src/HOL/Lim.thy
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Tue, 04 May 2010 10:42:47 -0700
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make (f -- a --> x) an abbreviation for (f ---> x) (at a)
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(*  Title       : Lim.thy
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    Author      : Jacques D. Fleuriot
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    Copyright   : 1998  University of Cambridge
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    Conversion to Isar and new proofs by Lawrence C Paulson, 2004
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*)
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header{* Limits and Continuity *}
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theory Lim
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imports SEQ
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begin
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text{*Standard Definitions*}
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abbreviation
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  LIM :: "['a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space, 'a, 'b] \<Rightarrow> bool"
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        ("((_)/ -- (_)/ --> (_))" [60, 0, 60] 60) where
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  "f -- a --> L \<equiv> (f ---> L) (at a)"
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definition
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  isCont :: "['a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space, 'a] \<Rightarrow> bool" where
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  "isCont f a = (f -- a --> (f a))"
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definition
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  isUCont :: "['a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space] \<Rightarrow> bool" where
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  [code del]: "isUCont f = (\<forall>r>0. \<exists>s>0. \<forall>x y. dist x y < s \<longrightarrow> dist (f x) (f y) < r)"
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subsection {* Limits of Functions *}
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lemma LIM_def: "f -- a --> L =
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     (\<forall>r > 0. \<exists>s > 0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & dist x a < s
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        --> dist (f x) L < r)"
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unfolding tendsto_iff eventually_at ..
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lemma metric_LIM_I:
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  "(\<And>r. 0 < r \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>s>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a < s \<longrightarrow> dist (f x) L < r)
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    \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> L"
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by (simp add: LIM_def)
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lemma metric_LIM_D:
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  "\<lbrakk>f -- a --> L; 0 < r\<rbrakk>
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    \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>s>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a < s \<longrightarrow> dist (f x) L < r"
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by (simp add: LIM_def)
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lemma LIM_eq:
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  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_vector" and L :: "'b::real_normed_vector"
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  shows "f -- a --> L =
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     (\<forall>r>0.\<exists>s>0.\<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & norm (x-a) < s --> norm (f x - L) < r)"
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by (simp add: LIM_def dist_norm)
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lemma LIM_I:
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  shows "(!!r. 0<r ==> \<exists>s>0.\<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & norm (x-a) < s --> norm (f x - L) < r)
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      ==> f -- a --> L"
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by (simp add: LIM_eq)
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lemma LIM_D:
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  shows "[| f -- a --> L; 0<r |]
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      ==> \<exists>s>0.\<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & norm (x-a) < s --> norm (f x - L) < r"
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by (simp add: LIM_eq)
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lemma LIM_offset:
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  shows "f -- a --> L \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f (x + k)) -- a - k --> L"
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unfolding LIM_def dist_norm
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apply clarify
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apply (drule_tac x="r" in spec, safe)
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apply (rule_tac x="s" in exI, safe)
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apply (drule_tac x="x + k" in spec)
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apply (simp add: algebra_simps)
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done
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lemma LIM_offset_zero:
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  shows "f -- a --> L \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>h. f (a + h)) -- 0 --> L"
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by (drule_tac k="a" in LIM_offset, simp add: add_commute)
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lemma LIM_offset_zero_cancel:
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  shows "(\<lambda>h. f (a + h)) -- 0 --> L \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> L"
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by (drule_tac k="- a" in LIM_offset, simp)
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lemma LIM_const [simp]: "(%x. k) -- x --> k"
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by (rule tendsto_const)
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lemma LIM_cong_limit: "\<lbrakk> f -- x --> L ; K = L \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f -- x --> K" by simp
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lemma LIM_add:
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  fixes f g :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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  assumes f: "f -- a --> L" and g: "g -- a --> M"
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  shows "(\<lambda>x. f x + g x) -- a --> (L + M)"
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using assms by (rule tendsto_add)
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lemma LIM_add_zero:
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  fixes f g :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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  shows "\<lbrakk>f -- a --> 0; g -- a --> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f x + g x) -- a --> 0"
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by (drule (1) LIM_add, simp)
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lemma LIM_minus:
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  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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  shows "f -- a --> L \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. - f x) -- a --> - L"
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by (rule tendsto_minus)
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(* TODO: delete *)
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lemma LIM_add_minus:
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  shows "[| f -- x --> l; g -- x --> m |] ==> (%x. f(x) + -g(x)) -- x --> (l + -m)"
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by (intro LIM_add LIM_minus)
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lemma LIM_diff:
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  fixes f g :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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  shows "\<lbrakk>f -- x --> l; g -- x --> m\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f x - g x) -- x --> l - m"
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by (rule tendsto_diff)
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lemma LIM_zero:
