src/HOL/Real_Vector_Spaces.thy
author huffman
Thu, 12 Sep 2013 18:09:17 -0700
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make 'linear' into a sublocale of 'bounded_linear'; replace 'linear_def' with 'linear_iff'
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(*  Title:      HOL/Real_Vector_Spaces.thy
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    Author:     Brian Huffman
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    Author:     Johannes Hölzl
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*)
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header {* Vector Spaces and Algebras over the Reals *}
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theory Real_Vector_Spaces
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imports Real Topological_Spaces
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begin
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subsection {* Locale for additive functions *}
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locale additive =
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  fixes f :: "'a::ab_group_add \<Rightarrow> 'b::ab_group_add"
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  assumes add: "f (x + y) = f x + f y"
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begin
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lemma zero: "f 0 = 0"
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proof -
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  have "f 0 = f (0 + 0)" by simp
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  also have "\<dots> = f 0 + f 0" by (rule add)
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  finally show "f 0 = 0" by simp
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qed
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lemma minus: "f (- x) = - f x"
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proof -
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  have "f (- x) + f x = f (- x + x)" by (rule add [symmetric])
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  also have "\<dots> = - f x + f x" by (simp add: zero)
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  finally show "f (- x) = - f x" by (rule add_right_imp_eq)
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qed
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lemma diff: "f (x - y) = f x - f y"
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by (simp add: add minus diff_minus)
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lemma setsum: "f (setsum g A) = (\<Sum>x\<in>A. f (g x))"
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apply (cases "finite A")
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apply (induct set: finite)
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apply (simp add: zero)
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apply (simp add: add)
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apply (simp add: zero)
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done
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end
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subsection {* Vector spaces *}
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locale vector_space =
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  fixes scale :: "'a::field \<Rightarrow> 'b::ab_group_add \<Rightarrow> 'b"
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  assumes scale_right_distrib [algebra_simps]:
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    "scale a (x + y) = scale a x + scale a y"
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  and scale_left_distrib [algebra_simps]:
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    "scale (a + b) x = scale a x + scale b x"
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  and scale_scale [simp]: "scale a (scale b x) = scale (a * b) x"
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  and scale_one [simp]: "scale 1 x = x"
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begin
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lemma scale_left_commute:
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  "scale a (scale b x) = scale b (scale a x)"
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by (simp add: mult_commute)
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lemma scale_zero_left [simp]: "scale 0 x = 0"
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  and scale_minus_left [simp]: "scale (- a) x = - (scale a x)"
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  and scale_left_diff_distrib [algebra_simps]:
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        "scale (a - b) x = scale a x - scale b x"
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  and scale_setsum_left: "scale (setsum f A) x = (\<Sum>a\<in>A. scale (f a) x)"
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proof -
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  interpret s: additive "\<lambda>a. scale a x"
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    proof qed (rule scale_left_distrib)
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  show "scale 0 x = 0" by (rule s.zero)
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  show "scale (- a) x = - (scale a x)" by (rule s.minus)
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  show "scale (a - b) x = scale a x - scale b x" by (rule s.diff)
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  show "scale (setsum f A) x = (\<Sum>a\<in>A. scale (f a) x)" by (rule s.setsum)
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qed
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lemma scale_zero_right [simp]: "scale a 0 = 0"
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  and scale_minus_right [simp]: "scale a (- x) = - (scale a x)"
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  and scale_right_diff_distrib [algebra_simps]:
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        "scale a (x - y) = scale a x - scale a y"
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  and scale_setsum_right: "scale a (setsum f A) = (\<Sum>x\<in>A. scale a (f x))"
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proof -
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  interpret s: additive "\<lambda>x. scale a x"
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    proof qed (rule scale_right_distrib)
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  show "scale a 0 = 0" by (rule s.zero)
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  show "scale a (- x) = - (scale a x)" by (rule s.minus)
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  show "scale a (x - y) = scale a x - scale a y" by (rule s.diff)
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  show "scale a (setsum f A) = (\<Sum>x\<in>A. scale a (f x))" by (rule s.setsum)
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qed
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lemma scale_eq_0_iff [simp]:
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  "scale a x = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> a = 0 \<or> x = 0"
