src/HOL/Hyperreal/Lim.thy
author huffman
Sat, 19 May 2007 04:52:24 +0200
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remove dependence on Hilbert_Choice.thy
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(*  Title       : Lim.thy
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    ID          : $Id$
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    Author      : Jacques D. Fleuriot
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    Copyright   : 1998  University of Cambridge
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    Conversion to Isar and new proofs by Lawrence C Paulson, 2004
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*)
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header{* Limits and Continuity *}
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theory Lim
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imports SEQ
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begin
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text{*Standard Definitions*}
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definition
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  LIM :: "['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a, 'b] => bool"
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        ("((_)/ -- (_)/ --> (_))" [60, 0, 60] 60) where
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  "f -- a --> L =
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     (\<forall>r > 0. \<exists>s > 0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & norm (x - a) < s
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        --> norm (f x - L) < r)"
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definition
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  isCont :: "['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a] => bool" where
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  "isCont f a = (f -- a --> (f a))"
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definition
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  isUCont :: "['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector] => bool" where
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  "isUCont f = (\<forall>r>0. \<exists>s>0. \<forall>x y. norm (x - y) < s \<longrightarrow> norm (f x - f y) < r)"
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subsection {* Limits of Functions *}
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subsubsection {* Purely standard proofs *}
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lemma LIM_eq:
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     "f -- a --> L =
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     (\<forall>r>0.\<exists>s>0.\<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & norm (x-a) < s --> norm (f x - L) < r)"
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by (simp add: LIM_def diff_minus)
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lemma LIM_I:
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     "(!!r. 0<r ==> \<exists>s>0.\<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & norm (x-a) < s --> norm (f x - L) < r)
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      ==> f -- a --> L"
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by (simp add: LIM_eq)
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lemma LIM_D:
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     "[| f -- a --> L; 0<r |]
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      ==> \<exists>s>0.\<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & norm (x-a) < s --> norm (f x - L) < r"
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by (simp add: LIM_eq)
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lemma LIM_offset: "f -- a --> L \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f (x + k)) -- a - k --> L"
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apply (rule LIM_I)
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apply (drule_tac r="r" in LIM_D, safe)
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apply (rule_tac x="s" in exI, safe)
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apply (drule_tac x="x + k" in spec)
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apply (simp add: compare_rls)
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done
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lemma LIM_offset_zero: "f -- a --> L \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>h. f (a + h)) -- 0 --> L"
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by (drule_tac k="a" in LIM_offset, simp add: add_commute)
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lemma LIM_offset_zero_cancel: "(\<lambda>h. f (a + h)) -- 0 --> L \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> L"
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by (drule_tac k="- a" in LIM_offset, simp)
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lemma LIM_const [simp]: "(%x. k) -- x --> k"
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by (simp add: LIM_def)
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lemma LIM_add:
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  fixes f g :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
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  assumes f: "f -- a --> L" and g: "g -- a --> M"
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  shows "(%x. f x + g(x)) -- a --> (L + M)"
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proof (rule LIM_I)
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  fix r :: real
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  assume r: "0 < r"
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  from LIM_D [OF f half_gt_zero [OF r]]
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  obtain fs
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    where fs:    "0 < fs"
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      and fs_lt: "\<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & norm (x-a) < fs --> norm (f x - L) < r/2"
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  by blast
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  from LIM_D [OF g half_gt_zero [OF r]]
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  obtain gs
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    where gs:    "0 < gs"
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      and gs_lt: "\<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & norm (x-a) < gs --> norm (g x - M) < r/2"
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  by blast
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  show "\<exists>s>0.\<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x-a) < s \<longrightarrow> norm (f x + g x - (L + M)) < r"
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  proof (intro exI conjI strip)
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    show "0 < min fs gs"  by (simp add: fs gs)