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  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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  shows "f -- a --> l \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f x - l) -- a --> 0"
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by (simp add: LIM_def dist_norm)
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lemma LIM_zero_cancel:
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  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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  shows "(\<lambda>x. f x - l) -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> l"
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by (simp add: LIM_def dist_norm)
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lemma LIM_zero_iff:
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  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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  shows "(\<lambda>x. f x - l) -- a --> 0 = f -- a --> l"
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by (simp add: LIM_def dist_norm)
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lemma metric_LIM_imp_LIM:
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  assumes f: "f -- a --> l"
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  assumes le: "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> dist (g x) m \<le> dist (f x) l"
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  shows "g -- a --> m"
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apply (rule metric_LIM_I, drule metric_LIM_D [OF f], safe)
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apply (rule_tac x="s" in exI, safe)
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   137
apply (drule_tac x="x" in spec, safe)
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   138
apply (erule (1) order_le_less_trans [OF le])
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   139
done
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   140
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   141
lemma LIM_imp_LIM:
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  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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   143
  fixes g :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'c::real_normed_vector"
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   144
  assumes f: "f -- a --> l"
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   145
  assumes le: "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> norm (g x - m) \<le> norm (f x - l)"
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   146
  shows "g -- a --> m"
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   147
apply (rule metric_LIM_imp_LIM [OF f])
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   148
apply (simp add: dist_norm le)
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   149
done
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   150
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lemma LIM_norm:
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  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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   153
  shows "f -- a --> l \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) -- a --> norm l"
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   154
by (rule tendsto_norm)
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   155
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   156
lemma LIM_norm_zero:
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   157
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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   158
  shows "f -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) -- a --> 0"
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diff changeset
   159
by (drule LIM_norm, simp)
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   160
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   161
lemma LIM_norm_zero_cancel:
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   162
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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   163
  shows "(\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> 0"
21257
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   164
by (erule LIM_imp_LIM, simp)
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   165
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   166
lemma LIM_norm_zero_iff:
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   167
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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   168
  shows "(\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) -- a --> 0 = f -- a --> 0"
21399
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   169
by (rule iffI [OF LIM_norm_zero_cancel LIM_norm_zero])
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   170
22627
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   171
lemma LIM_rabs: "f -- a --> (l::real) \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. \<bar>f x\<bar>) -- a --> \<bar>l\<bar>"
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   172
by (fold real_norm_def, rule LIM_norm)
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   173
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   174
lemma LIM_rabs_zero: "f -- a --> (0::real) \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. \<bar>f x\<bar>) -- a --> 0"
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   175
by (fold real_norm_def, rule LIM_norm_zero)
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parents: 22613
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   176
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   177
lemma LIM_rabs_zero_cancel: "(\<lambda>x. \<bar>f x\<bar>) -- a --> (0::real) \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> 0"
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   178
by (fold real_norm_def, rule LIM_norm_zero_cancel)
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   179
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   180
lemma LIM_rabs_zero_iff: "(\<lambda>x. \<bar>f x\<bar>) -- a --> (0::real) = f -- a --> 0"
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   181
by (fold real_norm_def, rule LIM_norm_zero_iff)
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   182
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   183
lemma LIM_const_not_eq:
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   184
  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_algebra_1"
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   185
  shows "k \<noteq> L \<Longrightarrow> \<not> (\<lambda>x. k) -- a --> L"
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   186
apply (simp add: LIM_def)
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   187
apply (rule_tac x="dist k L" in exI, simp add: zero_less_dist_iff, safe)
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   188
apply (rule_tac x="a + of_real (s/2)" in exI, simp add: dist_norm)
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   189
done
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   190
21786
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   191
lemmas LIM_not_zero = LIM_const_not_eq [where L = 0]
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   192
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   193
lemma LIM_const_eq:
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   194
  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_algebra_1"
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   195
  shows "(\<lambda>x. k) -- a --> L \<Longrightarrow> k = L"
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diff changeset
   196
apply (rule ccontr)
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
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   197
apply (blast dest: LIM_const_not_eq)
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   198
done
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   199
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   200
lemma LIM_unique:
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   201
  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_algebra_1" -- {* TODO: find a more appropriate class *}
23076
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   202
  shows "\<lbrakk>f -- a --> L; f -- a --> M\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> L = M"
31338
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   203
apply (rule ccontr)
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   204
apply (drule_tac r="dist L M / 2" in metric_LIM_D, simp add: zero_less_dist_iff)
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   205
