src/Doc/Sledgehammer/document/root.tex

[mirabelle] add initial documentation in Sledgehammer's doc

\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{footmisc}
\usepackage{graphicx}
%\usepackage{mathpazo}
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage{stmaryrd}
%\usepackage[scaled=.85]{beramono}
\usepackage{isabelle,iman,pdfsetup}

\newcommand\download{\url{https://isabelle.in.tum.de/components/}}

\let\oldS=\S
\def\S{\oldS\,}

\def\qty#1{\ensuremath{\left<\mathit{#1\/}\right>}}
\def\qtybf#1{$\mathbf{\left<\textbf{\textit{#1\/}}\right>}$}

\newcommand\const[1]{\textsf{#1}}

%\oddsidemargin=4.6mm
%\evensidemargin=4.6mm
%\textwidth=150mm
%\topmargin=4.6mm
%\headheight=0mm
%\headsep=0mm
%\textheight=234mm

\def\Colon{\mathord{:\mkern-1.5mu:}}
%\def\lbrakk{\mathopen{\lbrack\mkern-3.25mu\lbrack}}
%\def\rbrakk{\mathclose{\rbrack\mkern-3.255mu\rbrack}}
\def\lparr{\mathopen{(\mkern-4mu\mid}}
\def\rparr{\mathclose{\mid\mkern-4mu)}}

\def\unk{{?}}
\def\undef{(\lambda x.\; \unk)}
%\def\unr{\textit{others}}
\def\unr{\ldots}
\def\Abs#1{\hbox{\rm{\flqq}}{\,#1\,}\hbox{\rm{\frqq}}}
\def\Q{{\smash{\lower.2ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle?$}}}}

\urlstyle{tt}

\renewcommand\_{\hbox{\textunderscore\kern-.05ex}}

\begin{document}

%%% TYPESETTING
%\renewcommand\labelitemi{$\bullet$}
\renewcommand\labelitemi{\raise.065ex\hbox{\small\textbullet}}

\title{\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{isabelle_sledgehammer} \\[4ex]
Hammering Away \\[\smallskipamount]
\Large A User's Guide to Sledgehammer for Isabelle/HOL}
\author{\hbox{} \\
Jasmin Blanchette \\
{\normalsize Institut f\"ur Informatik, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen} \\[4\smallskipamount]
{\normalsize with contributions from} \\[4\smallskipamount]
Martin Desharnais \\
{\normalsize Forschungsinstitut CODE, Universit\"at der Bundeswehr M\"unchen}  \\[4\smallskipamount]
Lawrence C. Paulson \\
{\normalsize Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge} \\
\hbox{}}

\maketitle

\tableofcontents

\setlength{\parskip}{.7em plus .2em minus .1em}
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{\parskip}
\setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{.9\parskip}
\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\parskip}
\setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{.9\parskip}

% general-purpose enum environment with correct spacing
\newenvironment{enum}%
    {\begin{list}{}{%
        \setlength{\topsep}{.1\parskip}%
        \setlength{\partopsep}{.1\parskip}%
        \setlength{\itemsep}{\parskip}%
        \advance\itemsep by-\parsep}}
    {\end{list}}

\def\pre{\begingroup\vskip0pt plus1ex\advance\leftskip by\leftmargin
\advance\rightskip by\leftmargin}
\def\post{\vskip0pt plus1ex\endgroup}

\def\prew{\pre\advance\rightskip by-\leftmargin}
\def\postw{\post}


\section{Introduction}
\label{introduction}

Sledgehammer is a tool that applies automatic theorem provers (ATPs)
and satisfiability-modulo-theories (SMT) solvers on the current goal.%
\footnote{The distinction between ATPs and SMT solvers is convenient but mostly
historical.}
%
The supported ATPs are agsyHOL \cite{agsyHOL}, Alt-Ergo \cite{alt-ergo}, E
\cite{schulz-2002}, iProver \cite{korovin-2009}, LEO-II \cite{leo2}, Leo-III
\cite{leo3}, Satallax \cite{satallax}, SNARK \cite{snark}, SPASS
\cite{weidenbach-et-al-2009}, Vampire \cite{riazanov-voronkov-2002},
Waldmeister \cite{waldmeister}, and Zipperposition \cite{cruanes-2014}. The
ATPs are run either locally or remotely via the System\-On\-TPTP web service
\cite{sutcliffe-2000}. The supported SMT solvers are CVC3 \cite{cvc3}, CVC4
\cite{cvc4}, veriT \cite{bouton-et-al-2009}, and Z3 \cite{z3}. These are
always run locally.

The problem passed to the external provers (or solvers) consists of your current
goal together with a heuristic selection of hundreds of facts (theorems) from the
current theory context, filtered by relevance.

The result of a successful proof search is some source text that usually (but
not always) reconstructs the proof within Isabelle. For ATPs, the reconstructed
proof typically relies on the general-purpose \textit{metis} proof method, which
integrates the Metis ATP in Isabelle/HOL with explicit inferences going through
the kernel. Thus its results are correct by construction.

For Isabelle/jEdit users, Sledgehammer provides an automatic mode that can be
enabled via the ``Auto Sledgehammer'' option under ``Plugins > Plugin Options >
Isabelle > General.'' In this mode, a reduced version of Sledgehammer is run on
every newly entered theorem for a few seconds.

\newbox\boxA
\setbox\boxA=\hbox{\texttt{NOSPAM}}

\newcommand\authoremail{\texttt{blan{\color{white}NOSPAM}\kern-\wd\boxA{}chette@\allowbreak
in.\allowbreak tum.\allowbreak de}}

To run Sledgehammer, you must make sure that the theory \textit{Sledgehammer} is
imported---this is rarely a problem in practice since it is part of
\textit{Main}. Examples of Sledgehammer use can be found in Isabelle's
\texttt{src/HOL/Metis\_Examples} directory.
Comments and bug reports concerning Sledgehammer or this manual should be
directed to the author at \authoremail.


\section{Installation}
\label{installation}

Sledgehammer is part of Isabelle, so you do not need to install it. However, it
relies on third-party automatic provers (ATPs and SMT solvers).

Among the ATPs, agsyHOL, Alt-Ergo, E, LEO-II, Leo-III, Satallax, SPASS,
Vampire, and Zipperposition can be run locally; in addition, agsyHOL,
Alt-Ergo, E, iProver, LEO-II, Leo-III, Satallax, SNARK, Vampire, Waldmeister,
and Zipperposition are available remotely via System\-On\-TPTP
\cite{sutcliffe-2000}. The SMT solvers CVC3, CVC4, veriT, and Z3 can be run
locally.

There are three main ways to install automatic provers on your machine:

\begin{sloppy}
\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] If you installed an official Isabelle package, it should
already include properly setup executables for CVC4, E, SPASS, Vampire, and Z3,
ready to use. To use Vampire, you must confirm that you are a noncommercial
user, as indicated by the message that is displayed when Sledgehammer is
invoked the first time.

\item[\labelitemi] Alternatively, you can download the Isabelle-aware CVC3,
CVC4, E, SPASS, Vampire, and Z3 binary packages from \download. Extract the
archives, then add a line to your \texttt{\$ISABELLE\_HOME\_USER\slash etc\slash
components}%
\footnote{The variable \texttt{\$ISABELLE\_HOME\_USER} is set by Isabelle at
startup. Its value can be retrieved by executing \texttt{isabelle}
\texttt{getenv} \texttt{ISABELLE\_HOME\_USER} on the command line.}
file with the absolute path to CVC3, CVC4, E, SPASS, Vampire, or Z3. For
example, if the \texttt{components} file does not exist yet and you extracted
SPASS to \texttt{/usr/local/spass-3.8ds}, create it with the single line

\prew
\texttt{/usr/local/spass-3.8ds}
\postw

in it.