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    fix x :: 'a
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    assume "x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x-a) < min fs gs"
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    hence "x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x-a) < fs \<and> norm (x-a) < gs" by simp
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    with fs_lt gs_lt
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    have "norm (f x - L) < r/2" and "norm (g x - M) < r/2" by blast+
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    hence "norm (f x - L) + norm (g x - M) < r" by arith
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    thus "norm (f x + g x - (L + M)) < r"
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      by (blast intro: norm_diff_triangle_ineq order_le_less_trans)
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  qed
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qed
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lemma LIM_add_zero:
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  "\<lbrakk>f -- a --> 0; g -- a --> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f x + g x) -- a --> 0"
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by (drule (1) LIM_add, simp)
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lemma minus_diff_minus:
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  fixes a b :: "'a::ab_group_add"
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  shows "(- a) - (- b) = - (a - b)"
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by simp
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lemma LIM_minus: "f -- a --> L ==> (%x. -f(x)) -- a --> -L"
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by (simp only: LIM_eq minus_diff_minus norm_minus_cancel)
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lemma LIM_add_minus:
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    "[| f -- x --> l; g -- x --> m |] ==> (%x. f(x) + -g(x)) -- x --> (l + -m)"
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by (intro LIM_add LIM_minus)
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lemma LIM_diff:
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    "[| f -- x --> l; g -- x --> m |] ==> (%x. f(x) - g(x)) -- x --> l-m"
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by (simp only: diff_minus LIM_add LIM_minus)
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lemma LIM_zero: "f -- a --> l \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f x - l) -- a --> 0"
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by (simp add: LIM_def)
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lemma LIM_zero_cancel: "(\<lambda>x. f x - l) -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> l"
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by (simp add: LIM_def)
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lemma LIM_zero_iff: "(\<lambda>x. f x - l) -- a --> 0 = f -- a --> l"
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by (simp add: LIM_def)
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lemma LIM_imp_LIM:
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  assumes f: "f -- a --> l"
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  assumes le: "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> norm (g x - m) \<le> norm (f x - l)"
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  shows "g -- a --> m"
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apply (rule LIM_I, drule LIM_D [OF f], safe)
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apply (rule_tac x="s" in exI, safe)
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apply (drule_tac x="x" in spec, safe)
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apply (erule (1) order_le_less_trans [OF le])
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done
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lemma LIM_norm: "f -- a --> l \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) -- a --> norm l"
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by (erule LIM_imp_LIM, simp add: norm_triangle_ineq3)
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lemma LIM_norm_zero: "f -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) -- a --> 0"
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   142
by (drule LIM_norm, simp)
b7f090c5057d added LIM_norm and related lemmas
huffman
parents: 21239
diff changeset
   143
b7f090c5057d added LIM_norm and related lemmas
huffman
parents: 21239
diff changeset
   144
lemma LIM_norm_zero_cancel: "(\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> 0"
b7f090c5057d added LIM_norm and related lemmas
huffman
parents: 21239
diff changeset
   145
by (erule LIM_imp_LIM, simp)
b7f090c5057d added LIM_norm and related lemmas
huffman
parents: 21239
diff changeset
   146
21399
700ae58d2273 add lemmas LIM_zero_iff, LIM_norm_zero_iff
huffman
parents: 21282
diff changeset
   147
lemma LIM_norm_zero_iff: "(\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) -- a --> 0 = f -- a --> 0"
700ae58d2273 add lemmas LIM_zero_iff, LIM_norm_zero_iff
huffman
parents: 21282
diff changeset
   148
by (rule iffI [OF LIM_norm_zero_cancel LIM_norm_zero])
700ae58d2273 add lemmas LIM_zero_iff, LIM_norm_zero_iff
huffman
parents: 21282
diff changeset
   149
22627
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   150
lemma LIM_rabs: "f -- a --> (l::real) \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. \<bar>f x\<bar>) -- a --> \<bar>l\<bar>"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   151
by (fold real_norm_def, rule LIM_norm)
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   152
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   153
lemma LIM_rabs_zero: "f -- a --> (0::real) \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. \<bar>f x\<bar>) -- a --> 0"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   154
by (fold real_norm_def, rule LIM_norm_zero)
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   155
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   156
lemma LIM_rabs_zero_cancel: "(\<lambda>x. \<bar>f x\<bar>) -- a --> (0::real) \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> 0"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   157
by (fold real_norm_def, rule LIM_norm_zero_cancel)
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   158
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   159
lemma LIM_rabs_zero_iff: "(\<lambda>x. \<bar>f x\<bar>) -- a --> (0::real) = f -- a --> 0"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   160
by (fold real_norm_def, rule LIM_norm_zero_iff)
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   161
20561
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   162
lemma LIM_const_not_eq:
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   163
  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra"
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   164