apply (drule_tac r="dist L M / 2" in metric_LIM_D, simp add: zero_less_dist_iff)
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   206
apply (clarify, rename_tac r s)
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   207
apply (subgoal_tac "min r s \<noteq> 0")
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   208
apply (subgoal_tac "dist L M < dist L M / 2 + dist L M / 2", simp)
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   209
apply (subgoal_tac "dist L M \<le> dist (f (a + of_real (min r s / 2))) L +
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   210
                               dist (f (a + of_real (min r s / 2))) M")
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   211
apply (erule le_less_trans, rule add_strict_mono)
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   212
apply (drule spec, erule mp, simp add: dist_norm)
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   213
apply (drule spec, erule mp, simp add: dist_norm)
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   214
apply (subst dist_commute, rule dist_triangle)
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   215
apply simp
14477
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   216
done
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diff changeset
   217
23069
cdfff0241c12 rename lemmas LIM_ident, isCont_ident, DERIV_ident
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   218
lemma LIM_ident [simp]: "(\<lambda>x. x) -- a --> a"
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   219
by (rule tendsto_ident_at)
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   220
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   221
text{*Limits are equal for functions equal except at limit point*}
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   222
lemma LIM_equal:
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   223
     "[| \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a --> (f x = g x) |] ==> (f -- a --> l) = (g -- a --> l)"
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   224
by (simp add: LIM_def)
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diff changeset
   225
20796
257e01fab4b7 generalize proofs of DERIV_isCont and DERIV_mult
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   226
lemma LIM_cong:
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   227
  "\<lbrakk>a = b; \<And>x. x \<noteq> b \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x; l = m\<rbrakk>
21399
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   228
   \<Longrightarrow> ((\<lambda>x. f x) -- a --> l) = ((\<lambda>x. g x) -- b --> m)"
20796
257e01fab4b7 generalize proofs of DERIV_isCont and DERIV_mult
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   229
by (simp add: LIM_def)
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diff changeset
   230
31338
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diff changeset
   231
lemma metric_LIM_equal2:
21282
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   232
  assumes 1: "0 < R"
31338
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diff changeset
   233
  assumes 2: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; dist x a < R\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
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diff changeset
   234
  shows "g -- a --> l \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> l"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
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diff changeset
   235
apply (unfold LIM_def, safe)
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parents: 21257
diff changeset
   236
apply (drule_tac x="r" in spec, safe)
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diff changeset
   237
apply (rule_tac x="min s R" in exI, safe)
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diff changeset
   238
apply (simp add: 1)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
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diff changeset
   239
apply (simp add: 2)
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   240
done
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
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diff changeset
   241
31338
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   242
lemma LIM_equal2:
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   243
  fixes f g :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space"
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   244
  assumes 1: "0 < R"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
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   245
  assumes 2: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; norm (x - a) < R\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
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diff changeset
   246
  shows "g -- a --> l \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> l"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
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diff changeset
   247
apply (unfold LIM_def dist_norm, safe)
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   248
apply (drule_tac x="r" in spec, safe)
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diff changeset
   249
apply (rule_tac x="min s R" in exI, safe)
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   250
apply (simp add: 1)
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
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   251
apply (simp add: 2)
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   252
done
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
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diff changeset
   253
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
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   254
text{*Two uses in Transcendental.ML*}
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   255
lemma LIM_trans:
31338
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   256
  fixes f g :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
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parents: 31336
diff changeset
   257
  shows "[| (%x. f(x) + -g(x)) -- a --> 0;  g -- a --> l |] ==> f -- a --> l"
14477
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diff changeset
   258
apply (drule LIM_add, assumption)
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   259
apply (auto simp add: add_assoc)
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diff changeset
   260
done
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diff changeset
   261
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
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   262
lemma LIM_compose:
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
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   263
  assumes g: "g -- l --> g l"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
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diff changeset
   264
  assumes f: "f -- a --> l"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
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diff changeset
   265
  shows "(\<lambda>x. g (f x)) -- a --> g l"
31338
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   266
proof (rule metric_LIM_I)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
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diff changeset
   267
  fix r::real assume r: "0 < r"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
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   268
  obtain s where s: "0 < s"
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   269
    and less_r: "\<And>y. \<lbrakk>y \<noteq> l; dist y l < s\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> dist (g y) (g l) < r"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
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diff changeset
   270
    using metric_LIM_D [OF g r] by fast
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
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   271
  obtain t where t: "0 < t"
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   272
    and less_s: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; dist x a < t\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> dist (f x) l < s"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
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parents: 31336
diff changeset
   273
    using metric_LIM_D [OF f s] by fast
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   274
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   275
  show "\<exists>t>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a < t \<longrightarrow> dist (g (f x)) (g l) < r"
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   276
  proof (rule exI, safe)
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   277
    show "0 < t" using t .
