src/HOL/Inductive.thy
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(*  Title:      HOL/Inductive.thy
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    Author:     Markus Wenzel, TU Muenchen
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*)
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header {* Knaster-Tarski Fixpoint Theorem and inductive definitions *}
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theory Inductive 
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imports Complete_Lattice
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uses
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  ("Tools/inductive.ML")
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  "Tools/dseq.ML"
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  "Tools/Datatype/datatype_aux.ML"
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  "Tools/Datatype/datatype_prop.ML"
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  "Tools/Datatype/datatype_case.ML"
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  ("Tools/Datatype/datatype_abs_proofs.ML")
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  ("Tools/Datatype/datatype_data.ML")
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  ("Tools/primrec.ML")
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  ("Tools/Datatype/datatype_codegen.ML")
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begin
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subsection {* Least and greatest fixed points *}
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context complete_lattice
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begin
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definition
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  lfp :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> 'a" where
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  "lfp f = Inf {u. f u \<le> u}"    --{*least fixed point*}
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definition
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  gfp :: "('a \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> 'a" where
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  "gfp f = Sup {u. u \<le> f u}"    --{*greatest fixed point*}
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subsection{* Proof of Knaster-Tarski Theorem using @{term lfp} *}
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text{*@{term "lfp f"} is the least upper bound of 
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      the set @{term "{u. f(u) \<le> u}"} *}
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lemma lfp_lowerbound: "f A \<le> A ==> lfp f \<le> A"
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  by (auto simp add: lfp_def intro: Inf_lower)
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lemma lfp_greatest: "(!!u. f u \<le> u ==> A \<le> u) ==> A \<le> lfp f"
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  by (auto simp add: lfp_def intro: Inf_greatest)
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end
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lemma lfp_lemma2: "mono f ==> f (lfp f) \<le> lfp f"
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  by (iprover intro: lfp_greatest order_trans monoD lfp_lowerbound)
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lemma lfp_lemma3: "mono f ==> lfp f \<le> f (lfp f)"
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  by (iprover intro: lfp_lemma2 monoD lfp_lowerbound)
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lemma lfp_unfold: "mono f ==> lfp f = f (lfp f)"
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  by (iprover intro: order_antisym lfp_lemma2 lfp_lemma3)
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lemma lfp_const: "lfp (\<lambda>x. t) = t"
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  by (rule lfp_unfold) (simp add:mono_def)
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subsection {* General induction rules for least fixed points *}
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theorem lfp_induct:
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  assumes mono: "mono f" and ind: "f (inf (lfp f) P) <= P"
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  shows "lfp f <= P"
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proof -
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  have "inf (lfp f) P <= lfp f" by (rule inf_le1)
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  with mono have "f (inf (lfp f) P) <= f (lfp f)" ..
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  also from mono have "f (lfp f) = lfp f" by (rule lfp_unfold [symmetric])
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  finally have "f (inf (lfp f) P) <= lfp f" .
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  from this and ind have "f (inf (lfp f) P) <= inf (lfp f) P" by (rule le_infI)
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  hence "lfp f <= inf (lfp f) P" by (rule lfp_lowerbound)
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  also have "inf (lfp f) P <= P" by (rule inf_le2)
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  finally show ?thesis .
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qed
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lemma lfp_induct_set:
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  assumes lfp: "a: lfp(f)"
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      and mono: "mono(f)"
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      and indhyp: "!!x. [| x: f(lfp(f) Int {x. P(x)}) |] ==> P(x)"
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  shows "P(a)"
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  by (rule lfp_induct [THEN subsetD, THEN CollectD, OF mono _ lfp])
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    (auto simp: intro: indhyp)
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lemma lfp_ordinal_induct:
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  fixes f :: "'a\<Colon>complete_lattice \<Rightarrow> 'a"
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  assumes mono: "mono f"
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  and P_f: "\<And>S. P S \<Longrightarrow> P (f S)"
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  and P_Union: "\<And>M. \<forall>S\<in>M. P S \<Longrightarrow> P (Sup M)"
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  shows "P (lfp f)"
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proof -
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  let ?M = "{S. S \<le> lfp f \<and> P S}"
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  have "P (Sup ?M)" using P_Union by simp
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  also have "Sup ?M = lfp f"
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  proof (rule antisym)
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    show "Sup ?M \<le> lfp f" by (blast intro: Sup_least)
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    hence "f (Sup ?M) \<le> f (lfp f)" by (rule mono [THEN monoD])
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    hence "f (Sup ?M) \<le> lfp f" using mono [THEN lfp_unfold] by simp
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    hence "f (Sup ?M) \<in> ?M" using P_f P_Union by simp
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    hence "f (Sup ?M) \<le> Sup ?M" by (rule Sup_upper)
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    thus "lfp f \<le> Sup ?M" by (rule lfp_lowerbound)
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  qed
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  finally show ?thesis .