\item[\labelitemi] If you prefer to build agsyHOL, Alt-Ergo, E, LEO-II,
Leo-III, or Satallax manually, set the environment variable
\texttt{AGSYHOL\_HOME}, \texttt{E\_HOME}, \texttt{LEO2\_HOME},
\texttt{LEO3\_HOME}, or \texttt{SATALLAX\_HOME}
to the directory that contains the \texttt{agsyHOL},
\texttt{eprover} (and/or \texttt{eproof} or \texttt{eproof\_ram}),
\texttt{leo}, \texttt{leo3}, or \texttt{satallax} executable;
for Alt-Ergo, set the environment variable \texttt{WHY3\_HOME} to the
directory that contains the \texttt{why3} executable. Sledgehammer has been
tested with agsyHOL 1.0, Alt-Ergo 0.95.2, E 1.6 to 2.0, LEO-II 1.3.4, Leo-III
1.1, and Satallax 2.7. Since the ATPs' output formats are neither documented
nor stable, other versions might not work well with Sledgehammer. Ideally, you
should also set \texttt{E\_VERSION}, \texttt{LEO2\_VERSION},
\texttt{LEO3\_VERSION}, or \texttt{SATALLAX\_VERSION} to the prover's version
number (e.g., ``2.7''); this might help Sledgehammer invoke the prover
optimally.

Similarly, if you want to install CVC3, CVC4, veriT, or Z3, set the environment
variable \texttt{CVC3\_\allowbreak SOLVER}, \texttt{CVC4\_\allowbreak SOLVER},
\texttt{VERIT\_\allowbreak SOLVER}, or \texttt{Z3\_SOLVER} to the complete path
of the executable, \emph{including the file name}. Sledgehammer has been tested
with CVC3 2.2 and 2.4.1, CVC4 1.5-prerelease, veriT smtcomp2019, and Z3 4.3.2.
Since Z3's output format is somewhat unstable, other versions of the solver
might not work well with Sledgehammer. Ideally, also set
\texttt{CVC3\_VERSION}, \texttt{CVC4\_VERSION}, \texttt{VERIT\_VERSION}, or
\texttt{Z3\_VERSION} to the solver's version number (e.g., ``4.4.0'').
\end{enum}
\end{sloppy}

To check whether the provers are successfully installed, try out the example
in \S\ref{first-steps}. If the remote versions of any of these provers is used
(identified by the prefix ``\textit{remote\_\/}''), or if the local versions
fail to solve the easy goal presented there, something must be wrong with the
installation.

Remote prover invocation requires Perl with the World Wide Web Library
(\texttt{libwww-perl}) installed. If you must use a proxy server to access the
Internet, set the \texttt{http\_proxy} environment variable to the proxy, either
in the environment in which Isabelle is launched or in your
\texttt{\$ISABELLE\_HOME\_USER/etc/settings} file. Here are a few
examples:

\prew
\texttt{http\_proxy=http://proxy.example.org} \\
\texttt{http\_proxy=http://proxy.example.org:8080} \\
\texttt{http\_proxy=http://joeblow:[e-mail]}
\postw


\section{First Steps}
\label{first-steps}

To illustrate Sledgehammer in context, let us start a theory file and
attempt to prove a simple lemma:

\prew
\textbf{theory}~\textit{Scratch} \\
\textbf{imports}~\textit{Main} \\
\textbf{begin} \\[2\smallskipamount]
%
\textbf{lemma} ``$[a] = [b] \,\Longrightarrow\, a = b$'' \\
\textbf{sledgehammer}
\postw

Instead of issuing the \textbf{sledgehammer} command, you can also use the
Sledgehammer panel in Isabelle/jEdit. Sledgehammer produces the following output
after a few seconds:

\prew
\slshape
Proof found\ldots \\
``\textit{e\/}'': Try this: \textbf{by} \textit{simp} (0.3 ms) \\
%
``\textit{cvc4\/}'': Try this: \textbf{by} \textit{simp} (0.4 ms) \\
%
``\textit{z3\/}'': Try this: \textbf{by} \textit{simp} (0.5 ms) \\
%
``\textit{spass\/}'': Try this: \textbf{by} \textit{simp} (0.3 ms)
%
\postw

Sledgehammer ran CVC4, E, SPASS, and Z3 in parallel. Depending on which
provers are installed and how many processor cores are available, some of the
provers might be missing or present with a \textit{remote\_} prefix.

For each successful prover, Sledgehammer gives a one-line \textit{metis} or
\textit{smt} method call. Rough timings are shown in parentheses, indicating how
fast the call is. You can click the proof to insert it into the theory text.

In addition, you can ask Sledgehammer for an Isar text proof by enabling the
\textit{isar\_proofs} option (\S\ref{output-format}):

\prew
\textbf{sledgehammer} [\textit{isar\_proofs}]
\postw

When Isar proof construction is successful, it can yield proofs that are more
readable and also faster than the \textit{metis} or \textit{smt} one-line
proofs. This feature is experimental and is only available for ATPs.


\section{Hints}
\label{hints}

This section presents a few hints that should help you get the most out of
Sledgehammer. Frequently asked questions are answered in
\S\ref{frequently-asked-questions}.

%\newcommand\point[1]{\medskip\par{\sl\bfseries#1}\par\nopagebreak}
\newcommand\point[1]{\subsection{\emph{#1}}}


\point{Presimplify the goal}

For best results, first simplify your problem by calling \textit{auto} or at
least \textit{safe} followed by \textit{simp\_all}. The SMT solvers provide
arithmetic decision procedures, but the ATPs typically do not (or if they do,
Sledgehammer does not use it yet). Apart from Waldmeister, they are not
particularly good at heavy rewriting, but because they regard equations as
undirected, they often prove theorems that require the reverse orientation of a
\textit{simp} rule. Higher-order problems can be tackled, but the success rate
is better for first-order problems. Hence, you may get better results if you
first simplify the problem to remove higher-order features.


\point{Familiarize yourself with the main options}

Sledgehammer's options are fully documented in \S\ref{command-syntax}. Many of
the options are very specialized, but serious users of the tool should at least
familiarize themselves with the following options:

\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{provers}} (\S\ref{mode-of-operation}) specifies
the automatic provers (ATPs and SMT solvers) that should be run whenever
Sledgehammer is invoked (e.g., ``\textit{provers}~= \textit{cvc4 e spass
vampire\/}''). For convenience, you can omit ``\textit{provers}~=''
and simply write the prover names as a space-separated list (e.g., ``\textit{cvc4 e
spass vampire\/}'').

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{max\_facts}} (\S\ref{relevance-filter})
specifies the maximum number of facts that should be passed to the provers. By
default, the value is prover-dependent but varies between about 50 and 1000. If
the provers time out, you can try lowering this value to, say, 25 or 50 and see
if that helps.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{isar\_proofs}} (\S\ref{output-format}) specifies
that Isar proofs should be generated, in addition to one-line \textit{metis} or
\textit{smt} proofs. The length of the Isar proofs can be controlled by setting
\textit{compress} (\S\ref{output-format}).

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{timeout}} (\S\ref{timeouts}) controls the
provers' time limit. It is set to 30 seconds by default.
\end{enum}

Options can be set globally using \textbf{sledgehammer\_params}
(\S\ref{command-syntax}). The command also prints the list of all available
options with their current value. Fact selection can be influenced by specifying
``$(\textit{add}{:}~\textit{my\_facts})$'' after the \textbf{sledgehammer} call
to ensure that certain facts are included, or simply ``$(\textit{my\_facts})$''
to force Sledgehammer to run only with $\textit{my\_facts}$ (and any facts
chained into the goal).