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   278
  next
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   279
    fix x assume "x \<noteq> a" and "dist x a < t"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   280
    hence "dist (f x) l < s" by (rule less_s)
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   281
    thus "dist (g (f x)) (g l) < r"
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   282
      using r less_r by (case_tac "f x = l", simp_all)
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   283
  qed
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   284
qed
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   285
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   286
lemma metric_LIM_compose2:
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   287
  assumes f: "f -- a --> b"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   288
  assumes g: "g -- b --> c"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   289
  assumes inj: "\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a < d \<longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> b"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   290
  shows "(\<lambda>x. g (f x)) -- a --> c"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   291
proof (rule metric_LIM_I)
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   292
  fix r :: real
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   293
  assume r: "0 < r"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   294
  obtain s where s: "0 < s"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   295
    and less_r: "\<And>y. \<lbrakk>y \<noteq> b; dist y b < s\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> dist (g y) c < r"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   296
    using metric_LIM_D [OF g r] by fast
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   297
  obtain t where t: "0 < t"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   298
    and less_s: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; dist x a < t\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> dist (f x) b < s"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   299
    using metric_LIM_D [OF f s] by fast
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   300
  obtain d where d: "0 < d"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   301
    and neq_b: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; dist x a < d\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> b"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   302
    using inj by fast
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   303
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   304
  show "\<exists>t>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a < t \<longrightarrow> dist (g (f x)) c < r"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   305
  proof (safe intro!: exI)
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   306
    show "0 < min d t" using d t by simp
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   307
  next
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   308
    fix x
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   309
    assume "x \<noteq> a" and "dist x a < min d t"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   310
    hence "f x \<noteq> b" and "dist (f x) b < s"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   311
      using neq_b less_s by simp_all
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   312
    thus "dist (g (f x)) c < r"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   313
      by (rule less_r)
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   314
  qed
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   315
qed
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   316
23040
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   317
lemma LIM_compose2:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   318
  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
23040
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   319
  assumes f: "f -- a --> b"
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   320
  assumes g: "g -- b --> c"
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   321
  assumes inj: "\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x - a) < d \<longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> b"
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   322
  shows "(\<lambda>x. g (f x)) -- a --> c"
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   323
by (rule metric_LIM_compose2 [OF f g inj [folded dist_norm]])
23040
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   324
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   325
lemma LIM_o: "\<lbrakk>g -- l --> g l; f -- a --> l\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (g \<circ> f) -- a --> g l"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   326
unfolding o_def by (rule LIM_compose)
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   327
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   328
lemma real_LIM_sandwich_zero:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   329
  fixes f g :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> real"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   330
  assumes f: "f -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   331
  assumes 1: "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> 0 \<le> g x"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   332
  assumes 2: "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> g x \<le> f x"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   333
  shows "g -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   334
proof (rule LIM_imp_LIM [OF f])
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   335
  fix x assume x: "x \<noteq> a"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   336
  have "norm (g x - 0) = g x" by (simp add: 1 x)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   337
  also have "g x \<le> f x" by (rule 2 [OF x])
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   338
  also have "f x \<le> \<bar>f x\<bar>" by (rule abs_ge_self)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   339
  also have "\<bar>f x\<bar> = norm (f x - 0)" by simp
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   340
  finally show "norm (g x - 0) \<le> norm (f x - 0)" .
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   341
qed
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   342
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21810
diff changeset
   343
text {* Bounded Linear Operators *}
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   344
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   345
lemma (in bounded_linear) LIM:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   346
  "g -- a --> l \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f (g x)) -- a --> f l"
36661
0a5b7b818d65 make (f -- a --> x) an abbreviation for (f ---> x) (at a)
huffman
parents: 32650
diff changeset
   347
by (rule tendsto)
31349
2261c8781f73 new theory of filters and limits; prove LIMSEQ and LIM lemmas using filters
huffman
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   348
2261c8781f73 new theory of filters and limits; prove LIMSEQ and LIM lemmas using filters
huffman
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   349
lemma (in bounded_linear) cont: "f -- a --> f a"
2261c8781f73 new theory of filters and limits; prove LIMSEQ and LIM lemmas using filters
huffman
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   350
by (rule LIM [OF LIM_ident])
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   351
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   352
lemma (in bounded_linear) LIM_zero:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   353
  "g -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f (g x)) -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   354
by (drule LIM, simp only: zero)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   355
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21810
diff changeset
   356
text {* Bounded Bilinear Operators *}
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   357
31349
2261c8781f73 new theory of filters and limits; prove LIMSEQ and LIM lemmas using filters
huffman
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   358
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) LIM:
2261c8781f73 new theory of filters and limits; prove LIMSEQ and LIM lemmas using filters
huffman
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   359
  "\<lbrakk>f -- a --> L; g -- a --> M\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f x ** g x) -- a --> L ** M"
36661
0a5b7b818d65 make (f -- a --> x) an abbreviation for (f ---> x) (at a)
huffman
parents: 32650
diff changeset
   360
by (rule tendsto)
31349
2261c8781f73 new theory of filters and limits; prove LIMSEQ and LIM lemmas using filters
huffman
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   361
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   362