  shows "k \<noteq> L ==> ~ ((%x. k) -- a --> L)"
20552
2c31dd358c21 generalized types of many constants to work over arbitrary vector spaces;
huffman
parents: 20432
diff changeset
   165
apply (simp add: LIM_eq)
2c31dd358c21 generalized types of many constants to work over arbitrary vector spaces;
huffman
parents: 20432
diff changeset
   166
apply (rule_tac x="norm (k - L)" in exI, simp, safe)
20561
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   167
apply (rule_tac x="a + of_real (s/2)" in exI, simp add: norm_of_real)
20552
2c31dd358c21 generalized types of many constants to work over arbitrary vector spaces;
huffman
parents: 20432
diff changeset
   168
done
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   169
21786
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   170
lemmas LIM_not_zero = LIM_const_not_eq [where L = 0]
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   171
20561
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   172
lemma LIM_const_eq:
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   173
  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra"
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   174
  shows "(%x. k) -- a --> L ==> k = L"
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   175
apply (rule ccontr)
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   176
apply (blast dest: LIM_const_not_eq)
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   177
done
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   178
20561
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   179
lemma LIM_unique:
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   180
  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra"
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   181
  shows "[| f -- a --> L; f -- a --> M |] ==> L = M"
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   182
apply (drule LIM_diff, assumption)
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   183
apply (auto dest!: LIM_const_eq)
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   184
done
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   185
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   186
lemma LIM_self: "(%x. x) -- a --> a"
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   187
by (auto simp add: LIM_def)
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   188
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   189
text{*Limits are equal for functions equal except at limit point*}
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   190
lemma LIM_equal:
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   191
     "[| \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a --> (f x = g x) |] ==> (f -- a --> l) = (g -- a --> l)"
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   192
by (simp add: LIM_def)
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   193
20796
257e01fab4b7 generalize proofs of DERIV_isCont and DERIV_mult
huffman
parents: 20795
diff changeset
   194
lemma LIM_cong:
257e01fab4b7 generalize proofs of DERIV_isCont and DERIV_mult
huffman
parents: 20795
diff changeset
   195
  "\<lbrakk>a = b; \<And>x. x \<noteq> b \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x; l = m\<rbrakk>
21399
700ae58d2273 add lemmas LIM_zero_iff, LIM_norm_zero_iff
huffman
parents: 21282
diff changeset
   196
   \<Longrightarrow> ((\<lambda>x. f x) -- a --> l) = ((\<lambda>x. g x) -- b --> m)"
20796
257e01fab4b7 generalize proofs of DERIV_isCont and DERIV_mult
huffman
parents: 20795
diff changeset
   197
by (simp add: LIM_def)
257e01fab4b7 generalize proofs of DERIV_isCont and DERIV_mult
huffman
parents: 20795
diff changeset
   198
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   199
lemma LIM_equal2:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   200
  assumes 1: "0 < R"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   201
  assumes 2: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; norm (x - a) < R\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   202
  shows "g -- a --> l \<Longrightarrow> f -- a --> l"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   203
apply (unfold LIM_def, safe)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   204
apply (drule_tac x="r" in spec, safe)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   205
apply (rule_tac x="min s R" in exI, safe)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   206
apply (simp add: 1)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   207
apply (simp add: 2)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   208
done
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   209
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   210
text{*Two uses in Hyperreal/Transcendental.ML*}
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   211
lemma LIM_trans:
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   212
     "[| (%x. f(x) + -g(x)) -- a --> 0;  g -- a --> l |] ==> f -- a --> l"
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   213
apply (drule LIM_add, assumption)
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   214
apply (auto simp add: add_assoc)
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   215
done
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   216
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   217
lemma LIM_compose:
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   218
  assumes g: "g -- l --> g l"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   219
  assumes f: "f -- a --> l"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   220
  shows "(\<lambda>x. g (f x)) -- a --> g l"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   221
proof (rule LIM_I)
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   222
  fix r::real assume r: "0 < r"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   223
  obtain s where s: "0 < s"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   224
    and less_r: "\<And>y. \<lbrakk>y \<noteq> l; norm (y - l) < s\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> norm (g y - g l) < r"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   225
    using LIM_D [OF g r] by fast
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   226
  obtain t where t: "0 < t"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   227
    and less_s: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; norm (x - a) < t\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> norm (f x - l) < s"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   228
    using LIM_D [OF f s] by fast
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   229
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   230
  show "\<exists>t>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x - a) < t \<longrightarrow> norm (g (f x) - g l) < r"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   231
  proof (rule exI, safe)
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   232
    show "0 < t" using t .