\section{Frequently Asked Questions}
\label{frequently-asked-questions}

This sections answers frequently (and infrequently) asked questions about
Sledgehammer. It is a good idea to skim over it now even if you do not have any
questions at this stage. And if you have any further questions not listed here,
send them to the author at \authoremail.


\point{Which facts are passed to the automatic provers?}

Sledgehammer heuristically selects a few hundred relevant lemmas from the
currently loaded libraries. The component that performs this selection is
called \emph{relevance filter} (\S\ref{relevance-filter}).

\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi]
The traditional relevance filter, called \emph{MePo}
(\underline{Me}ng--\underline{Pau}lson), assigns a score to every available fact
(lemma, theorem, definition, or axiom) based upon how many constants that fact
shares with the conjecture. This process iterates to include facts relevant to
those just accepted. The constants are weighted to give unusual ones greater
significance. MePo copes best when the conjecture contains some unusual
constants; if all the constants are common, it is unable to discriminate among
the hundreds of facts that are picked up. The filter is also memoryless: It has
no information about how many times a particular fact has been used in a proof,
and it cannot learn.

\item[\labelitemi]
An alternative to MePo is \emph{MaSh} (\underline{Ma}chine Learner for
\underline{S}ledge\underline{h}ammer). It applies machine learning to the
problem of finding relevant facts.

\item[\labelitemi] The \emph{MeSh} filter combines MePo and MaSh. This is
the default.
\end{enum}

The number of facts included in a problem varies from prover to prover, since
some provers get overwhelmed more easily than others. You can show the number of
facts given using the \textit{verbose} option (\S\ref{output-format}) and the
actual facts using \textit{debug} (\S\ref{output-format}).

Sledgehammer is good at finding short proofs combining a handful of existing
lemmas. If you are looking for longer proofs, you must typically restrict the
number of facts, by setting the \textit{max\_facts} option
(\S\ref{relevance-filter}) to, say, 25 or 50.

You can also influence which facts are actually selected in a number of ways. If
you simply want to ensure that a fact is included, you can specify it using the
``$(\textit{add}{:}~\textit{my\_facts})$'' syntax. For example:
%
\prew
\textbf{sledgehammer} (\textit{add}: \textit{hd.simps} \textit{tl.simps})
\postw
%
The specified facts then replace the least relevant facts that would otherwise be
included; the other selected facts remain the same.
If you want to direct the selection in a particular direction, you can specify
the facts via \textbf{using}:
%
\prew
\textbf{using} \textit{hd.simps} \textit{tl.simps} \\
\textbf{sledgehammer}
\postw
%
The facts are then more likely to be selected than otherwise, and if they are
selected at iteration $j$ they also influence which facts are selected at
iterations $j + 1$, $j + 2$, etc. To give them even more weight, try
%
\prew
\textbf{using} \textit{hd.simps} \textit{tl.simps} \\
\textbf{apply}~\textbf{--} \\
\textbf{sledgehammer}
\postw


\point{Why does Metis fail to reconstruct the proof?}

There are many reasons. If Metis runs seemingly forever, that is a sign that the
proof is too difficult for it. Metis's search is complete for first-order logic
with equality, so if the proof was found by a superposition-based ATP such as
E, SPASS, or Vampire, Metis should eventually find it, but that is little
consolation.

In some rare cases, \textit{metis} fails fairly quickly, and you get the error
message ``One-line proof reconstruction failed.'' This indicates that
Sledgehammer determined that the goal is provable, but the proof is, for
technical reasons, beyond \textit{metis}'s power. You can then try again with
the \textit{strict} option (\S\ref{problem-encoding}).

If the goal is actually unprovable and you did not specify an unsound encoding
using \textit{type\_enc} (\S\ref{problem-encoding}), this is a bug, and you are
strongly encouraged to report this to the author at \authoremail.


\point{How can I tell whether a suggested proof is sound?}

Earlier versions of Sledgehammer often suggested unsound proofs---either proofs
of nontheorems or simply proofs that rely on type-unsound inferences. This
is a thing of the past, unless you explicitly specify an unsound encoding
using \textit{type\_enc} (\S\ref{problem-encoding}).
%
Officially, the only form of ``unsoundness'' that lurks in the sound
encodings is related to missing characteristic theorems of datatypes. For
example,

\prew
\textbf{lemma}~``$\exists \mathit{xs}.\; \mathit{xs} \neq []$'' \\
\textbf{sledgehammer} ()
\postw

suggests an argumentless \textit{metis} call that fails. However, the conjecture
does actually hold, and the \textit{metis} call can be repaired by adding
\textit{list.distinct}.
%
We hope to address this problem in a future version of Isabelle. In the
meantime, you can avoid it by passing the \textit{strict} option
(\S\ref{problem-encoding}).


\point{What are the \textit{full\_types}, \textit{no\_types}, and
\textit{mono\_tags} arguments to Metis?}

The \textit{metis}~(\textit{full\_types}) proof method
and its cousin \textit{metis}~(\textit{mono\_tags}) are fully-typed
versions of Metis. It is somewhat slower than \textit{metis}, but the proof
search is fully typed, and it also includes more powerful rules such as the
axiom ``$x = \const{True} \mathrel{\lor} x = \const{False}$'' for reasoning in
higher-order places (e.g., in set comprehensions). The method is automatically
tried as a fallback when \textit{metis} fails, and it is sometimes
generated by Sledgehammer instead of \textit{metis} if the proof obviously
requires type information or if \textit{metis} failed when Sledgehammer
preplayed the proof. (By default, Sledgehammer tries to run \textit{metis} with
various sets of option for up to 1~second each time to ensure that the generated
one-line proofs actually work and to display timing information. This can be
configured using the \textit{preplay\_timeout} and \textit{dont\_preplay}
options (\S\ref{timeouts}).)
%
At the other end of the soundness spectrum, \textit{metis} (\textit{no\_types})
uses no type information at all during the proof search, which is more efficient
but often fails. Calls to \textit{metis} (\textit{no\_types}) are occasionally
generated by Sledgehammer.
%
See the \textit{type\_enc} option (\S\ref{problem-encoding}) for details.

Incidentally, if you ever see warnings such as

\prew
\slshape
Metis: Falling back on ``\textit{metis} (\textit{full\_types})''
\postw

for a successful \textit{metis} proof, you can advantageously pass the
\textit{full\_types} option to \textit{metis} directly.


\point{And what are the \textit{lifting} and \textit{hide\_lams} arguments
to Metis?}

Orthogonally to the encoding of types, it is important to choose an appropriate
translation of $\lambda$-abstractions. Metis supports three translation schemes,
in decreasing order of power: Curry combinators (the default),
$\lambda$-lifting, and a ``hiding'' scheme that disables all reasoning under
$\lambda$-abstractions. The more powerful schemes also give the automatic
provers more rope to hang themselves. See the \textit{lam\_trans} option (\S\ref{problem-encoding}) for details.


\point{Are the generated proofs minimal?}

Automatic provers frequently use many more facts than are necessary.
Sledgehammer includes a minimization tool that takes a set of facts returned by
a given prover and repeatedly calls a prover or proof method with subsets of
those facts to find a minimal set. Reducing the number of facts typically helps
reconstruction, while also removing superfluous clutter from the proof scripts.

In earlier versions of Sledgehammer, generated proofs were systematically
accompanied by a suggestion to invoke the minimization tool. This step is now
performed by default but can be disabled using the \textit{minimize} option
(\S\ref{mode-of-operation}).


\point{A strange error occurred---what should I do?}

Sledgehammer tries to give informative error messages. Please report any strange
error to the author at \authoremail.