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) LIM_prod_zero:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   363
  fixes a :: "'d::metric_space"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   364
  assumes f: "f -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   365
  assumes g: "g -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   366
  shows "(\<lambda>x. f x ** g x) -- a --> 0"
31349
2261c8781f73 new theory of filters and limits; prove LIMSEQ and LIM lemmas using filters
huffman
parents: 31338
diff changeset
   367
using LIM [OF f g] by (simp add: zero_left)
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   368
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   369
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) LIM_left_zero:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   370
  "f -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f x ** c) -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   371
by (rule bounded_linear.LIM_zero [OF bounded_linear_left])
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   372
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   373
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) LIM_right_zero:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   374
  "f -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. c ** f x) -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   375
by (rule bounded_linear.LIM_zero [OF bounded_linear_right])
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   376
23127
56ee8105c002 simplify names of locale interpretations
huffman
parents: 23118
diff changeset
   377
lemmas LIM_mult = mult.LIM
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   378
23127
56ee8105c002 simplify names of locale interpretations
huffman
parents: 23118
diff changeset
   379
lemmas LIM_mult_zero = mult.LIM_prod_zero
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   380
23127
56ee8105c002 simplify names of locale interpretations
huffman
parents: 23118
diff changeset
   381
lemmas LIM_mult_left_zero = mult.LIM_left_zero
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   382
23127
56ee8105c002 simplify names of locale interpretations
huffman
parents: 23118
diff changeset
   383
lemmas LIM_mult_right_zero = mult.LIM_right_zero
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   384
23127
56ee8105c002 simplify names of locale interpretations
huffman
parents: 23118
diff changeset
   385
lemmas LIM_scaleR = scaleR.LIM
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   386
23127
56ee8105c002 simplify names of locale interpretations
huffman
parents: 23118
diff changeset
   387
lemmas LIM_of_real = of_real.LIM
22627
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   388
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   389
lemma LIM_power:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   390
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::{power,real_normed_algebra}"
22627
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   391
  assumes f: "f -- a --> l"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   392
  shows "(\<lambda>x. f x ^ n) -- a --> l ^ n"
30273
ecd6f0ca62ea declare power_Suc [simp]; remove redundant type-specific versions of power_Suc
huffman
parents: 29885
diff changeset
   393
by (induct n, simp, simp add: LIM_mult f)
22627
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   394
22641
a5dc96fad632 moved nonstandard limit stuff from Lim.thy into new theory HLim.thy
huffman
parents: 22637
diff changeset
   395
subsubsection {* Derived theorems about @{term LIM} *}
a5dc96fad632 moved nonstandard limit stuff from Lim.thy into new theory HLim.thy
huffman
parents: 22637
diff changeset
   396
31355
3d18766ddc4b limits of inverse using filters
huffman
parents: 31353
diff changeset
   397
lemma LIM_inverse:
3d18766ddc4b limits of inverse using filters
huffman
parents: 31353
diff changeset
   398
  fixes L :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra"
3d18766ddc4b limits of inverse using filters
huffman
parents: 31353
diff changeset
   399
  shows "\<lbrakk>f -- a --> L; L \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. inverse (f x)) -- a --> inverse L"
3d18766ddc4b limits of inverse using filters
huffman
parents: 31353
diff changeset
   400
by (rule tendsto_inverse)
22637
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   401
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   402
lemma LIM_inverse_fun:
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   403
  assumes a: "a \<noteq> (0::'a::real_normed_div_algebra)"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   404
  shows "inverse -- a --> inverse a"
31355
3d18766ddc4b limits of inverse using filters
huffman
parents: 31353
diff changeset
   405
by (rule LIM_inverse [OF LIM_ident a])
22637
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   406
29885
379e43e513c2 add lemmas about sgn
huffman
parents: 29803
diff changeset
   407
lemma LIM_sgn:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   408
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   409
  shows "\<lbrakk>f -- a --> l; l \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. sgn (f x)) -- a --> sgn l"
29885
379e43e513c2 add lemmas about sgn
huffman
parents: 29803
diff changeset
   410
unfolding sgn_div_norm
379e43e513c2 add lemmas about sgn
huffman
parents: 29803
diff changeset
   411
by (simp add: LIM_scaleR LIM_inverse LIM_norm)
379e43e513c2 add lemmas about sgn
huffman
parents: 29803
diff changeset
   412
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   413
20755
956a0377a408 reorganize sections
huffman
parents: 20754
diff changeset
   414
subsection {* Continuity *}
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   415
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   416
lemma LIM_isCont_iff:
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   417
  fixes f :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   418
  shows "(f -- a --> f a) = ((\<lambda>h. f (a + h)) -- 0 --> f a)"
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   419
by (rule iffI [OF LIM_offset_zero LIM_offset_zero_cancel])
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   420
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   421
lemma isCont_iff:
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   422
  fixes f :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   423
  shows "isCont f x = (\<lambda>h. f (x + h)) -- 0 --> f x"
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   424
by (simp add: isCont_def LIM_isCont_iff)
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   425
23069
cdfff0241c12 rename lemmas LIM_ident, isCont_ident, DERIV_ident
huffman
parents: 23040
diff changeset
   426
lemma isCont_ident [simp]: "isCont (\<lambda>x. x) a"
cdfff0241c12 rename lemmas LIM_ident, isCont_ident, DERIV_ident
huffman
parents: 23040
diff changeset
   427
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_ident)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   428
21786
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   429
lemma isCont_const [simp]: "isCont (\<lambda>x. k) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   430
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_const)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   431
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   432
lemma isCont_norm:
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   433
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   434
  shows "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) a"
21786
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   435
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_norm)
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   436
22627
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   437
lemma isCont_rabs: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. \<bar>f x :: real\<bar>) a"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   438
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_rabs)
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   439
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   440
lemma isCont_add:
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   441
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   442
  shows "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g a\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x + g x) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   443
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_add)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   444
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   445
lemma isCont_minus:
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   446
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   447
  shows "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. - f x) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   448
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_minus)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   449
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   450
lemma isCont_diff:
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   451
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   452
  shows "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g a\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x - g x) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   453
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_diff)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   454
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   455
lemma isCont_mult:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   456
  fixes f g :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_algebra"
21786
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   457
  shows "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g a\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x * g x) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   458
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_mult)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   459
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   460
lemma isCont_inverse:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   461
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_div_algebra"
21786
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   462
  shows "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; f a \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. inverse (f x)) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   463
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_inverse)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   464
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   465
lemma isCont_LIM_compose:
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   466
  "\<lbrakk>isCont g l; f -- a --> l\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. g (f x)) -- a --> g l"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   467
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_compose)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   468
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   469
lemma metric_isCont_LIM_compose2:
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   470
  assumes f [unfolded isCont_def]: "isCont f a"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   471
  assumes g: "g -- f a --> l"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   472
  assumes inj: "\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a < d \<longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> f a"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   473
  shows "(\<lambda>x. g (f x)) -- a --> l"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   474
by (rule metric_LIM_compose2 [OF f g inj])
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   475
23040
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   476
lemma isCont_LIM_compose2:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   477
  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
23040
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   478
  assumes f [unfolded isCont_def]: "isCont f a"
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   479
  assumes g: "g -- f a --> l"
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   480
  assumes inj: "\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x - a) < d \<longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> f a"
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   481
  shows "(\<lambda>x. g (f x)) -- a --> l"
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   482
by (rule LIM_compose2 [OF f g inj])
d329182b5966 add lemmas LIM_compose2, isCont_LIM_compose2
huffman
parents: 23012
diff changeset
   483
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   484
lemma isCont_o2: "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g (f a)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. g (f x)) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   485
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_compose)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   486
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   487
lemma isCont_o: "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g (f a)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (g o f) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   488
  unfolding o_def by (rule isCont_o2)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   489
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   490
lemma (in bounded_linear) isCont: "isCont f a"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   491
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule cont)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   492
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   493
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) isCont:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   494
  "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g a\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x ** g x) a"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   495
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   496
23127
56ee8105c002 simplify names of locale interpretations
huffman
parents: 23118
diff changeset
   497
lemmas isCont_scaleR = scaleR.isCont
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   498
22627
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   499
lemma isCont_of_real:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   500
  "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. of_real (f x)::'b::real_normed_algebra_1) a"
22627
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   501
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_of_real)
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   502
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   503
lemma isCont_power:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   504
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::{power,real_normed_algebra}"
22627
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   505
  shows "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x ^ n) a"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   506
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_power)
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   507
29885
379e43e513c2 add lemmas about sgn
huffman
parents: 29803
diff changeset
   508
lemma isCont_sgn:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   509
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   510
  shows "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; f a \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. sgn (f x)) a"
29885
379e43e513c2 add lemmas about sgn
huffman
parents: 29803
diff changeset
   511
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_sgn)
379e43e513c2 add lemmas about sgn
huffman
parents: 29803
diff changeset
   512
20561
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   513
lemma isCont_abs [simp]: "isCont abs (a::real)"
23069
cdfff0241c12 rename lemmas LIM_ident, isCont_ident, DERIV_ident
huffman
parents: 23040
diff changeset
   514
by (rule isCont_rabs [OF isCont_ident])
15228
4d332d10fa3d revised simprules for division
paulson
parents: 15195
diff changeset
   515
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   516
lemma isCont_setsum:
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   517
  fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'c::real_normed_vector"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   518
  fixes A :: "'a set" assumes "finite A"
29803
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   519
  shows "\<forall> i \<in> A. isCont (f i) x \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda> x. \<Sum> i \<in> A. f i x) x"
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   520
  using `finite A`
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   521
proof induct
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   522
  case (insert a F) show "isCont (\<lambda> x. \<Sum> i \<in> (insert a F). f i x) x" 
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   523
    unfolding setsum_insert[OF `finite F` `a \<notin> F`] by (rule isCont_add, auto simp add: insert)
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   524
qed auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   525
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   526
lemma LIM_less_bound: fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real" assumes "b < x"
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   527
  and all_le: "\<forall> x' \<in> { b <..< x}. 0 \<le> f x'" and isCont: "isCont f x"
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   528
  shows "0 \<le> f x"
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   529
proof (rule ccontr)
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   530
  assume "\<not> 0 \<le> f x" hence "f x < 0" by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   531
  hence "0 < - f x / 2" by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   532
  from isCont[unfolded isCont_def, THEN LIM_D, OF this]
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   533