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   233
  next
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   234
    fix x assume "x \<noteq> a" and "norm (x - a) < t"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   235
    hence "norm (f x - l) < s" by (rule less_s)
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   236
    thus "norm (g (f x) - g l) < r"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   237
      using r less_r by (case_tac "f x = l", simp_all)
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   238
  qed
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   239
qed
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   240
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   241
lemma LIM_o: "\<lbrakk>g -- l --> g l; f -- a --> l\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (g \<circ> f) -- a --> g l"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   242
unfolding o_def by (rule LIM_compose)
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   243
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   244
lemma real_LIM_sandwich_zero:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   245
  fixes f g :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> real"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   246
  assumes f: "f -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   247
  assumes 1: "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> 0 \<le> g x"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   248
  assumes 2: "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> g x \<le> f x"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   249
  shows "g -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   250
proof (rule LIM_imp_LIM [OF f])
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   251
  fix x assume x: "x \<noteq> a"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   252
  have "norm (g x - 0) = g x" by (simp add: 1 x)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   253
  also have "g x \<le> f x" by (rule 2 [OF x])
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   254
  also have "f x \<le> \<bar>f x\<bar>" by (rule abs_ge_self)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   255
  also have "\<bar>f x\<bar> = norm (f x - 0)" by simp
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   256
  finally show "norm (g x - 0) \<le> norm (f x - 0)" .
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   257
qed
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   258
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21810
diff changeset
   259
text {* Bounded Linear Operators *}
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   260
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   261
lemma (in bounded_linear) cont: "f -- a --> f a"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   262
proof (rule LIM_I)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   263
  fix r::real assume r: "0 < r"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   264
  obtain K where K: "0 < K" and norm_le: "\<And>x. norm (f x) \<le> norm x * K"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   265
    using pos_bounded by fast
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   266
  show "\<exists>s>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x - a) < s \<longrightarrow> norm (f x - f a) < r"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   267
  proof (rule exI, safe)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   268
    from r K show "0 < r / K" by (rule divide_pos_pos)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   269
  next
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   270
    fix x assume x: "norm (x - a) < r / K"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   271
    have "norm (f x - f a) = norm (f (x - a))" by (simp only: diff)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   272
    also have "\<dots> \<le> norm (x - a) * K" by (rule norm_le)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   273
    also from K x have "\<dots> < r" by (simp only: pos_less_divide_eq)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   274
    finally show "norm (f x - f a) < r" .
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   275
  qed
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   276
qed
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   277
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   278
lemma (in bounded_linear) LIM:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   279
  "g -- a --> l \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f (g x)) -- a --> f l"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   280
by (rule LIM_compose [OF cont])
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   281
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   282
lemma (in bounded_linear) LIM_zero:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   283
  "g -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f (g x)) -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   284
by (drule LIM, simp only: zero)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   285
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21810
diff changeset
   286
text {* Bounded Bilinear Operators *}
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   287
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   288
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) LIM_prod_zero:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   289
  assumes f: "f -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   290
  assumes g: "g -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   291
  shows "(\<lambda>x. f x ** g x) -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   292
proof (rule LIM_I)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   293
  fix r::real assume r: "0 < r"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   294
  obtain K where K: "0 < K"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   295
    and norm_le: "\<And>x y. norm (x ** y) \<le> norm x * norm y * K"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   296
    using pos_bounded by fast
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   297
  from K have K': "0 < inverse K"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   298
    by (rule positive_imp_inverse_positive)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   299
  obtain s where s: "0 < s"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   300
    and norm_f: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; norm (x - a) < s\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> norm (f x) < r"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   301
    using LIM_D [OF f r] by auto
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   302
  obtain t where t: "0 < t"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   303
    and norm_g: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; norm (x - a) < t\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> norm (g x) < inverse K"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   304
    using LIM_D [OF g K'] by auto
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   305
  show "\<exists>s>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x - a) < s \<longrightarrow> norm (f x ** g x - 0) < r"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   306
  proof (rule exI, safe)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   307
    from s t show "0 < min s t" by simp
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   308
  next
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   309
    fix x assume x: "x \<noteq> a"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   310
