more realistic TextArea.AccessibleContext, including AccessibleText with partial operations: works for NVDA, but not for VoiceOver;
bypass redundant nesting of TextAreaPainter;

--- a/src/Tools/jEdit/src/jedit_accessible.scala	Fri Aug 22 21:42:22 2025 +0200
+++ b/src/Tools/jEdit/src/jedit_accessible.scala	Fri Aug 22 22:30:56 2025 +0200
@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@
 import org.gjt.sp.jedit.bufferset.BufferSet
 import org.gjt.sp.jedit.textarea.{JEditTextArea, JEditTextAreaFactory}
 
-import javax.accessibility.{AccessibleContext, AccessibleRole}
-import javax.swing.JPanel
+import java.awt.{Point, Rectangle}
+import javax.accessibility.{Accessible, AccessibleContext, AccessibleRole, AccessibleText}
+import javax.swing.{JPanel, SwingUtilities}
+import javax.swing.text.{AttributeSet, SimpleAttributeSet}
 
 
 object JEdit_Accessible {
@@ -48,13 +50,91 @@
   }
 
   class TextArea(view: View) extends JEditTextArea(view: View) {
+    text_area =>
+
     override def getAccessibleContext: AccessibleContext = {
       if (accessibleContext == null) { accessibleContext = new Accessible_Context }
       accessibleContext
     }
 
-    class Accessible_Context extends AccessibleJPanel {
+    protected class Accessible_Context extends AccessibleJPanel {
       override def getAccessibleName: String = "editor text"
+      override def getAccessibleRole: AccessibleRole = AccessibleRole.TEXT
+      override def getAccessibleText: AccessibleText = accessible_text
+      override def getAccessibleChildrenCount: Int = 0
+      override def getAccessibleChild(i: Int): Accessible = null
+    }
+
+    protected val accessible_text: AccessibleText = new Accessible_Text
+
+    protected class Accessible_Text extends AccessibleText {
+      private def get_character(i: Text.Offset, inc: Int = 0): Option[Text.Info[String]] =
+        JEdit_Lib.buffer_lock(buffer) {
+          val range0 = JEdit_Lib.point_range(buffer, i)
+          val range =
+            if (inc == 0) range0
+            else JEdit_Lib.point_range(buffer, if (inc > 0) range0.stop else range0.start - 1)
+          JEdit_Lib.get_text(buffer, range).map(Text.Info(range, _))
+        }
+
+      override def getIndexAtPoint(p: Point): Int = {
+        val q = SwingUtilities.convertPoint(text_area, p, painter)
+        text_area.xyToOffset(q.x, q.y)
+      }
+
+      override def getCharacterBounds(index: Int): Rectangle =
+        (for {
+          info <- get_character(index)
+          gfx <- JEdit_Lib.gfx_range(text_area)(info.range)
+        }
+        yield {
+          val r = new Rectangle(gfx.x, gfx.y, gfx.length, painter.getLineHeight)
+          SwingUtilities.convertRectangle(painter, r, text_area)
+        }).getOrElse(new Rectangle())
+
+      override def getCharCount: Int = text_area.getBufferLength
+
+      override def getCaretPosition: Int = text_area.getCaretPosition
+
+      override def getAtIndex(part: Int, index: Int): String =
+        part match {
+          case AccessibleText.CHARACTER =>
+            get_character(index).map(_.info).orNull
+          case _ => null
+        }
+
+      override def getAfterIndex(part: Int, index: Int): String =
+        part match {
+          case AccessibleText.CHARACTER =>
+            get_character(index, inc = 1).map(_.info).orNull
+          case _ => null
+        }
+
+      override def getBeforeIndex(part: Int, index: Int): String =
+        part match {
+          case AccessibleText.CHARACTER =>
+            get_character(index, inc = -1).map(_.info).orNull
+          case _ => null
+        }
+
+      override def getCharacterAttribute(i: Int): AttributeSet =
+        SimpleAttributeSet.EMPTY
+
+      override def getSelectionStart: Int =
+        if (text_area.getSelectionCount == 1) text_area.getSelection(0).getStart
+        else -1
+
+      override def getSelectionEnd: Int =
+        if (text_area.getSelectionCount == 1) text_area.getSelection(0).getEnd
+        else -1
+
+      override def getSelectedText: String =
+        if (text_area.getSelectionCount == 1) {
+          val start = getSelectionStart
+          val stop = getSelectionEnd
+          buffer.getText(start, stop - start)
+        }
+        else ""
     }
   }
 }