  obtain s where "s > 0" and s_D: "\<And>x'. \<lbrakk> x' \<noteq> x ; \<bar> x' - x \<bar> < s \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<bar> f x' - f x \<bar> < - f x / 2" by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   534
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   535
  let ?x = "x - min (s / 2) ((x - b) / 2)"
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   536
  have "?x < x" and "\<bar> ?x - x \<bar> < s"
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   537
    using `b < x` and `0 < s` by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   538
  have "b < ?x"
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   539
  proof (cases "s < x - b")
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   540
    case True thus ?thesis using `0 < s` by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   541
  next
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   542
    case False hence "s / 2 \<ge> (x - b) / 2" by auto
32642
026e7c6a6d08 be more cautious wrt. simp rules: inf_absorb1, inf_absorb2, sup_absorb1, sup_absorb2 are no simp rules by default any longer
haftmann
parents: 32436
diff changeset
   543
    hence "?x = (x + b) / 2" by (simp add: field_simps min_max.inf_absorb2)
29803
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   544
    thus ?thesis using `b < x` by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   545
  qed
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   546
  hence "0 \<le> f ?x" using all_le `?x < x` by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   547
  moreover have "\<bar>f ?x - f x\<bar> < - f x / 2"
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   548
    using s_D[OF _ `\<bar> ?x - x \<bar> < s`] `?x < x` by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   549
  hence "f ?x - f x < - f x / 2" by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   550
  hence "f ?x < f x / 2" by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   551
  hence "f ?x < 0" using `f x < 0` by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   552
  thus False using `0 \<le> f ?x` by auto
c56a5571f60a Added derivation lemmas for power series and theorems for the pi, arcus tangens and logarithm series
hoelzl
parents: 29667
diff changeset
   553
qed
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   554
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   555
20755
956a0377a408 reorganize sections
huffman
parents: 20754
diff changeset
   556
subsection {* Uniform Continuity *}
956a0377a408 reorganize sections
huffman
parents: 20754
diff changeset
   557
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   558
lemma isUCont_isCont: "isUCont f ==> isCont f x"
23012
496b42cf588d remove dependence on Hilbert_Choice.thy
huffman
parents: 22641
diff changeset
   559
by (simp add: isUCont_def isCont_def LIM_def, force)
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   560
23118
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   561
lemma isUCont_Cauchy:
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   562
  "\<lbrakk>isUCont f; Cauchy X\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> Cauchy (\<lambda>n. f (X n))"
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   563
unfolding isUCont_def
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   564
apply (rule metric_CauchyI)
23118
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   565
apply (drule_tac x=e in spec, safe)
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   566
apply (drule_tac e=s in metric_CauchyD, safe)
23118
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   567
apply (rule_tac x=M in exI, simp)
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   568
done
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   569
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   570
lemma (in bounded_linear) isUCont: "isUCont f"
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   571
unfolding isUCont_def dist_norm
23118
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   572
proof (intro allI impI)
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   573
  fix r::real assume r: "0 < r"
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   574
  obtain K where K: "0 < K" and norm_le: "\<And>x. norm (f x) \<le> norm x * K"
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   575
    using pos_bounded by fast
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   576
  show "\<exists>s>0. \<forall>x y. norm (x - y) < s \<longrightarrow> norm (f x - f y) < r"
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   577
  proof (rule exI, safe)
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   578
    from r K show "0 < r / K" by (rule divide_pos_pos)
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   579
  next
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   580
    fix x y :: 'a
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   581
    assume xy: "norm (x - y) < r / K"
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   582
    have "norm (f x - f y) = norm (f (x - y))" by (simp only: diff)
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   583
    also have "\<dots> \<le> norm (x - y) * K" by (rule norm_le)
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   584
    also from K xy have "\<dots> < r" by (simp only: pos_less_divide_eq)
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   585
    finally show "norm (f x - f y) < r" .
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   586
  qed
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   587
qed
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   588
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   589
lemma (in bounded_linear) Cauchy: "Cauchy X \<Longrightarrow> Cauchy (\<lambda>n. f (X n))"
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   590
by (rule isUCont [THEN isUCont_Cauchy])
ce3cf072ae14 add isUCont lemmas
huffman
parents: 23076
diff changeset
   591
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   592
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   593
subsection {* Relation of LIM and LIMSEQ *}
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   594
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   595
lemma LIMSEQ_SEQ_conv1:
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   596
  fixes a :: "'a::metric_space"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   597
  assumes X: "X -- a --> L"
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   598
  shows "\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> a \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L"
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   599
proof (safe intro!: metric_LIMSEQ_I)
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   600
  fix S :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   601
  fix r :: real
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   602
  assume rgz: "0 < r"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   603
  assume as: "\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   604
  assume S: "S ----> a"
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   605
  from metric_LIM_D [OF X rgz] obtain s
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   606
    where sgz: "0 < s"
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   607
    and aux: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; dist x a < s\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> dist (X x) L < r"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   608
    by fast
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   609
  from metric_LIMSEQ_D [OF S sgz]
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   610
  obtain no where "\<forall>n\<ge>no. dist (S n) a < s" by blast
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   611
  hence "\<forall>n\<ge>no. dist (X (S n)) L < r" by (simp add: aux as)
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   612
  thus "\<exists>no. \<forall>n\<ge>no. dist (X (S n)) L < r" ..
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   613
qed
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   614
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   615
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   616
lemma LIMSEQ_SEQ_conv2:
20561
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   617
  fixes a :: real
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   618
  assumes "\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> a \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L"
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   619
  shows "X -- a --> L"
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   620
proof (rule ccontr)
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   621
  assume "\<not> (X -- a --> L)"
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   622
  hence "\<not> (\<forall>r > 0. \<exists>s > 0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & norm (x - a) < s --> dist (X x) L < r)"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   623
    unfolding LIM_def dist_norm .