    assume "norm (x - a) < min s t"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   311
    hence xs: "norm (x - a) < s" and xt: "norm (x - a) < t" by simp_all
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   312
    from x xs have 1: "norm (f x) < r" by (rule norm_f)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   313
    from x xt have 2: "norm (g x) < inverse K" by (rule norm_g)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   314
    have "norm (f x ** g x) \<le> norm (f x) * norm (g x) * K" by (rule norm_le)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   315
    also from 1 2 K have "\<dots> < r * inverse K * K"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   316
      by (intro mult_strict_right_mono mult_strict_mono' norm_ge_zero)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   317
    also from K have "r * inverse K * K = r" by simp
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   318
    finally show "norm (f x ** g x - 0) < r" by simp
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   319
  qed
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   320
qed
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   321
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   322
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) LIM_left_zero:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   323
  "f -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f x ** c) -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   324
by (rule bounded_linear.LIM_zero [OF bounded_linear_left])
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   325
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   326
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) LIM_right_zero:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   327
  "f -- a --> 0 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. c ** f x) -- a --> 0"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   328
by (rule bounded_linear.LIM_zero [OF bounded_linear_right])
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   329
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   330
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) LIM:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   331
  "\<lbrakk>f -- a --> L; g -- a --> M\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f x ** g x) -- a --> L ** M"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   332
apply (drule LIM_zero)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   333
apply (drule LIM_zero)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   334
apply (rule LIM_zero_cancel)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   335
apply (subst prod_diff_prod)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   336
apply (rule LIM_add_zero)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   337
apply (rule LIM_add_zero)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   338
apply (erule (1) LIM_prod_zero)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   339
apply (erule LIM_left_zero)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   340
apply (erule LIM_right_zero)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   341
done
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   342
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   343
lemmas LIM_mult = bounded_bilinear_mult.LIM
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   344
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   345
lemmas LIM_mult_zero = bounded_bilinear_mult.LIM_prod_zero
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   346
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   347
lemmas LIM_mult_left_zero = bounded_bilinear_mult.LIM_left_zero
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   348
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   349
lemmas LIM_mult_right_zero = bounded_bilinear_mult.LIM_right_zero
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   350
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   351
lemmas LIM_scaleR = bounded_bilinear_scaleR.LIM
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   352
22627
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   353
lemmas LIM_of_real = bounded_linear_of_real.LIM
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   354
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   355
lemma LIM_power:
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   356
  fixes f :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::{recpower,real_normed_algebra}"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   357
  assumes f: "f -- a --> l"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   358
  shows "(\<lambda>x. f x ^ n) -- a --> l ^ n"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   359
by (induct n, simp, simp add: power_Suc LIM_mult f)
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   360
22641
a5dc96fad632 moved nonstandard limit stuff from Lim.thy into new theory HLim.thy
huffman
parents: 22637
diff changeset
   361
subsubsection {* Derived theorems about @{term LIM} *}
a5dc96fad632 moved nonstandard limit stuff from Lim.thy into new theory HLim.thy
huffman
parents: 22637
diff changeset
   362
22637
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   363
lemma LIM_inverse_lemma:
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   364
  fixes x :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   365
  assumes r: "0 < r"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   366
  assumes x: "norm (x - 1) < min (1/2) (r/2)"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   367
  shows "norm (inverse x - 1) < r"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   368
proof -
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   369
  from r have r2: "0 < r/2" by simp
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   370
  from x have 0: "x \<noteq> 0" by clarsimp
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   371
  from x have x': "norm (1 - x) < min (1/2) (r/2)"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   372
    by (simp only: norm_minus_commute)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   373
  hence less1: "norm (1 - x) < r/2" by simp
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   374
  have "norm (1::'a) - norm x \<le> norm (1 - x)" by (rule norm_triangle_ineq2)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   375
  also from x' have "norm (1 - x) < 1/2" by simp
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   376
  finally have "1/2 < norm x" by simp
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   377
  hence "inverse (norm x) < inverse (1/2)"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   378
    by (rule less_imp_inverse_less, simp)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   379
  hence less2: "norm (inverse x) < 2"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   380
    by (simp add: nonzero_norm_inverse 0)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   381
  from less1 less2 r2 norm_ge_zero
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   382
  have "norm (1 - x) * norm (inverse x) < (r/2) * 2"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   383
    by (rule mult_strict_mono)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   384
  thus "norm (inverse x - 1) < r"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   385
    by (simp only: norm_mult [symmetric] left_diff_distrib, simp add: 0)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   386
qed
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   387
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   388
lemma LIM_inverse_fun:
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   389
  assumes a: "a \<noteq> (0::'a::real_normed_div_algebra)"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   390
  shows "inverse -- a --> inverse a"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   391
proof (rule LIM_equal2)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   392
  from a show "0 < norm a" by simp
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   393
next
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   394
  fix x assume "norm (x - a) < norm a"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   395
  hence "x \<noteq> 0" by auto
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   396
  with a show "inverse x = inverse (inverse a * x) * inverse a"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   397
    by (simp add: nonzero_inverse_mult_distrib
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   398
                  nonzero_imp_inverse_nonzero
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   399
                  nonzero_inverse_inverse_eq mult_assoc)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   400
next
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   401
  have 1: "inverse -- 1 --> inverse (1::'a)"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   402
    apply (rule LIM_I)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   403
    apply (rule_tac x="min (1/2) (r/2)" in exI)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   404
    apply (simp add: LIM_inverse_lemma)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   405
    done
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   406
  have "(\<lambda>x. inverse a * x) -- a --> inverse a * a"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   407
    by (intro LIM_mult LIM_self LIM_const)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   408
  hence "(\<lambda>x. inverse a * x) -- a --> 1"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   409
    by (simp add: a)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   410
  with 1 have "(\<lambda>x. inverse (inverse a * x)) -- a --> inverse 1"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   411
    by (rule LIM_compose)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   412
  hence "(\<lambda>x. inverse (inverse a * x)) -- a --> 1"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   413
    by simp
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   414
  hence "(\<lambda>x. inverse (inverse a * x) * inverse a) -- a --> 1 * inverse a"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   415
    by (intro LIM_mult LIM_const)
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   416
  thus "(\<lambda>x. inverse (inverse a * x) * inverse a) -- a --> inverse a"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   417
    by simp
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   418
qed
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   419
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   420
lemma LIM_inverse:
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   421
  fixes L :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   422
  shows "\<lbrakk>f -- a --> L; L \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. inverse (f x)) -- a --> inverse L"
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   423
by (rule LIM_inverse_fun [THEN LIM_compose])
3f158760b68f new standard proof of lemma LIM_inverse
huffman
parents: 22631
diff changeset
   424
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   425
20755
956a0377a408 reorganize sections
huffman
parents: 20754
diff changeset
   426
subsection {* Continuity *}
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   427
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   428
subsubsection {* Purely standard proofs *}
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   429
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   430
lemma LIM_isCont_iff: "(f -- a --> f a) = ((\<lambda>h. f (a + h)) -- 0 --> f a)"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   431
by (rule iffI [OF LIM_offset_zero LIM_offset_zero_cancel])
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   432
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   433
lemma isCont_iff: "isCont f x = (\<lambda>h. f (x + h)) -- 0 --> f x"
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   434
by (simp add: isCont_def LIM_isCont_iff)
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   435
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   436
lemma isCont_Id: "isCont (\<lambda>x. x) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   437
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_self)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   438
21786
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   439
lemma isCont_const [simp]: "isCont (\<lambda>x. k) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   440
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_const)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   441
21786
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   442
lemma isCont_norm: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) a"
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   443
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_norm)
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   444
22627
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   445
lemma isCont_rabs: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. \<bar>f x :: real\<bar>) a"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   446
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_rabs)
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   447
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   448
lemma isCont_add: "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g a\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x + g x) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   449
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_add)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   450
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   451
lemma isCont_minus: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. - f x) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   452
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_minus)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   453
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   454
lemma isCont_diff: "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g a\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x - g x) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   455
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_diff)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   456
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   457
lemma isCont_mult:
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   458
  fixes f g :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_algebra"
21786
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   459
  shows "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g a\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x * g x) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   460
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_mult)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   461
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   462
lemma isCont_inverse:
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   463
  fixes f :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_div_algebra"
21786
66da6af2b0c9 cleaned up; generalized some proofs
huffman
parents: 21733
diff changeset
   464