\point{Auto can solve it---why not Sledgehammer?}

Problems can be easy for \textit{auto} and difficult for automatic provers, but
the reverse is also true, so do not be discouraged if your first attempts fail.
Because the system refers to all theorems known to Isabelle, it is particularly
suitable when your goal has a short proof but requires lemmas that you do not
know about.


\point{Why are there so many options?}

Sledgehammer's philosophy should work out of the box, without user guidance.
Many of the options are meant to be used mostly by the Sledgehammer developers
for experiments. Of course, feel free to try them out if you are so inclined.


\section{Command Syntax}
\label{command-syntax}

\subsection{Sledgehammer}
\label{sledgehammer}

Sledgehammer can be invoked at any point when there is an open goal by entering
the \textbf{sledgehammer} command in the theory file. Its general syntax is as
follows:

\prew
\textbf{sledgehammer} \qty{subcommand}$^?$ \qty{options}$^?$ \qty{facts\_override}$^?$ \qty{num}$^?$
\postw

In the general syntax, the \qty{subcommand} may be any of the following:

\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{run} (the default):} Runs Sledgehammer on
subgoal number \qty{num} (1 by default), with the given options and facts.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{supported\_provers}:} Prints the list of
automatic provers supported by Sledgehammer. See \S\ref{installation} and
\S\ref{mode-of-operation} for more information on how to install automatic
provers.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{refresh\_tptp}:} Refreshes the list of remote
ATPs available at System\-On\-TPTP \cite{sutcliffe-2000}.
\end{enum}

In addition, the following subcommands provide finer control over machine
learning with MaSh:

\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{unlearn}:} Resets MaSh, erasing any
persistent state.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{learn\_isar}:} Invokes MaSh on the current
theory to process all the available facts, learning from their Isabelle/Isar
proofs. This happens automatically at Sledgehammer invocations if the
\textit{learn} option (\S\ref{relevance-filter}) is enabled.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{learn\_prover}:} Invokes MaSh on the current
theory to process all the available facts, learning from proofs generated by
automatic provers. The prover to use and its timeout can be set using the
\textit{prover} (\S\ref{mode-of-operation}) and \textit{timeout}
(\S\ref{timeouts}) options. It is recommended to perform learning using a
first-order ATP (such as E, SPASS, and Vampire) as opposed to a
higher-order ATP or an SMT solver.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{relearn\_isar}:} Same as \textit{unlearn}
followed by \textit{learn\_isar}.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{relearn\_prover}:} Same as \textit{unlearn}
followed by \textit{learn\_prover}.
\end{enum}

Sledgehammer's behavior can be influenced by various \qty{options}, which can be
specified in brackets after the \textbf{sledgehammer} command. The
\qty{options} are a list of key--value pairs of the form ``[$k_1 = v_1,
\ldots, k_n = v_n$]''. For Boolean options, ``= \textit{true\/}'' is optional.
For example:

\prew
\textbf{sledgehammer} [\textit{isar\_proofs}, \,\textit{timeout} = 120]
\postw

Default values can be set using \textbf{sledgehammer\_\allowbreak params}:

\prew
\textbf{sledgehammer\_params} \qty{options}
\postw

The supported options are described in \S\ref{option-reference}.

The \qty{facts\_override} argument lets you alter the set of facts that go
through the relevance filter. It may be of the form ``(\qty{facts})'', where
\qty{facts} is a space-separated list of Isabelle facts (theorems, local
assumptions, etc.), in which case the relevance filter is bypassed and the given
facts are used. It may also be of the form ``(\textit{add}:\ \qty{facts\/_{\mathrm{1}}})'',
``(\textit{del}:\ \qty{facts\/_{\mathrm{2}}})'', or ``(\textit{add}:\ \qty{facts\/_{\mathrm{1}}}\
\textit{del}:\ \qty{facts\/_{\mathrm{2}}})'', where the relevance filter is instructed to
proceed as usual except that it should consider \qty{facts\/_{\mathrm{1}}}
highly-relevant and \qty{facts\/_{\mathrm{2}}} fully irrelevant.

If you use Isabelle/jEdit, Sledgehammer also provides an automatic mode that can
be enabled via the ``Auto Sledgehammer'' option under ``Plugins > Plugin Options
> Isabelle > General.'' For automatic runs, only the first prover set using
\textit{provers} (\S\ref{mode-of-operation}) is considered (typically E),
\textit{slice} (\S\ref{mode-of-operation}) is disabled,
fewer facts are
passed to the prover, \textit{fact\_filter} (\S\ref{relevance-filter}) is set to
\textit{mepo}, \textit{strict} (\S\ref{problem-encoding}) is enabled,
\textit{verbose} (\S\ref{output-format}) and \textit{debug}
(\S\ref{output-format}) are disabled, and \textit{timeout} (\S\ref{timeouts}) is
superseded by the ``Auto Time Limit'' option in jEdit. Sledgehammer's output is
also more concise.


\subsection{Metis}
\label{metis}

The \textit{metis} proof method has the syntax

\prew
\textbf{\textit{metis}}~(\qty{options})${}^?$~\qty{facts}${}^?$
\postw

where \qty{facts} is a list of arbitrary facts and \qty{options} is a
comma-separated list consisting of at most one $\lambda$ translation scheme
specification with the same semantics as Sledgehammer's \textit{lam\_trans}
option (\S\ref{problem-encoding}) and at most one type encoding specification
with the same semantics as Sledgehammer's \textit{type\_enc} option
(\S\ref{problem-encoding}).
%
The supported $\lambda$ translation schemes are \textit{hide\_lams},
\textit{lifting}, and \textit{combs} (the default).
%
All the untyped type encodings listed in \S\ref{problem-encoding} are supported.
For convenience, the following aliases are provided:
\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{full\_types}:} Alias for \textit{poly\_guards\_query}.
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{partial\_types}:} Alias for \textit{poly\_args}.
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{no\_types}:} Alias for \textit{erased}.
\end{enum}


\section{Option Reference}
\label{option-reference}

\def\defl{\{}
\def\defr{\}}

\def\flushitem#1{\item[]\noindent\kern-\leftmargin \textbf{#1}}
\def\optrueonly#1{\flushitem{\textit{#1} $\bigl[$= \textit{true}$\bigr]$\enskip}\nopagebreak\\[\parskip]}
\def\optrue#1#2{\flushitem{\textit{#1} $\bigl[$= \qtybf{bool}$\bigr]$\enskip \defl\textit{true}\defr\hfill (neg.: \textit{#2})}\nopagebreak\\[\parskip]}
\def\opfalse#1#2{\flushitem{\textit{#1} $\bigl[$= \qtybf{bool}$\bigr]$\enskip \defl\textit{false}\defr\hfill (neg.: \textit{#2})}\nopagebreak\\[\parskip]}
\def\opsmart#1#2{\flushitem{\textit{#1} $\bigl[$= \qtybf{smart\_bool}$\bigr]$\enskip \defl\textit{smart}\defr\hfill (neg.: \textit{#2})}\nopagebreak\\[\parskip]}
\def\opsmartx#1#2{\flushitem{\textit{#1} $\bigl[$= \qtybf{smart\_bool}$\bigr]$\enskip \defl\textit{smart}\defr\\\hbox{}\hfill (neg.: \textit{#2})}\nopagebreak\\[\parskip]}
\def\opnodefault#1#2{\flushitem{\textit{#1} = \qtybf{#2}} \nopagebreak\\[\parskip]}
\def\opnodefaultbrk#1#2{\flushitem{$\bigl[$\textit{#1} =$\bigr]$ \qtybf{#2}} \nopagebreak\\[\parskip]}
\def\opdefault#1#2#3{\flushitem{\textit{#1} = \qtybf{#2}\enskip \defl\textit{#3}\defr} \nopagebreak\\[\parskip]}
\def\oparg#1#2#3{\flushitem{\textit{#1} \qtybf{#2} = \qtybf{#3}} \nopagebreak\\[\parskip]}
\def\opargbool#1#2#3{\flushitem{\textit{#1} \qtybf{#2} $\bigl[$= \qtybf{bool}$\bigr]$\hfill (neg.: \textit{#3})}\nopagebreak\\[\parskip]}
\def\opargboolorsmart#1#2#3{\flushitem{\textit{#1} \qtybf{#2} $\bigl[$= \qtybf{smart\_bool}$\bigr]$\hfill (neg.: \textit{#3})}\nopagebreak\\[\parskip]}

Sledgehammer's options are categorized as follows:\ mode of operation
(\S\ref{mode-of-operation}), problem encoding (\S\ref{problem-encoding}),
relevance filter (\S\ref{relevance-filter}), output format
(\S\ref{output-format}), regression testing (\S\ref{regression-testing}),
and timeouts (\S\ref{timeouts}).