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proof cases
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  assume "a = 0" thus ?thesis by simp
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next
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  assume anz [simp]: "a \<noteq> 0"
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  { assume "scale a x = 0"
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    hence "scale (inverse a) (scale a x) = 0" by simp
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    hence "x = 0" by simp }
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  thus ?thesis by force
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qed
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lemma scale_left_imp_eq:
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  "\<lbrakk>a \<noteq> 0; scale a x = scale a y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x = y"
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proof -
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  assume nonzero: "a \<noteq> 0"
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  assume "scale a x = scale a y"
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  hence "scale a (x - y) = 0"
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     by (simp add: scale_right_diff_distrib)
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  hence "x - y = 0" by (simp add: nonzero)
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  thus "x = y" by (simp only: right_minus_eq)
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qed
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lemma scale_right_imp_eq:
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  "\<lbrakk>x \<noteq> 0; scale a x = scale b x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a = b"
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proof -
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  assume nonzero: "x \<noteq> 0"
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  assume "scale a x = scale b x"
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  hence "scale (a - b) x = 0"
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     by (simp add: scale_left_diff_distrib)
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  hence "a - b = 0" by (simp add: nonzero)
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  thus "a = b" by (simp only: right_minus_eq)
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qed
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lemma scale_cancel_left [simp]:
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  "scale a x = scale a y \<longleftrightarrow> x = y \<or> a = 0"
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by (auto intro: scale_left_imp_eq)
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lemma scale_cancel_right [simp]:
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  "scale a x = scale b x \<longleftrightarrow> a = b \<or> x = 0"
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by (auto intro: scale_right_imp_eq)
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end
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subsection {* Real vector spaces *}
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class scaleR =
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  fixes scaleR :: "real \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a" (infixr "*\<^sub>R" 75)
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begin
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abbreviation
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  divideR :: "'a \<Rightarrow> real \<Rightarrow> 'a" (infixl "'/\<^sub>R" 70)
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where
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  "x /\<^sub>R r == scaleR (inverse r) x"
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end
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class real_vector = scaleR + ab_group_add +
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  assumes scaleR_add_right: "scaleR a (x + y) = scaleR a x + scaleR a y"
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  and scaleR_add_left: "scaleR (a + b) x = scaleR a x + scaleR b x"
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  and scaleR_scaleR: "scaleR a (scaleR b x) = scaleR (a * b) x"
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  and scaleR_one: "scaleR 1 x = x"
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interpretation real_vector:
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  vector_space "scaleR :: real \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a::real_vector"
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apply unfold_locales
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apply (rule scaleR_add_right)
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apply (rule scaleR_add_left)
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apply (rule scaleR_scaleR)
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apply (rule scaleR_one)
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done
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text {* Recover original theorem names *}
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lemmas scaleR_left_commute = real_vector.scale_left_commute
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lemmas scaleR_zero_left = real_vector.scale_zero_left
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lemmas scaleR_minus_left = real_vector.scale_minus_left
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lemmas scaleR_diff_left = real_vector.scale_left_diff_distrib
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lemmas scaleR_setsum_left = real_vector.scale_setsum_left
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lemmas scaleR_zero_right = real_vector.scale_zero_right
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lemmas scaleR_minus_right = real_vector.scale_minus_right
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lemmas scaleR_diff_right = real_vector.scale_right_diff_distrib
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lemmas scaleR_setsum_right = real_vector.scale_setsum_right
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lemmas scaleR_eq_0_iff = real_vector.scale_eq_0_iff
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lemmas scaleR_left_imp_eq = real_vector.scale_left_imp_eq
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lemmas scaleR_right_imp_eq = real_vector.scale_right_imp_eq
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lemmas scaleR_cancel_left = real_vector.scale_cancel_left
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lemmas scaleR_cancel_right = real_vector.scale_cancel_right
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text {* Legacy names *}
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lemmas scaleR_left_distrib = scaleR_add_left
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lemmas scaleR_right_distrib = scaleR_add_right