  shows "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; f a \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. inverse (f x)) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   465
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_inverse)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   466
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   467
lemma isCont_LIM_compose:
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   468
  "\<lbrakk>isCont g l; f -- a --> l\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. g (f x)) -- a --> g l"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   469
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_compose)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   470
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   471
lemma isCont_o2: "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g (f a)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. g (f x)) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   472
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_compose)
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   473
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   474
lemma isCont_o: "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g (f a)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (g o f) a"
21282
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   475
  unfolding o_def by (rule isCont_o2)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   476
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   477
lemma (in bounded_linear) isCont: "isCont f a"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   478
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule cont)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   479
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   480
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) isCont:
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   481
  "\<lbrakk>isCont f a; isCont g a\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x ** g x) a"
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   482
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM)
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   483
dd647b4d7952 added bounded_linear and bounded_bilinear locales
huffman
parents: 21257
diff changeset
   484
lemmas isCont_scaleR = bounded_bilinear_scaleR.isCont
21239
d4fbe2c87ef1 LIM_compose -> isCont_LIM_compose;
huffman
parents: 21165
diff changeset
   485
22627
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   486
lemma isCont_of_real:
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   487
  "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. of_real (f x)) a"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   488
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_of_real)
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   489
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   490
lemma isCont_power:
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   491
  fixes f :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::{recpower,real_normed_algebra}"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   492
  shows "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x ^ n) a"
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   493
  unfolding isCont_def by (rule LIM_power)
2b093ba973bc new LIM/isCont lemmas for abs, of_real, and power
huffman
parents: 22613
diff changeset
   494
20561
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   495
lemma isCont_abs [simp]: "isCont abs (a::real)"
22641
a5dc96fad632 moved nonstandard limit stuff from Lim.thy into new theory HLim.thy
huffman
parents: 22637
diff changeset
   496
by (rule isCont_rabs [OF isCont_Id])
15228
4d332d10fa3d revised simprules for division
paulson
parents: 15195
diff changeset
   497
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   498
20755
956a0377a408 reorganize sections
huffman
parents: 20754
diff changeset
   499
subsection {* Uniform Continuity *}
956a0377a408 reorganize sections
huffman
parents: 20754
diff changeset
   500
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   501
lemma isUCont_isCont: "isUCont f ==> isCont f x"
23012
496b42cf588d remove dependence on Hilbert_Choice.thy
huffman
parents: 22641
diff changeset
   502
by (simp add: isUCont_def isCont_def LIM_def, force)
14477
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   503
cc61fd03e589 conversion of Hyperreal/Lim to new-style
paulson
parents: 14387
diff changeset
   504
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   505
subsection {* Relation of LIM and LIMSEQ *}
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   506
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   507
lemma LIMSEQ_SEQ_conv1:
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   508
  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   509
  assumes X: "X -- a --> L"
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   510
  shows "\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> a \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   511
proof (safe intro!: LIMSEQ_I)
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   512
  fix S :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   513
  fix r :: real
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   514
  assume rgz: "0 < r"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   515
  assume as: "\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   516
  assume S: "S ----> a"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   517
  from LIM_D [OF X rgz] obtain s
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   518
    where sgz: "0 < s"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   519
    and aux: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; norm (x - a) < s\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> norm (X x - L) < r"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   520
    by fast
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   521
  from LIMSEQ_D [OF S sgz]
21733
131dd2a27137 Modified lattice locale
nipkow
parents: 21404
diff changeset
   522
  obtain no where "\<forall>n\<ge>no. norm (S n - a) < s" by blast
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   523
  hence "\<forall>n\<ge>no. norm (X (S n) - L) < r" by (simp add: aux as)
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   524
  thus "\<exists>no. \<forall>n\<ge>no. norm (X (S n) - L) < r" ..
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   525
qed
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   526
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   527
lemma LIMSEQ_SEQ_conv2:
20561
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   528
  fixes a :: real
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   529
  assumes "\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> a \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L"
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   530
  shows "X -- a --> L"
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   531
proof (rule ccontr)
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   532
  assume "\<not> (X -- a --> L)"
20563
44eda2314aab replace (x + - y) with (x - y)
huffman
parents: 20561
diff changeset
   533
  hence "\<not> (\<forall>r > 0. \<exists>s > 0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & norm (x - a) < s --> norm (X x - L) < r)" by (unfold LIM_def)
44eda2314aab replace (x + - y) with (x - y)
huffman
parents: 20561
diff changeset
   534
  hence "\<exists>r > 0. \<forall>s > 0. \<exists>x. \<not>(x \<noteq> a \<and> \<bar>x - a\<bar> < s --> norm (X x - L) < r)" by simp
44eda2314aab replace (x + - y) with (x - y)
huffman
parents: 20561
diff changeset
   535