The descriptions below refer to the following syntactic quantities:

\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \qtybf{string}: A string.
\item[\labelitemi] \qtybf{bool\/}: \textit{true} or \textit{false}.
\item[\labelitemi] \qtybf{smart\_bool\/}: \textit{true}, \textit{false}, or
\textit{smart}.
\item[\labelitemi] \qtybf{int\/}: An integer.
\item[\labelitemi] \qtybf{float}: A floating-point number (e.g., 2.5 or 60)
expressing a number of seconds.
\item[\labelitemi] \qtybf{float\_pair\/}: A pair of floating-point numbers
(e.g., 0.6 0.95).
\item[\labelitemi] \qtybf{smart\_int\/}: An integer or \textit{smart}.
\end{enum}

Default values are indicated in curly brackets (\textrm{\{\}}). Boolean options
have a negative counterpart (e.g., \textit{minimize} vs.\
\textit{dont\_minimize}). When setting Boolean options or their negative
counterparts, ``= \textit{true\/}'' may be omitted.


\subsection{Mode of Operation}
\label{mode-of-operation}

\begin{enum}
\opnodefaultbrk{provers}{string}
Specifies the automatic provers to use as a space-separated list (e.g.,
``\textit{cvc4}~\textit{e}~\textit{spass}~\textit{vampire\/}'').
Provers can be run locally or remotely; see \S\ref{installation} for
installation instructions.

The following local provers are supported:

\begin{sloppy}
\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{agsyhol}:} agsyHOL is an automatic
higher-order prover developed by Fredrik Lindblad \cite{agsyHOL}. To use
agsyHOL, set the environment variable \texttt{AGSYHOL\_HOME} to the directory
that contains the \texttt{agsyHOL} executable. Sledgehammer has been tested
with version 1.0.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{alt\_ergo}:} Alt-Ergo is a polymorphic
ATP developed by Bobot et al.\ \cite{alt-ergo}.
It supports the TPTP polymorphic typed first-order format (TF1) via Why3
\cite{why3}. To use Alt-Ergo, set the environment variable \texttt{WHY3\_HOME}
to the directory that contains the \texttt{why3} executable. Sledgehammer
requires Alt-Ergo 0.95.2 and Why3 0.83.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{cvc3}:} CVC3 is an SMT solver developed by
Clark Barrett, Cesare Tinelli, and their colleagues \cite{cvc3}. To use CVC3,
set the environment variable \texttt{CVC3\_SOLVER} to the complete path of the
executable, including the file name, or install the prebuilt CVC3 package from
\download. Sledgehammer has been tested with versions 2.2 and 2.4.1.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{cvc4}:} CVC4 \cite{cvc4} is the successor to
CVC3. To use CVC4, set the environment variable \texttt{CVC4\_SOLVER} to the
complete path of the executable, including the file name, or install the
prebuilt CVC4 package from \download. Sledgehammer has been tested with version
1.5-prerelease.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{e}:} E is a first-order resolution prover
developed by Stephan Schulz \cite{schulz-2002}. To use E, set the environment
variable \texttt{E\_HOME} to the directory that contains the \texttt{eproof}
executable and \texttt{E\_VERSION} to the version number (e.g., ``1.8''), or
install the prebuilt E package from \download. Sledgehammer has been tested with
versions 1.6 to 1.8.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{e\_par}:} E-Par is an experimental metaprover
developed by Josef Urban that implements strategy scheduling on top of E. To use
E-Par, set the environment variable \texttt{E\_HOME} to the directory that
contains the \texttt{runepar.pl} script and the \texttt{eprover} and
\texttt{epclextract} executables, or use the prebuilt E package from \download.
Be aware that E-Par is experimental software. It has been known to generate
zombie processes. Use at your own risks.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{ehoh}:} Ehoh is an experimental version of
E that supports a $\lambda$-free fragment of higher-order logic. Use at your
own risks.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{iprover}:} iProver is a pure
instantiation-based prover developed by Konstantin Korovin
\cite{korovin-2009}. To use iProver, set the environment variable
\texttt{IPROVER\_HOME} to the directory that contains the \texttt{iproveropt}
executable. Sledgehammer has been tested with version 2.8. iProver depends on
E to clausify problems, so make sure that E is installed as well.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{leo2}:} LEO-II is an automatic
higher-order prover developed by Christoph Benzm\"uller et al.\ \cite{leo2},
with support for the TPTP typed higher-order syntax (TH0). To use LEO-II, set
the environment variable \texttt{LEO2\_HOME} to the directory that contains the
\texttt{leo} executable. Sledgehammer requires version 1.3.4 or above.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{leo3}:} Leo-III is an automatic
higher-order prover developed by Alexander Steen, Max Wisniewski, Christoph
Benzm\"uller et al.\ \cite{leo3},
with support for the TPTP typed higher-order syntax (TH0). To use Leo-III, set
the environment variable \texttt{LEO3\_HOME} to the directory that contains the
\texttt{leo3} executable. Sledgehammer requires version 1.1 or above.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{satallax}:} Satallax is an automatic
higher-order prover developed by Chad Brown et al.\ \cite{satallax}, with
support for the TPTP typed higher-order syntax (TH0). To use Satallax, set the
environment variable \texttt{SATALLAX\_HOME} to the directory that contains the
\texttt{satallax} executable. Sledgehammer requires version 2.2 or above.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{spass}:} SPASS is a first-order resolution
prover developed by Christoph Weidenbach et al.\ \cite{weidenbach-et-al-2009}.
To use SPASS, set the environment variable \texttt{SPASS\_HOME} to the directory
that contains the \texttt{SPASS} executable and \texttt{SPASS\_VERSION} to the
version number (e.g., ``3.8ds''), or install the prebuilt SPASS package from
\download. Sledgehammer requires version 3.8ds or above.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{vampire}:} Vampire is a first-order
resolution prover developed by Andrei Voronkov and his colleagues
\cite{riazanov-voronkov-2002}. To use Vampire, set the environment variable
\texttt{VAMPIRE\_HOME} to the directory that contains the \texttt{vampire}
executable and \texttt{VAMPIRE\_VERSION} to the version number (e.g.,
``4.2.2''). Sledgehammer has been tested with versions 1.8 to 4.2.2 (in the
post-2010 numbering scheme).