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qed 
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lemma lfp_ordinal_induct_set: 
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  assumes mono: "mono f"
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  and P_f: "!!S. P S ==> P(f S)"
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  and P_Union: "!!M. !S:M. P S ==> P(Union M)"
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  shows "P(lfp f)"
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  using assms by (rule lfp_ordinal_induct [where P=P])
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text{*Definition forms of @{text lfp_unfold} and @{text lfp_induct}, 
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    to control unfolding*}
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lemma def_lfp_unfold: "[| h==lfp(f);  mono(f) |] ==> h = f(h)"
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by (auto intro!: lfp_unfold)
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lemma def_lfp_induct: 
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    "[| A == lfp(f); mono(f);
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        f (inf A P) \<le> P
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     |] ==> A \<le> P"
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  by (blast intro: lfp_induct)
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lemma def_lfp_induct_set: 
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    "[| A == lfp(f);  mono(f);   a:A;                    
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        !!x. [| x: f(A Int {x. P(x)}) |] ==> P(x)         
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     |] ==> P(a)"
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  by (blast intro: lfp_induct_set)
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(*Monotonicity of lfp!*)
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lemma lfp_mono: "(!!Z. f Z \<le> g Z) ==> lfp f \<le> lfp g"
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  by (rule lfp_lowerbound [THEN lfp_greatest], blast intro: order_trans)
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subsection {* Proof of Knaster-Tarski Theorem using @{term gfp} *}
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text{*@{term "gfp f"} is the greatest lower bound of 
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      the set @{term "{u. u \<le> f(u)}"} *}
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lemma gfp_upperbound: "X \<le> f X ==> X \<le> gfp f"
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  by (auto simp add: gfp_def intro: Sup_upper)
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lemma gfp_least: "(!!u. u \<le> f u ==> u \<le> X) ==> gfp f \<le> X"
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  by (auto simp add: gfp_def intro: Sup_least)
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lemma gfp_lemma2: "mono f ==> gfp f \<le> f (gfp f)"
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  by (iprover intro: gfp_least order_trans monoD gfp_upperbound)
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lemma gfp_lemma3: "mono f ==> f (gfp f) \<le> gfp f"
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  by (iprover intro: gfp_lemma2 monoD gfp_upperbound)
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lemma gfp_unfold: "mono f ==> gfp f = f (gfp f)"
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  by (iprover intro: order_antisym gfp_lemma2 gfp_lemma3)
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subsection {* Coinduction rules for greatest fixed points *}
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text{*weak version*}
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lemma weak_coinduct: "[| a: X;  X \<subseteq> f(X) |] ==> a : gfp(f)"
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by (rule gfp_upperbound [THEN subsetD], auto)
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lemma weak_coinduct_image: "!!X. [| a : X; g`X \<subseteq> f (g`X) |] ==> g a : gfp f"
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apply (erule gfp_upperbound [THEN subsetD])
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apply (erule imageI)
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done
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lemma coinduct_lemma:
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     "[| X \<le> f (sup X (gfp f));  mono f |] ==> sup X (gfp f) \<le> f (sup X (gfp f))"
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  apply (frule gfp_lemma2)
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  apply (drule mono_sup)
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  apply (rule le_supI)
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  apply assumption
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  apply (rule order_trans)
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  apply (rule order_trans)
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  apply assumption
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  apply (rule sup_ge2)
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  apply assumption
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  done
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text{*strong version, thanks to Coen and Frost*}
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lemma coinduct_set: "[| mono(f);  a: X;  X \<subseteq> f(X Un gfp(f)) |] ==> a : gfp(f)"
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by (blast intro: weak_coinduct [OF _ coinduct_lemma])
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lemma coinduct: "[| mono(f); X \<le> f (sup X (gfp f)) |] ==> X \<le> gfp(f)"
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  apply (rule order_trans)
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  apply (rule sup_ge1)
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  apply (erule gfp_upperbound [OF coinduct_lemma])
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  apply assumption
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  done
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lemma gfp_fun_UnI2: "[| mono(f);  a: gfp(f) |] ==> a: f(X Un gfp(f))"
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by (blast dest: gfp_lemma2 mono_Un)
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subsection {* Even Stronger Coinduction Rule, by Martin Coen *}
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text{* Weakens the condition @{term "X \<subseteq> f(X)"} to one expressed using both
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  @{term lfp} and @{term gfp}*}
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lemma coinduct3_mono_lemma: "mono(f) ==> mono(%x. f(x) Un X Un B)"
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by (iprover intro: subset_refl monoI Un_mono monoD)
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lemma coinduct3_lemma:
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     "[| X \<subseteq> f(lfp(%x. f(x) Un X Un gfp(f)));  mono(f) |]
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      ==> lfp(%x. f(x) Un X Un gfp(f)) \<subseteq> f(lfp(%x. f(x) Un X Un gfp(f)))"
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apply (rule subset_trans)
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apply (erule coinduct3_mono_lemma [THEN lfp_lemma3])
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apply (rule Un_least [THEN Un_least])
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apply (rule subset_refl, assumption)
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apply (rule gfp_unfold [THEN equalityD1, THEN subset_trans], assumption)
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apply (rule monoD [where f=f], assumption)
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apply (subst coinduct3_mono_lemma [THEN lfp_unfold], auto)
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done
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lemma coinduct3: 
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  "[| mono(f);  a:X;  X \<subseteq> f(lfp(%x. f(x) Un X Un gfp(f))) |] ==> a : gfp(f)"
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apply (rule coinduct3_lemma [THEN [2] weak_coinduct])
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apply (rule coinduct3_mono_lemma [THEN lfp_unfold, THEN ssubst])
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apply (simp_all)
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done
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text{*Definition forms of @{text gfp_unfold} and @{text coinduct}, 
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    to control unfolding*}
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lemma def_gfp_unfold: "[| A==gfp(f);  mono(f) |] ==> A = f(A)"
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by (auto intro!: gfp_unfold)
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lemma def_coinduct:
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     "[| A==gfp(f);  mono(f);  X \<le> f(sup X A) |] ==> X \<le> A"
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by (iprover intro!: coinduct)
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lemma def_coinduct_set:
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     "[| A==gfp(f);  mono(f);  a:X;  X \<subseteq> f(X Un A) |] ==> a: A"
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by (auto intro!: coinduct_set)
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(*The version used in the induction/coinduction package*)
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lemma def_Collect_coinduct:
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    "[| A == gfp(%w. Collect(P(w)));  mono(%w. Collect(P(w)));   
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        a: X;  !!z. z: X ==> P (X Un A) z |] ==>  
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     a : A"
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apply (erule def_coinduct_set, auto) 
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done
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lemma def_coinduct3:
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    "[| A==gfp(f); mono(f);  a:X;  X \<subseteq> f(lfp(%x. f(x) Un X Un A)) |] ==> a: A"
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by (auto intro!: coinduct3)
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text{*Monotonicity of @{term gfp}!*}
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lemma gfp_mono: "(!!Z. f Z \<le> g Z) ==> gfp f \<le> gfp g"
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  by (rule gfp_upperbound [THEN gfp_least], blast intro: order_trans)
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subsection {* Inductive predicates and sets *}
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56833637db2a generic induct_method.ML;
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text {* Package setup. *}
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theorems basic_monos =
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  subset_refl imp_refl disj_mono conj_mono ex_mono all_mono if_bool_eq_conj
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  Collect_mono in_mono vimage_mono
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use "Tools/inductive.ML"
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setup Inductive.setup
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theorems [mono] =
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  imp_refl disj_mono conj_mono ex_mono all_mono if_bool_eq_conj
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  imp_mono not_mono
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  Ball_def Bex_def
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  induct_rulify_fallback
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subsection {* Inductive datatypes and primitive recursion *}
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text {* Package setup. *}
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use "Tools/Datatype/datatype_abs_proofs.ML"
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use "Tools/Datatype/datatype_data.ML"
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setup Datatype_Data.setup
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use "Tools/Datatype/datatype_codegen.ML"
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setup Datatype_Codegen.setup
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use "Tools/primrec.ML"
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text{* Lambda-abstractions with pattern matching: *}
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syntax
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  "_lam_pats_syntax" :: "cases_syn => 'a => 'b"               ("(%_)" 10)
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syntax (xsymbols)
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  "_lam_pats_syntax" :: "cases_syn => 'a => 'b"               ("(\<lambda>_)" 10)
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parse_translation (advanced) {*
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let
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  fun fun_tr ctxt [cs] =
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    let
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      val x = Free (Name.variant (Term.add_free_names cs []) "x", dummyT);
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      val ft = Datatype_Case.case_tr true Datatype_Data.info_of_constr ctxt [x, cs];
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    in lambda x ft end
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in [(@{syntax_const "_lam_pats_syntax"}, fun_tr)] end
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*}
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end