  hence "\<exists>r > 0. \<forall>s > 0. \<exists>x. (x \<noteq> a \<and> \<bar>x - a\<bar> < s \<and> norm (X x - L) \<ge> r)" by (simp add: linorder_not_less)
44eda2314aab replace (x + - y) with (x - y)
huffman
parents: 20561
diff changeset
   536
  then obtain r where rdef: "r > 0 \<and> (\<forall>s > 0. \<exists>x. (x \<noteq> a \<and> \<bar>x - a\<bar> < s \<and> norm (X x - L) \<ge> r))" by auto
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   537
20563
44eda2314aab replace (x + - y) with (x - y)
huffman
parents: 20561
diff changeset
   538
  let ?F = "\<lambda>n::nat. SOME x. x\<noteq>a \<and> \<bar>x - a\<bar> < inverse (real (Suc n)) \<and> norm (X x - L) \<ge> r"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   539
  have "\<And>n. \<exists>x. x\<noteq>a \<and> \<bar>x - a\<bar> < inverse (real (Suc n)) \<and> norm (X x - L) \<ge> r"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   540
    using rdef by simp
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   541
  hence F: "\<And>n. ?F n \<noteq> a \<and> \<bar>?F n - a\<bar> < inverse (real (Suc n)) \<and> norm (X (?F n) - L) \<ge> r"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   542
    by (rule someI_ex)
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   543
  hence F1: "\<And>n. ?F n \<noteq> a"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   544
    and F2: "\<And>n. \<bar>?F n - a\<bar> < inverse (real (Suc n))"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   545
    and F3: "\<And>n. norm (X (?F n) - L) \<ge> r"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   546
    by fast+
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   547
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   548
  have "?F ----> a"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   549
  proof (rule LIMSEQ_I, unfold real_norm_def)
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   550
      fix e::real
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   551
      assume "0 < e"
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   552
        (* choose no such that inverse (real (Suc n)) < e *)
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   553
      have "\<exists>no. inverse (real (Suc no)) < e" by (rule reals_Archimedean)
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   554
      then obtain m where nodef: "inverse (real (Suc m)) < e" by auto
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   555
      show "\<exists>no. \<forall>n. no \<le> n --> \<bar>?F n - a\<bar> < e"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   556
      proof (intro exI allI impI)
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   557
        fix n
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   558
        assume mlen: "m \<le> n"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   559
        have "\<bar>?F n - a\<bar> < inverse (real (Suc n))"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   560
          by (rule F2)
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   561
        also have "inverse (real (Suc n)) \<le> inverse (real (Suc m))"
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   562
          by auto
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   563
        also from nodef have
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   564
          "inverse (real (Suc m)) < e" .
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   565
        finally show "\<bar>?F n - a\<bar> < e" .
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   566
      qed
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   567
  qed
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   568
  
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   569
  moreover have "\<forall>n. ?F n \<noteq> a"
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   570
    by (rule allI) (rule F1)
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   571
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   572
  moreover from prems have "\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> a \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L" by simp
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   573
  ultimately have "(\<lambda>n. X (?F n)) ----> L" by simp
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   574
  
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   575
  moreover have "\<not> ((\<lambda>n. X (?F n)) ----> L)"
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   576
  proof -
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   577
    {
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   578
      fix no::nat
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   579
      obtain n where "n = no + 1" by simp
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   580
      then have nolen: "no \<le> n" by simp
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   581
        (* We prove this by showing that for any m there is an n\<ge>m such that |X (?F n) - L| \<ge> r *)
21165
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   582
      have "norm (X (?F n) - L) \<ge> r"
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   583
        by (rule F3)
8fb49f668511 moved DERIV stuff from Lim.thy to new Deriv.thy; cleaned up LIMSEQ_SEQ proofs
huffman
parents: 21141
diff changeset
   584
      with nolen have "\<exists>n. no \<le> n \<and> norm (X (?F n) - L) \<ge> r" by fast
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   585
    }
20563
44eda2314aab replace (x + - y) with (x - y)
huffman
parents: 20561
diff changeset
   586
    then have "(\<forall>no. \<exists>n. no \<le> n \<and> norm (X (?F n) - L) \<ge> r)" by simp
44eda2314aab replace (x + - y) with (x - y)
huffman
parents: 20561
diff changeset
   587
    with rdef have "\<exists>e>0. (\<forall>no. \<exists>n. no \<le> n \<and> norm (X (?F n) - L) \<ge> e)" by auto
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   588
    thus ?thesis by (unfold LIMSEQ_def, auto simp add: linorder_not_less)
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   589
  qed
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   590
  ultimately show False by simp
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   591
qed
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   592
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   593
lemma LIMSEQ_SEQ_conv:
20561
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   594
  "(\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> (a::real) \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L) =
6a6d8004322f generalize type of (NS)LIM to work on functions with vector space domain types
huffman
parents: 20552
diff changeset
   595
   (X -- a --> L)"
19023
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   596
proof
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   597
  assume "\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> a \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L"
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   598
  show "X -- a --> L" by (rule LIMSEQ_SEQ_conv2)
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   599
next
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   600
  assume "(X -- a --> L)"
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   601
  show "\<forall>S. (\<forall>n. S n \<noteq> a) \<and> S ----> a \<longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. X (S n)) ----> L" by (rule LIMSEQ_SEQ_conv1)
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   602
qed
5652a536b7e8 * include generalised MVT in HyperReal (contributed by Benjamin Porter)
kleing
parents: 17318
diff changeset
   603
10751
a81ea5d3dd41 separation of HOL-Hyperreal from HOL-Real
paulson
parents:
diff changeset
   604
end