src/HOL/Isar_examples/Cantor.thy
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(*  Title:      HOL/Isar_examples/Cantor.thy
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    ID:         $Id$
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    Author:     Markus Wenzel, TU Muenchen
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*)
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header {* Cantor's Theorem *};
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theory Cantor = Main:;text_raw {* \footnote{This is an Isar version of
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 the final example of the Isabelle/HOL manual \cite{isabelle-HOL}.}
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*};
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text {*
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 Cantor's Theorem states that every set has more subsets than it has
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 elements.  It has become a favorite basic example in pure
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 higher-order logic since it is so easily expressed: \[\all{f::\alpha
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 \To \alpha \To \idt{bool}} \ex{S::\alpha \To \idt{bool}}
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 \all{x::\alpha} f \ap x \not= S\]
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 Viewing types as sets, $\alpha \To \idt{bool}$ represents the
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 powerset of $\alpha$.  This version of the theorem states that for
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 every function from $\alpha$ to its powerset, some subset is outside
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 its range.  The Isabelle/Isar proofs below uses HOL's set theory,
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 with the type $\alpha \ap \idt{set}$ and the operator
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 $\idt{range}::(\alpha \To \beta) \To \beta \ap \idt{set}$.
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 \bigskip We first consider a slightly awkward version of the proof,
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 with the innermost reasoning expressed quite naively.
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*};
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theorem "EX S. S ~: range(f :: 'a => 'a set)";
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proof;
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  let ?S = "{x. x ~: f x}";
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  show "?S ~: range f";
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  proof;
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    assume "?S : range f";
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    thus False;
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    proof;
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      fix y; 
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      assume "?S = f y";
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      thus ?thesis;
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      proof (rule equalityCE);
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        assume in_S: "y : ?S";
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        assume in_fy: "y : f y";
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        from in_S; have notin_fy: "y ~: f y"; ..;
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        from notin_fy in_fy; show ?thesis; by contradiction;
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      next;
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        assume notin_S: "y ~: ?S";
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        assume notin_fy: "y ~: f y";
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        from notin_S; have in_fy: "y : f y"; ..;
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        from notin_fy in_fy; show ?thesis; by contradiction;
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      qed;
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    qed;
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  qed;
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qed;
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text {*
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 The following version of the proof essentially does the same
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 reasoning, only that it is expressed more neatly.  In particular, we
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 change the order of assumptions introduced in the two cases of rule
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 \name{equalityCE}, streamlining the flow of intermediate facts and
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 avoiding explicit naming.\footnote{In general, neither the order of
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 assumptions as introduced by \isacommand{assume}, nor the order of
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 goals as solved by \isacommand{show} is of any significance.  The
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 basic logical structure has to be left intact, though.  In
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 particular, assumptions ``belonging'' to some goal have to be
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 introduced \emph{before} its corresponding \isacommand{show}.}
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*};
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theorem "EX S. S ~: range(f :: 'a => 'a set)";
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proof;
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  let ?S = "{x. x ~: f x}";
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  show "?S ~: range f";
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  proof;
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    assume "?S : range f";
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    thus False;
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    proof;
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      fix y; 
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      assume "?S = f y";
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      thus ?thesis;
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      proof (rule equalityCE);
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        assume "y : f y";
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        assume "y : ?S"; hence "y ~: f y"; ..;
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        thus ?thesis; by contradiction;
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      next;
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        assume "y ~: f y";
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        assume "y ~: ?S"; hence "y : f y"; ..;
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        thus ?thesis; by contradiction;
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      qed;
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    qed;
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  qed;
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qed;
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text {*
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 How much creativity is required?  As it happens, Isabelle can prove
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 this theorem automatically.  The default context of the Isabelle's
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 classical prover contains rules for most of the constructs of HOL's
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 set theory.  We must augment it with \name{equalityCE} to break up
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 set equalities, and then apply best-first search.  Depth-first search
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 would diverge, but best-first search successfully navigates through
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 the large search space.
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*};
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theorem "EX S. S ~: range(f :: 'a => 'a set)";
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  by (best elim: equalityCE);
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text {*
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 While this establishes the same theorem internally, we do not get any
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 idea of how the proof actually works.  There is currently no way to
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 transform internal system-level representations of Isabelle proofs
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 back into Isar documents.  Writing intelligible proof documents
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 really is a creative process, after all.
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*};
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end;