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{verit}:} veriT \cite{bouton-et-al-2009} is an
SMT solver developed by David D\'eharbe, Pascal Fontaine, and their colleagues.
It is specifically designed to produce detailed proofs for reconstruction in
proof assistants. To use veriT, set the environment variable
\texttt{VERIT\_SOLVER} to the complete path of the executable, including the
file name. Sledgehammer has been tested with version smtcomp2019.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{z3}:} Z3 is an SMT solver developed at
Microsoft Research \cite{z3}. To use Z3, set the environment variable
\texttt{Z3\_SOLVER} to the complete path of the executable, including the
file name. Sledgehammer has been tested with a pre-release version of 4.4.0.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{z3\_tptp}:} This version of Z3 pretends to
be an ATP, exploiting Z3's support for the TPTP typed first-order format
(TF0). It is included for experimental purposes. It requires version 4.3.1 of
Z3 or above. To use it, set the environment variable \texttt{Z3\_TPTP\_HOME}
to the directory that contains the \texttt{z3\_tptp} executable.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{zipperposition}:} Zipperposition
\cite{cruanes-2014} is a higher-order superposition prover developed by Simon
Cruanes and colleagues. To use Zipperposition, set the environment variable
\texttt{ZIPPERPOSITION\_HOME} to the directory that contains the
\texttt{zipperposition} executable and \texttt{ZIPPERPOSITION\_VERSION} to the
version number (e.g., ``2.0.1''). Sledgehammer has been tested with version
2.0.1.
\end{enum}

\end{sloppy}

Moreover, the following remote provers are supported:

\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{remote\_agsyhol}:} The remote version of
agsyHOL runs on Geoff Sutcliffe's Miami servers \cite{sutcliffe-2000}.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{remote\_alt\_ergo}:} The remote version of
Alt-Ergo runs on Geoff Sutcliffe's Miami servers \cite{sutcliffe-2000}.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{remote\_e}:} The remote version of E runs
on Geoff Sutcliffe's Miami servers \cite{sutcliffe-2000}.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{remote\_iprover}:} The
remote version of iProver runs on Geoff Sutcliffe's Miami servers
\cite{sutcliffe-2000}.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{remote\_leo2}:} The remote version of LEO-II
runs on Geoff Sutcliffe's Miami servers \cite{sutcliffe-2000}.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{remote\_leo3}:} The remote version of Leo-III
runs on Geoff Sutcliffe's Miami servers \cite{sutcliffe-2000}.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{remote\_pirate}:} Pirate is a
highly experimental first-order resolution prover developed by Daniel Wand.
The remote version of Pirate run on a private server he generously set up.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{remote\_snark}:} SNARK is a first-order
resolution prover developed by Stickel et al.\ \cite{snark}. The remote
version of SNARK runs on Geoff Sutcliffe's Miami servers.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{remote\_vampire}:} The remote version of
Vampire runs on Geoff Sutcliffe's Miami servers.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{remote\_waldmeister}:} Waldmeister is a unit
equality prover developed by Hillenbrand et al.\ \cite{waldmeister}. It can be
used to prove universally quantified equations using unconditional equations,
corresponding to the TPTP CNF UEQ division. The remote version of Waldmeister
runs on Geoff Sutcliffe's Miami servers.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{remote\_zipperposition}:} The remote
version of Zipperposition runs on Geoff Sutcliffe's Miami servers.
\end{enum}

By default, Sledgehammer runs a subset of CVC4, E, SPASS, Vampire, veriT, and
Z3 in parallel, either locally or remotely---depending on the number of
processor cores available and on which provers are actually installed. It is
generally desirable to run several provers in parallel.

\opnodefault{prover}{string}
Alias for \textit{provers}.

\optrue{slice}{dont\_slice}
Specifies whether the time allocated to a prover should be sliced into several
segments, each of which has its own set of possibly prover-dependent options.
For SPASS and Vampire, the first slice tries the fast but incomplete
set-of-support (SOS) strategy, whereas the second slice runs without it. For E,
up to three slices are tried, with different weighted search strategies and
number of facts. For SMT solvers, several slices are tried with the same options
each time but fewer and fewer facts. According to benchmarks with a timeout of
30 seconds, slicing is a valuable optimization, and you should probably leave it
enabled unless you are conducting experiments.

\nopagebreak
{\small See also \textit{verbose} (\S\ref{output-format}).}

\optrue{minimize}{dont\_minimize}
Specifies whether the minimization tool should be invoked automatically after
proof search.

\nopagebreak
{\small See also \textit{preplay\_timeout} (\S\ref{timeouts})
and \textit{dont\_preplay} (\S\ref{timeouts}).}

\opfalse{spy}{dont\_spy}
Specifies whether Sledgehammer should record statistics in
\texttt{\$ISA\-BELLE\_\allowbreak HOME\_\allowbreak USER/\allowbreak spy\_\allowbreak sledgehammer}.
These statistics can be useful to the developers of Sledgehammer. If you are willing to have your
interactions recorded in the name of science, please enable this feature and send the statistics
file every now and then to the author of this manual (\authoremail).
To change the default value of this option globally, set the environment variable
\texttt{SLEDGEHAMMER\_SPY} to \textit{yes}.

\nopagebreak
{\small See also \textit{debug} (\S\ref{output-format}).}

\opfalse{overlord}{no\_overlord}
Specifies whether Sledgehammer should put its temporary files in
\texttt{\$ISA\-BELLE\_\allowbreak HOME\_\allowbreak USER}, which is useful for
debugging Sledgehammer but also unsafe if several instances of the tool are run
simultaneously. The files are identified by the prefixes \texttt{prob\_} and
\texttt{mash\_}; you may safely remove them after Sledgehammer has run.

\textbf{Warning:} This option is not thread-safe. Use at your own risks.

\nopagebreak
{\small See also \textit{debug} (\S\ref{output-format}).}
\end{enum}


\subsection{Relevance Filter}
\label{relevance-filter}

\begin{enum}
\opdefault{fact\_filter}{string}{smart}
Specifies the relevance filter to use. The following filters are available:

\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{mepo}:}
The traditional memoryless MePo relevance filter.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{mash}:}
The MaSh machine learner. Three learning algorithms are provided:

\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{nb}} is an implementation of naive Bayes.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{knn}} is an implementation of $k$-nearest
neighbors.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{nb\_knn}} (also called \textbf{\textit{yes}}
and \textbf{\textit{sml}}) is a combination of naive Bayes and $k$-nearest
neighbors.
\end{enum}

In addition, the special value \textit{none} is used to disable machine learning by
default (cf.\ \textit{smart} below).

The default algorithm is \textit{nb\_knn}. The algorithm can be selected by
setting the ``MaSh'' option under ``Plugins > Plugin Options > Isabelle >
General'' in Isabelle/jEdit. Persistent data for both algorithms is stored in
the directory \texttt{\$ISABELLE\_\allowbreak HOME\_\allowbreak USER/\allowbreak
mash}.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{mesh}:} The MeSh filter, which combines the
rankings from MePo and MaSh.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{smart}:} A combination of MePo, MaSh, and
MeSh. If the learning algorithm is set to be \textit{none}, \textit{smart}
behaves like MePo.
\end{enum}

\opdefault{max\_facts}{smart\_int}{smart}
Specifies the maximum number of facts that may be returned by the relevance
filter. If the option is set to \textit{smart} (the default), it effectively
takes a value that was empirically found to be appropriate for the prover.
Typical values lie between 50 and 1000.

\opdefault{fact\_thresholds}{float\_pair}{\upshape 0.45~0.85}
Specifies the thresholds above which facts are considered relevant by the
relevance filter. The first threshold is used for the first iteration of the
relevance filter and the second threshold is used for the last iteration (if it
is reached). The effective threshold is quadratically interpolated for the other
iterations. Each threshold ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 means that all theorems
are relevant and 1 only theorems that refer to previously seen constants.

