CFinite_sum_squares";
+val not_CInfinitesimal_not_zero = thm "not_CInfinitesimal_not_zero";
+val not_CInfinitesimal_not_zero2 = thm "not_CInfinitesimal_not_zero2";
+val CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal_hcmod = thm "CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal_hcmod";
+val hcmod_less_CInfinitesimal = thm "hcmod_less_CInfinitesimal";
+val hcmod_le_CInfinitesimal = thm "hcmod_le_CInfinitesimal";
+val CInfinitesimal_interval = thm "CInfinitesimal_interval";
+val CInfinitesimal_interval2 = thm "CInfinitesimal_interval2";
+val not_CInfinitesimal_mult = thm "not_CInfinitesimal_mult";
+val CInfinitesimal_mult_disj = thm "CInfinitesimal_mult_disj";
+val CFinite_CInfinitesimal_diff_mult = thm "CFinite_CInfinitesimal_diff_mult";
+val CInfinitesimal_subset_CFinite = thm "CInfinitesimal_subset_CFinite";
+val CInfinitesimal_hcomplex_of_complex_mult = thm "CInfinitesimal_hcomplex_of_complex_mult";
+val CInfinitesimal_hcomplex_of_complex_mult2 = thm "CInfinitesimal_hcomplex_of_complex_mult2";
+val mem_cinfmal_iff = thm "mem_cinfmal_iff";
+val capprox_minus_iff = thm "capprox_minus_iff";
+val capprox_minus_iff2 = thm "capprox_minus_iff2";
+val capprox_refl = thm "capprox_refl";
+val capprox_sym = thm "capprox_sym";
+val capprox_trans = thm "capprox_trans";
+val capprox_trans2 = thm "capprox_trans2";
+val capprox_trans3 = thm "capprox_trans3";
+val number_of_capprox_reorient = thm "number_of_capprox_reorient";
+val CInfinitesimal_capprox_minus = thm "CInfinitesimal_capprox_minus";
+val capprox_monad_iff = thm "capprox_monad_iff";
+val Infinitesimal_capprox = thm "Infinitesimal_capprox";
+val capprox_add = thm "capprox_add";
+val capprox_minus = thm "capprox_minus";
+val capprox_minus2 = thm "capprox_minus2";
+val capprox_minus_cancel = thm "capprox_minus_cancel";
+val capprox_add_minus = thm "capprox_add_minus";
+val capprox_mult1 = thm "capprox_mult1";
+val capprox_mult2 = thm "capprox_mult2";
+val capprox_mult_subst = thm "capprox_mult_subst";
+val capprox_mult_subst2 = thm "capprox_mult_subst2";
+val capprox_mult_subst_SComplex = thm "capprox_mult_subst_SComplex";
+val capprox_eq_imp = thm "capprox_eq_imp";
+val CInfinitesimal_minus_capprox = thm "CInfinitesimal_minus_capprox";
+val bex_CInfinitesimal_iff = thm "bex_CInfinitesimal_iff";
+val bex_CInfinitesimal_iff2 = thm "bex_CInfinitesimal_iff2";
+val CInfinitesimal_add_capprox = thm "CInfinitesimal_add_capprox";
+val CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self = thm "CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self";
+val CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self2 = thm "CInfinitesimal_add_capprox_self2";
+val CInfinitesimal_add_minus_capprox_self = thm "CInfinitesimal_add_minus_capprox_self";
+val CInfinitesimal_add_cancel = thm "CInfinitesimal_add_cancel";
+val CInfinitesimal_add_right_cancel = thm "CInfinitesimal_add_right_cancel";
+val capprox_add_left_cancel = thm "capprox_add_left_cancel";
+val capprox_add_right_cancel = thm "capprox_add_right_cancel";
+val capprox_add_mono1 = thm "capprox_add_mono1";
+val capprox_add_mono2 = thm "capprox_add_mono2";
+val capprox_add_left_iff = thm "capprox_add_left_iff";
+val capprox_add_right_iff = thm "capprox_add_right_iff";
+val capprox_CFinite = thm "capprox_CFinite";
+val capprox_hcomplex_of_complex_CFinite = thm "capprox_hcomplex_of_complex_CFinite";
+val capprox_mult_CFinite = thm "capprox_mult_CFinite";
+val capprox_mult_hcomplex_of_complex = thm "capprox_mult_hcomplex_of_complex";
