src/HOL/Isar_examples/Cantor.thy

improved presentation;

(*  Title:      HOL/Isar_examples/Cantor.thy
    ID:         $Id$
    Author:     Markus Wenzel, TU Muenchen
*)

header {* Cantor's Theorem *};

theory Cantor = Main:;text_raw {* \footnote{This is an Isar version of
 the final example of the Isabelle/HOL manual \cite{isabelle-HOL}.}
*};

text {*
 Cantor's Theorem states that every set has more subsets than it has
 elements.  It has become a favorite basic example in pure
 higher-order logic since it is so easily expressed: \[\all{f::\alpha
 \To \alpha \To \idt{bool}} \ex{S::\alpha \To \idt{bool}}
 \all{x::\alpha}. f \ap x \not= S\]
  
 Viewing types as sets, $\alpha \To \idt{bool}$ represents the
 powerset of $\alpha$.  This version of the theorem states that for
 every function from $\alpha$ to its powerset, some subset is outside
 its range.  The Isabelle/Isar proofs below uses HOL's set theory,
 with the type $\alpha \ap \idt{set}$ and the operator $\idt{range}$.
  
 \bigskip We first consider a slightly awkward version of the proof,
 with the reasoning expressed quite naively.
*};

theorem "EX S. S ~: range(f :: 'a => 'a set)";
proof;
  let ?S = "{x. x ~: f x}";
  show "?S ~: range f";
  proof;
    assume "?S : range f";
    thus False;
    proof;
      fix y; 
      assume "?S = f y";
      thus ?thesis;
      proof (rule equalityCE);
        assume in_S: "y : ?S";
        assume in_fy: "y : f y";
        from in_S; have notin_fy: "y ~: f y"; ..;
        from notin_fy in_fy; show ?thesis; by contradiction;
      next;
        assume notin_S: "y ~: ?S";
        assume notin_fy: "y ~: f y";
        from notin_S; have in_fy: "y : f y"; ..;
        from notin_fy in_fy; show ?thesis; by contradiction;
      qed;
    qed;
  qed;
qed;

text {*
 The following version of the proof essentially does the same
 reasoning, only that it is expressed more neatly.  In particular, we
 change the order of assumptions introduced in the two cases of rule
 \name{equalityCE}, streamlining the flow of intermediate facts and
 avoiding explicit naming.\footnote{In general, neither the order of
 assumptions as introduced \isacommand{assume}, nor the order of goals
 as solved by \isacommand{show} matters.  The basic logical structure
 has to be left intact, though.  In particular, assumptions
 ``belonging'' to some goal have to be introduced \emph{before} its
 corresponding \isacommand{show}.}
*};

theorem "EX S. S ~: range(f :: 'a => 'a set)";
proof;
  let ?S = "{x. x ~: f x}";
  show "?S ~: range f";
  proof;
    assume "?S : range f";
    thus False;
    proof;
      fix y; 
      assume "?S = f y";
      thus ?thesis;
      proof (rule equalityCE);
        assume "y : f y";
        assume "y : ?S"; hence "y ~: f y"; ..;
        thus ?thesis; by contradiction;
      next;
        assume "y ~: f y";
        assume "y ~: ?S"; hence "y : f y"; ..;
        thus ?thesis; by contradiction;
      qed;
    qed;
  qed;
qed;

text {*
 How much creativity is required?  As it happens, Isabelle can prove
 this theorem automatically.  The default context of the classical
 proof tools contains rules for most of the constructs of HOL's set
 theory.  We must augment it with \name{equalityCE} to break up set
 equalities, and then apply best-first search.  Depth-first search
 would diverge, but best-first search successfully navigates through
 the large search space.
*};

theorem "EX S. S ~: range(f :: 'a => 'a set)";
  by (best elim: equalityCE);

text {*
 While this establishes the same theorem internally, we do not get any
 idea of how the proof actually works.  There is currently no way to
 transform internal system-level representations of Isabelle proofs
 back into Isar documents.  Writing proof documents really is a
 creative process, after all.
*};

end;