\optrue{learn}{dont\_learn}
Specifies whether MaSh should be run automatically by Sledgehammer to learn the
available theories (and hence provide more accurate results). Learning takes
place only if MaSh is enabled.

\opdefault{max\_new\_mono\_instances}{int}{smart}
Specifies the maximum number of monomorphic instances to generate beyond
\textit{max\_facts}. The higher this limit is, the more monomorphic instances
are potentially generated. Whether monomorphization takes place depends on the
type encoding used. If the option is set to \textit{smart} (the default), it
takes a value that was empirically found to be appropriate for the prover. For
most provers, this value is 100.

\nopagebreak
{\small See also \textit{type\_enc} (\S\ref{problem-encoding}).}

\opdefault{max\_mono\_iters}{int}{smart}
Specifies the maximum number of iterations for the monomorphization fixpoint
construction. The higher this limit is, the more monomorphic instances are
potentially generated. Whether monomorphization takes place depends on the
type encoding used. If the option is set to \textit{smart} (the default), it
takes a value that was empirically found to be appropriate for the prover.
For most provers, this value is 3.

\nopagebreak
{\small See also \textit{type\_enc} (\S\ref{problem-encoding}).}
\end{enum}


\subsection{Problem Encoding}
\label{problem-encoding}

\newcommand\comb[1]{\const{#1}}

\begin{enum}
\opdefault{lam\_trans}{string}{smart}
Specifies the $\lambda$ translation scheme to use in ATP problems. The supported
translation schemes are listed below:

\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{hide\_lams}:} Hide the $\lambda$-abstractions
by replacing them by unspecified fresh constants, effectively disabling all
reasoning under $\lambda$-abstractions.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{lifting}:} Introduce a new
supercombinator \const{c} for each cluster of $n$~$\lambda$-abstractions,
defined using an equation $\const{c}~x_1~\ldots~x_n = t$ ($\lambda$-lifting).

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{combs}:} Rewrite lambdas to the Curry
combinators (\comb{I}, \comb{K}, \comb{S}, \comb{B}, \comb{C}). Combinators
enable the ATPs to synthesize $\lambda$-terms but tend to yield bulkier formulas
than $\lambda$-lifting: The translation is quadratic in the worst case, and the
equational definitions of the combinators are very prolific in the context of
resolution.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{combs\_and\_lifting}:} Introduce a new
supercombinator \const{c} for each cluster of $\lambda$-abstractions and characterize it both using a
lifted equation $\const{c}~x_1~\ldots~x_n = t$ and via Curry combinators.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{combs\_or\_lifting}:} For each cluster of
$\lambda$-abstractions, heuristically choose between $\lambda$-lifting and Curry
combinators.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{keep\_lams}:}
Keep the $\lambda$-abstractions in the generated problems. This is available
only with provers that support the TH0 syntax.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{smart}:} The actual translation scheme used
depends on the ATP and should be the most efficient scheme for that ATP.
\end{enum}

For SMT solvers, the $\lambda$ translation scheme is always \textit{lifting},
irrespective of the value of this option.

\opsmartx{uncurried\_aliases}{no\_uncurried\_aliases}
Specifies whether fresh function symbols should be generated as aliases for
applications of curried functions in ATP problems.

\opdefault{type\_enc}{string}{smart}
Specifies the type encoding to use in ATP problems. Some of the type encodings
are unsound, meaning that they can give rise to spurious proofs
(unreconstructible using \textit{metis}). The type encodings are
listed below, with an indication of their soundness in parentheses.
An asterisk (*) indicates that the encoding is slightly incomplete for
reconstruction with \textit{metis}, unless the \textit{strict} option (described
below) is enabled.

\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{erased} (unsound):} No type information is
supplied to the ATP, not even to resolve overloading. Types are simply erased.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{poly\_guards} (sound):} Types are encoded using
a predicate \const{g}$(\tau, t)$ that guards bound
variables. Constants are annotated with their types, supplied as extra
arguments, to resolve overloading.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{poly\_tags} (sound):} Each term and subterm is
tagged with its type using a function $\const{t\/}(\tau, t)$.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{poly\_args} (unsound):}
Like for \textit{poly\_guards} constants are annotated with their types to
resolve overloading, but otherwise no type information is encoded. This
is the default encoding used by the \textit{metis} proof method.

\item[\labelitemi]
\textbf{%
\textit{raw\_mono\_guards}, \textit{raw\_mono\_tags} (sound); \\
\textit{raw\_mono\_args} (unsound):} \\
Similar to \textit{poly\_guards}, \textit{poly\_tags}, and \textit{poly\_args},
respectively, but the problem is additionally monomorphized, meaning that type
variables are instantiated with heuristically chosen ground types.
Monomorphization can simplify reasoning but also leads to larger fact bases,
which can slow down the ATPs.

\item[\labelitemi]
\textbf{%
\textit{mono\_guards}, \textit{mono\_tags} (sound);
\textit{mono\_args} (unsound):} \\
Similar to
\textit{raw\_mono\_guards}, \textit{raw\_mono\_tags}, and
\textit{raw\_mono\_args}, respectively but types are mangled in constant names
instead of being supplied as ground term arguments. The binary predicate
$\const{g}(\tau, t)$ becomes a unary predicate
$\const{g\_}\tau(t)$, and the binary function
$\const{t}(\tau, t)$ becomes a unary function
$\const{t\_}\tau(t)$.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{mono\_native} (sound):} Exploits native
first-order types if the prover supports the TF0, TF1, TH0, or TH1 syntax;
otherwise, falls back on \textit{mono\_guards}. The problem is monomorphized.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{mono\_native\_higher} (sound):} Exploits
native higher-order types if the prover supports the TH0 syntax; otherwise,
falls back on \textit{mono\_native} or \textit{mono\_guards}. The problem is
monomorphized.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{poly\_native} (sound):} Exploits native
first-order polymorphic types if the prover supports the TF1 or TH1 syntax;
otherwise, falls back on \textit{mono\_native}.

\item[\labelitemi]
\textbf{%
\textit{poly\_guards}?, \textit{poly\_tags}?, \textit{raw\_mono\_guards}?, \\
\textit{raw\_mono\_tags}?, \textit{mono\_guards}?, \textit{mono\_tags}?, \\
\textit{mono\_native}? (sound*):} \\
The type encodings \textit{poly\_guards}, \textit{poly\_tags},
\textit{raw\_mono\_guards}, \textit{raw\_mono\_tags}, \textit{mono\_guards},
\textit{mono\_tags}, and \textit{mono\_native} are fully typed and sound. For
each of these, Sledgehammer also provides a lighter variant identified by a
question mark (`\hbox{?}')\ that detects and erases monotonic types, notably
infinite types. (For \textit{mono\_native}, the types are not actually erased
but rather replaced by a shared uniform type of individuals.) As argument to the
\textit{metis} proof method, the question mark is replaced by a
\hbox{``\textit{\_query\/}''} suffix.

\item[\labelitemi]
\textbf{%
\textit{poly\_guards}??, \textit{poly\_tags}??, \textit{raw\_mono\_guards}??, \\
\textit{raw\_mono\_tags}??, \textit{mono\_guards}??, \textit{mono\_tags}?? \\
(sound*):} \\
Even lighter versions of the `\hbox{?}' encodings. As argument to the
\textit{metis} proof method, the `\hbox{??}' suffix is replaced by
\hbox{``\textit{\_query\_query\/}''}.

\item[\labelitemi]
\textbf{%
\textit{poly\_guards}@, \textit{poly\_tags}@, \textit{raw\_mono\_guards}@, \\
\textit{raw\_mono\_tags}@ (sound*):} \\
Alternative versions of the `\hbox{??}' encodings. As argument to the
\textit{metis} proof method, the `\hbox{@}' suffix is replaced by
\hbox{``\textit{\_at\/}''}.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{poly\_args}?, \textit{raw\_mono\_args}? (unsound):} \\
Lighter versions of \textit{poly\_args} and \textit{raw\_mono\_args}.