+val capprox_SComplex_mult_cancel_zero = thm "capprox_SComplex_mult_cancel_zero";
+val capprox_mult_SComplex1 = thm "capprox_mult_SComplex1";
+val capprox_mult_SComplex2 = thm "capprox_mult_SComplex2";
+val capprox_mult_SComplex_zero_cancel_iff = thm "capprox_mult_SComplex_zero_cancel_iff";
+val capprox_SComplex_mult_cancel = thm "capprox_SComplex_mult_cancel";
+val capprox_SComplex_mult_cancel_iff1 = thm "capprox_SComplex_mult_cancel_iff1";
+val capprox_hcmod_approx_zero = thm "capprox_hcmod_approx_zero";
+val capprox_approx_zero_iff = thm "capprox_approx_zero_iff";
+val capprox_minus_zero_cancel_iff = thm "capprox_minus_zero_cancel_iff";
+val Infinitesimal_hcmod_add_diff = thm "Infinitesimal_hcmod_add_diff";
+val approx_hcmod_add_hcmod = thm "approx_hcmod_add_hcmod";
+val capprox_hcmod_approx = thm "capprox_hcmod_approx";
+val CInfinitesimal_less_SComplex = thm "CInfinitesimal_less_SComplex";
+val SComplex_Int_CInfinitesimal_zero = thm "SComplex_Int_CInfinitesimal_zero";
+val SComplex_CInfinitesimal_zero = thm "SComplex_CInfinitesimal_zero";
+val SComplex_CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal = thm "SComplex_CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal";
+val hcomplex_of_complex_CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal = thm "hcomplex_of_complex_CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal";
+val hcomplex_of_complex_CInfinitesimal_iff_0 = thm "hcomplex_of_complex_CInfinitesimal_iff_0";
+val number_of_not_CInfinitesimal = thm "number_of_not_CInfinitesimal";
+val capprox_SComplex_not_zero = thm "capprox_SComplex_not_zero";
+val CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal_capprox = thm "CFinite_diff_CInfinitesimal_capprox";
+val CInfinitesimal_ratio = thm "CInfinitesimal_ratio";
+val SComplex_capprox_iff = thm "SComplex_capprox_iff";
+val number_of_capprox_iff = thm "number_of_capprox_iff";
+val number_of_CInfinitesimal_iff = thm "number_of_CInfinitesimal_iff";
+val hcomplex_of_complex_approx_iff = thm "hcomplex_of_complex_approx_iff";
+val hcomplex_of_complex_capprox_number_of_iff = thm "hcomplex_of_complex_capprox_number_of_iff";
+val capprox_unique_complex = thm "capprox_unique_complex";
+val hcomplex_capproxD1 = thm "hcomplex_capproxD1";
+val hcomplex_capproxD2 = thm "hcomplex_capproxD2";
+val hcomplex_capproxI = thm "hcomplex_capproxI";
+val capprox_approx_iff = thm "capprox_approx_iff";
+val hcomplex_of_hypreal_capprox_iff = thm "hcomplex_of_hypreal_capprox_iff";
+val CFinite_HFinite_Re = thm "CFinite_HFinite_Re";
+val CFinite_HFinite_Im = thm "CFinite_HFinite_Im";
+val HFinite_Re_Im_CFinite = thm "HFinite_Re_Im_CFinite";
+val CFinite_HFinite_iff = thm "CFinite_HFinite_iff";
+val SComplex_Re_SReal = thm "SComplex_Re_SReal";
+val SComplex_Im_SReal = thm "SComplex_Im_SReal";
+val Reals_Re_Im_SComplex = thm "Reals_Re_Im_SComplex";
+val SComplex_SReal_iff = thm "SComplex_SReal_iff";
+val CInfinitesimal_Infinitesimal_iff = thm "CInfinitesimal_Infinitesimal_iff";
+val eq_Abs_hcomplex_Bex = thm "eq_Abs_hcomplex_Bex";
+val stc_part_Ex = thm "stc_part_Ex";
+val stc_part_Ex1 = thm "stc_part_Ex1";
+val CFinite_Int_CInfinite_empty = thm "CFinite_Int_CInfinite_empty";
+val CFinite_not_CInfinite = thm "CFinite_not_CInfinite";
+val not_CFinite_CInfinite = thm "not_CFinite_CInfinite";
+val CInfinite_CFinite_disj = thm "CInfinite_CFinite_disj";
+val CInfinite_CFinite_iff = thm "CInfinite_CFinite_iff";
+val CFinite_CInfinite_iff = thm "CFinite_CInfinite_iff";
+val CInfinite_diff_CFinite_CInfinitesimal_disj = thm "CInfinite_diff_CFinite_CInfinitesimal_disj";