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   624
  hence "\<exists>r > 0. \<forall>s > 0. \<exists>x. \<not>(x \<noteq> a \<and> \<bar>x - a\<bar> < s --> dist (X x) L < r)" by simp
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   625
  hence "\<exists>r > 0. \<forall>s > 0. \<exists>x. (x \<noteq> a \<and> \<bar>x - a\<bar> < s \<and> dist (X x) L \<ge> r)" by (simp add: not_less)
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   626
  then obtain r where rdef: "r > 0 \<and> (\<forall>s > 0. \<exists>x. (x \<noteq> a \<and> \<bar>x - a\<bar> < s \<and> dist (X x) L \<ge> r))" by auto
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   627
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   628
  let ?F = "\<lambda>n::nat. SOME x. x\<noteq>a \<and> \<bar>x - a\<bar> < inverse (real (Suc n)) \<and> dist (X x) L \<ge> r"
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   629
  have "\<And>n. \<exists>x. x\<noteq>a \<and> \<bar>x - a\<bar> < inverse (real (Suc n)) \<and> dist (X x) L \<ge> r"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   630
    using rdef by simp
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   631
  hence F: "\<And>n. ?F n \<noteq> a \<and> \<bar>?F n - a\<bar> < inverse (real (Suc n)) \<and> dist (X (?F n)) L \<ge> r"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   632
    by (rule someI_ex)
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   633
  hence F1: "\<And>n. ?F n \<noteq> a"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   634
    and F2: "\<And>n. \<bar>?F n - a\<bar> < inverse (real (Suc n))"
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   635
    and F3: "\<And>n. dist (X (?F n)) L \<ge> r"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   636
    by fast+
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   637
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   638
  have "?F ----> a"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   639
  proof (rule LIMSEQ_I, unfold real_norm_def)
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   640
      fix e::real
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   641
      assume "0 < e"
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   642
        (* choose no such that inverse (real (Suc n)) < e *)
23441
ee218296d635 avoid using implicit prems in assumption
huffman
parents: 23127
diff changeset
   643
      then have "\<exists>no. inverse (real (Suc no)) < e" by (rule reals_Archimedean)
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   644
      then obtain m where nodef: "inverse (real (Suc m)) < e" by auto
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   645
      show "\<exists>no. \<forall>n. no \<le> n --> \<bar>?F n - a\<bar> < e"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   646
      proof (intro exI allI impI)
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   647
        fix n
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   648
        assume mlen: "m \<le> n"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   649
        have "\<bar>?F n - a\<bar> < inverse (real (Suc n))"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   650
          by (rule F2)
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   651
        also have "inverse (real (Suc n)) \<le> inverse (real (Suc m))"
23441
ee218296d635 avoid using implicit prems in assumption
huffman
parents: 23127
diff changeset
   652
          using mlen by auto
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   653
        also from nodef have
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   654
          "inverse (real (Suc m)) < e" .
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   655
        finally show "\<bar>?F n - a\<bar> < e" .
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   656
      qed
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   657
  qed
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   658
  
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   659
  moreover have "\<forall>n. ?F n \<noteq> a"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   660
    by (rule allI) (rule F1)
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   661
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   662
  moreover from prems have "\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> a \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L" by simp
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   663
  ultimately have "(\<lambda>n. X (?F n)) ----> L" by simp
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   664
  
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   665
  moreover have "\<not> ((\<lambda>n. X (?F n)) ----> L)"
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   666
  proof -
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   667
    {
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   668
      fix no::nat
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   669
      obtain n where "n = no + 1" by simp
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   670
      then have nolen: "no \<le> n" by simp
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   671
        (* We prove this by showing that for any m there is an n\<ge>m such that |X (?F n) - L| \<ge> r *)
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   672
      have "dist (X (?F n)) L \<ge> r"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   673
        by (rule F3)
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   674
      with nolen have "\<exists>n. no \<le> n \<and> dist (X (?F n)) L \<ge> r" by fast
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   675
    }
31338
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   676
    then have "(\<forall>no. \<exists>n. no \<le> n \<and> dist (X (?F n)) L \<ge> r)" by simp
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   677
    with rdef have "\<exists>e>0. (\<forall>no. \<exists>n. no \<le> n \<and> dist (X (?F n)) L \<ge> e)" by auto
d41a8ba25b67 generalize constants from Lim.thy to class metric_space
huffman
parents: 31336
diff changeset
   678
    thus ?thesis by (unfold LIMSEQ_def, auto simp add: not_less)
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   679
  qed
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   680
  ultimately show False by simp
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   681
qed
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   682
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   683
lemma LIMSEQ_SEQ_conv:
20561
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   684
  "(\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> (a::real) \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L) =
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   685
   (X -- a --> L)"
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   686
proof
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   687
  assume "\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> a \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L"
23441
ee218296d635 avoid using implicit prems in assumption
huffman
parents: 23127
diff changeset
   688
  thus "X -- a --> L" by (rule LIMSEQ_SEQ_conv2)
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   689
next
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   690
  assume "(X -- a --> L)"
23441
ee218296d635 avoid using implicit prems in assumption
huffman
parents: 23127
diff changeset
   691
  thus "\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> a \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L" by (rule LIMSEQ_SEQ_conv1)
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   692
qed
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   693
10751
a81ea5d3dd41 separation of HOL-Hyperreal from HOL-Real
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   694
end