\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{smart}:} The actual encoding used depends on
the ATP and should be the most efficient sound encoding for that ATP.
\end{enum}

For SMT solvers, the type encoding is always \textit{mono\_native}, irrespective
of the value of this option.

\nopagebreak
{\small See also \textit{max\_new\_mono\_instances} (\S\ref{relevance-filter})
and \textit{max\_mono\_iters} (\S\ref{relevance-filter}).}

\opfalse{strict}{non\_strict}
Specifies whether Sledgehammer should run in its strict mode. In that mode,
sound type encodings marked with an asterisk (*) above are made complete
for reconstruction with \textit{metis}, at the cost of some clutter in the
generated problems. This option has no effect if \textit{type\_enc} is
deliberately set to an unsound encoding.
\end{enum}


\subsection{Output Format}
\label{output-format}

\begin{enum}

\opfalse{verbose}{quiet}
Specifies whether the \textbf{sledgehammer} command should explain what it does.

\opfalse{debug}{no\_debug}
Specifies whether Sledgehammer should display additional debugging information
beyond what \textit{verbose} already displays. Enabling \textit{debug} also
enables \textit{verbose} behind the scenes.

\nopagebreak
{\small See also \textit{spy} (\S\ref{mode-of-operation}) and
\textit{overlord} (\S\ref{mode-of-operation}).}

\opsmart{isar\_proofs}{no\_isar\_proofs}
Specifies whether Isar proofs should be output in addition to one-line proofs.
The construction of Isar proof is still experimental and may sometimes fail;
however, when they succeed they are usually faster and more intelligible than
one-line proofs. If the option is set to \textit{smart} (the default), Isar
proofs are only generated when no working one-line proof is available.

\opdefault{compress}{int}{smart}
Specifies the granularity of the generated Isar proofs if \textit{isar\_proofs}
is explicitly enabled. A value of $n$ indicates that each Isar proof step should
correspond to a group of up to $n$ consecutive proof steps in the ATP proof. If
the option is set to \textit{smart} (the default), the compression factor is 10
if the \textit{isar\_proofs} option is explicitly enabled; otherwise, it is
$\infty$.

\optrueonly{dont\_compress}
Alias for ``\textit{compress} = 1''.

\optrue{try0}{dont\_try0}
Specifies whether standard proof methods such as \textit{auto} and
\textit{blast} should be tried as alternatives to \textit{metis} in Isar proofs.
The collection of methods is roughly the same as for the \textbf{try0} command.

\optrue{smt\_proofs}{no\_smt\_proofs}
Specifies whether the \textit{smt} proof method should be tried in addition to
Isabelle's built-in proof methods.
\end{enum}


\subsection{Regression Testing}
\label{regression-testing}

\begin{enum}
\opnodefault{expect}{string}
Specifies the expected outcome, which must be one of the following:

\begin{enum}
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{some}:} Sledgehammer found a proof.
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{none}:} Sledgehammer found no proof.
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{timeout}:} Sledgehammer timed out.
\item[\labelitemi] \textbf{\textit{unknown}:} Sledgehammer encountered some
problem.
\end{enum}

Sledgehammer emits an error if the actual outcome differs from the expected outcome. This option is
useful for regression testing.

\nopagebreak
{\small See also \textit{timeout} (\S\ref{timeouts}).}
\end{enum}


\subsection{Timeouts}
\label{timeouts}

\begin{enum}
\opdefault{timeout}{float}{\upshape 30}
Specifies the maximum number of seconds that the automatic provers should spend
searching for a proof. This excludes problem preparation and is a soft limit.

\opdefault{preplay\_timeout}{float}{\upshape 1}
Specifies the maximum number of seconds that \textit{metis} or other proof
methods should spend trying to ``preplay'' the found proof. If this option
is set to 0, no preplaying takes place, and no timing information is displayed
next to the suggested proof method calls.

\nopagebreak
{\small See also \textit{minimize} (\S\ref{mode-of-operation}).}

\optrueonly{dont\_preplay}
Alias for ``\textit{preplay\_timeout} = 0''.

\end{enum}

\section{Mirabelle Testing Tool}
\label{mirabelle}

% using Sledgehammer or other advisory tools
% proof tools or counterexample generator
The \texttt{isabelle mirabelle} tool executes Sledgehammer, or other advisory
tools (e.g. proof tools, counterexample generators) on most subgoals in a theory.
It is typically used to quantify the success rate of a proof tool on a
representative benchmark. Its command-line usage is:

{\small
\begin{verbatim}
isabelle mirabelle [OPTIONS] ACTIONS FILES

  Options are:
    -L LOGIC     parent logic to use (default HOL)
    -O DIR       output directory for test data (default None)
    -S FILE      user-provided setup file (no actions required)
    -T THEORY    parent theory to use (default Main)
    -d DIR       include session directory
    -q           be quiet (suppress output of Isabelle process)
    -t TIMEOUT   timeout for each action in seconds (default 30)

  Apply the given actions at all proof steps in the given theory
  files.
\end{verbatim}
}

Option \texttt{-L LOGIC} specifies the parent session to use. This is often a
logic (e.g. Pure, HOL) but may be any session (e.g. from the AFP). Using
multiple sessions is not supported at the moment. If a theory A needs to import
from multiple sessions, this limitation can be overcome by

\begin{enumerate}
  \item defining a custom session S with a single theory B;
  \item moving all imports from A to B;
  \item building the heap image of S;
  \item importing S.B from theory A;
  \item executing Mirabelle with C as parent logic, i.e. with \texttt{-L S}.
\end{enumerate}

Option \texttt{-O DIR} specifies the output directory, which is created if not
already existing, where the log will be written. In this directory, one log
file per theory records the position of each tested subgoal and the result of
executing the proof tool.

Option \texttt{-t TIMEOUT} specifies a generic timeout that different actions
may interpret in different ways.

More specific documentation about parameters \texttt{ACTIONS}, \texttt{FILES},
and their corresponding options may be found in the isabelle tool usage by
entering \texttt{isabelle mirabelle -?} on the command line.

\subsection{Example of Benchmarking Sledgehammer}

\begin{verbatim}
isabelle mirabelle -O output \
  sledgehammer[prover=e,prover_timeout=10] Huffman.thy
\end{verbatim}

This command benchmarks sledgehammer when using \textbf{\textit{e}} as prover
with a timeout of 10 seconds. The results are written to the file
\texttt{output/Huffman.log}.

\subsection{Example of Benchmarking Other Tools}

\begin{verbatim}
isabelle mirabelle -O output -t 10 \
  try0 Huffman.thy
\end{verbatim}

This command benchmarks the \texttt{try0} tactic with a timeout of 10 seconds.
The results are written to the file \texttt{output/Huffman.log}.

\subsection{Example of Generating TPTP Files}

\begin{verbatim}
isabelle mirabelle -O output \
  sledgehammer[prover_timeout=1,keep=tptp-files] Huffman.thy
\end{verbatim}

This command generates TPTP files with sledgehammer. Since the file is
generated at the very beginning of every sledgehammer invocation, a timeout of
1 second making the prover fail faster speeds handling the theory up.  The
results are written in the \texttt{tptp-files} directory, which has to exist
prior to the command invocation. A distinct TPTP file is generated for each
subgoal with a file name ending with \texttt{.smt\_in}.

\let\em=\sl
\bibliography{manual}{}
\bibliographystyle{abbrv}

\end{document}