+val CFinite_inverse = thm "CFinite_inverse";
+val CFinite_inverse2 = thm "CFinite_inverse2";
+val CInfinitesimal_inverse_CFinite = thm "CInfinitesimal_inverse_CFinite";
+val CFinite_not_CInfinitesimal_inverse = thm "CFinite_not_CInfinitesimal_inverse";
+val capprox_inverse = thm "capprox_inverse";
+val hcomplex_of_complex_capprox_inverse = thms "hcomplex_of_complex_capprox_inverse";
+val inverse_add_CInfinitesimal_capprox = thm "inverse_add_CInfinitesimal_capprox";
+val inverse_add_CInfinitesimal_capprox2 = thm "inverse_add_CInfinitesimal_capprox2";
+val inverse_add_CInfinitesimal_approx_CInfinitesimal = thm "inverse_add_CInfinitesimal_approx_CInfinitesimal";
+val CInfinitesimal_square_iff = thm "CInfinitesimal_square_iff";
+val capprox_CFinite_mult_cancel = thm "capprox_CFinite_mult_cancel";
+val capprox_CFinite_mult_cancel_iff1 = thm "capprox_CFinite_mult_cancel_iff1";
+val capprox_cmonad_iff = thm "capprox_cmonad_iff";
+val CInfinitesimal_cmonad_eq = thm "CInfinitesimal_cmonad_eq";
+val mem_cmonad_iff = thm "mem_cmonad_iff";
+val CInfinitesimal_cmonad_zero_iff = thm "CInfinitesimal_cmonad_zero_iff";
+val cmonad_zero_minus_iff = thm "cmonad_zero_minus_iff";
+val cmonad_zero_hcmod_iff = thm "cmonad_zero_hcmod_iff";
+val mem_cmonad_self = thm "mem_cmonad_self";
+val stc_capprox_self = thm "stc_capprox_self";
+val stc_SComplex = thm "stc_SComplex";
+val stc_CFinite = thm "stc_CFinite";
+val stc_SComplex_eq = thm "stc_SComplex_eq";
+val stc_hcomplex_of_complex = thm "stc_hcomplex_of_complex";
+val stc_eq_capprox = thm "stc_eq_capprox";
+val capprox_stc_eq = thm "capprox_stc_eq";
+val stc_eq_capprox_iff = thm "stc_eq_capprox_iff";
+val stc_CInfinitesimal_add_SComplex = thm "stc_CInfinitesimal_add_SComplex";
+val stc_CInfinitesimal_add_SComplex2 = thm "stc_CInfinitesimal_add_SComplex2";
+val CFinite_stc_CInfinitesimal_add = thm "CFinite_stc_CInfinitesimal_add";
+val stc_add = thm "stc_add";
+val stc_number_of = thm "stc_number_of";
+val stc_zero = thm "stc_zero";
+val stc_one = thm "stc_one";
+val stc_minus = thm "stc_minus";
+val stc_diff = thm "stc_diff";
+val lemma_stc_mult = thm "lemma_stc_mult";
+val stc_mult = thm "stc_mult";
+val stc_CInfinitesimal = thm "stc_CInfinitesimal";
+val stc_not_CInfinitesimal = thm "stc_not_CInfinitesimal";
+val stc_inverse = thm "stc_inverse";
+val stc_divide = thm "stc_divide";
+val stc_idempotent = thm "stc_idempotent";
+val CFinite_HFinite_hcomplex_of_hypreal = thm "CFinite_HFinite_hcomplex_of_hypreal";
+val SComplex_SReal_hcomplex_of_hypreal = thm "SComplex_SReal_hcomplex_of_hypreal";
+val stc_hcomplex_of_hypreal = thm "stc_hcomplex_of_hypreal";
+val CInfinitesimal_hcnj_iff = thm "CInfinitesimal_hcnj_iff";
+val CInfinite_HInfinite_iff = thm "CInfinite_HInfinite_iff";
+val hcomplex_split_CInfinitesimal_iff = thm "hcomplex_split_CInfinitesimal_iff";
+val hcomplex_split_CFinite_iff = thm "hcomplex_split_CFinite_iff";
+val hcomplex_split_SComplex_iff = thm "hcomplex_split_SComplex_iff";
+val hcomplex_split_CInfinite_iff = thm "hcomplex_split_CInfinite_iff";
+val hcomplex_split_capprox_iff = thm "hcomplex_split_capprox_iff";
+val complex_seq_to_hcomplex_CInfinitesimal = thm "complex_seq_to_hcomplex_CInfinitesimal";
+val CInfinitesimal_hcomplex_of_hypreal_epsilon = thm "CInfinitesimal_hcomplex_of_hypreal_epsilon";
+val hcomplex_of_complex_approx_zero_iff = thm "hcomplex_of_complex_approx_zero_iff";
+val hcomplex_of_complex_approx_zero_iff2 = thm "hcomplex_of_complex_approx_zero_iff2";
+*}
+
end