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lemmas scaleR_left_diff_distrib = scaleR_diff_left
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lemmas scaleR_right_diff_distrib = scaleR_diff_right
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lemma scaleR_minus1_left [simp]:
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  fixes x :: "'a::real_vector"
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  shows "scaleR (-1) x = - x"
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  using scaleR_minus_left [of 1 x] by simp
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class real_algebra = real_vector + ring +
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  assumes mult_scaleR_left [simp]: "scaleR a x * y = scaleR a (x * y)"
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  and mult_scaleR_right [simp]: "x * scaleR a y = scaleR a (x * y)"
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class real_algebra_1 = real_algebra + ring_1
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class real_div_algebra = real_algebra_1 + division_ring
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class real_field = real_div_algebra + field
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instantiation real :: real_field
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begin
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definition
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  real_scaleR_def [simp]: "scaleR a x = a * x"
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instance proof
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qed (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
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end
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interpretation scaleR_left: additive "(\<lambda>a. scaleR a x::'a::real_vector)"
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proof qed (rule scaleR_left_distrib)
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interpretation scaleR_right: additive "(\<lambda>x. scaleR a x::'a::real_vector)"
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proof qed (rule scaleR_right_distrib)
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lemma nonzero_inverse_scaleR_distrib:
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  fixes x :: "'a::real_div_algebra" shows
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  "\<lbrakk>a \<noteq> 0; x \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> inverse (scaleR a x) = scaleR (inverse a) (inverse x)"
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by (rule inverse_unique, simp)
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lemma inverse_scaleR_distrib:
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  fixes x :: "'a::{real_div_algebra, division_ring_inverse_zero}"
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  shows "inverse (scaleR a x) = scaleR (inverse a) (inverse x)"
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apply (case_tac "a = 0", simp)
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apply (case_tac "x = 0", simp)
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apply (erule (1) nonzero_inverse_scaleR_distrib)
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done
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c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
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subsection {* Embedding of the Reals into any @{text real_algebra_1}:
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@{term of_real} *}
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definition
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  of_real :: "real \<Rightarrow> 'a::real_algebra_1" where
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  "of_real r = scaleR r 1"
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lemma scaleR_conv_of_real: "scaleR r x = of_real r * x"
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by (simp add: of_real_def)
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lemma of_real_0 [simp]: "of_real 0 = 0"
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by (simp add: of_real_def)
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c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
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lemma of_real_1 [simp]: "of_real 1 = 1"
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by (simp add: of_real_def)
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c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
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lemma of_real_add [simp]: "of_real (x + y) = of_real x + of_real y"
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by (simp add: of_real_def scaleR_left_distrib)
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c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
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lemma of_real_minus [simp]: "of_real (- x) = - of_real x"
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by (simp add: of_real_def)
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c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
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lemma of_real_diff [simp]: "of_real (x - y) = of_real x - of_real y"
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by (simp add: of_real_def scaleR_left_diff_distrib)
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c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
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lemma of_real_mult [simp]: "of_real (x * y) = of_real x * of_real y"
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by (simp add: of_real_def mult_commute)
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lemma nonzero_of_real_inverse:
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  "x \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> of_real (inverse x) =
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   inverse (of_real x :: 'a::real_div_algebra)"
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by (simp add: of_real_def nonzero_inverse_scaleR_distrib)
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lemma of_real_inverse [simp]:
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  "of_real (inverse x) =
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   inverse (of_real x :: 'a::{real_div_algebra, division_ring_inverse_zero})"
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by (simp add: of_real_def inverse_scaleR_distrib)
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lemma nonzero_of_real_divide:
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  "y \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> of_real (x / y) =
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   (of_real x / of_real y :: 'a::real_field)"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   273
by (simp add: divide_inverse nonzero_of_real_inverse)
20722
741737aa70b2 add lemmas about of_real and power
huffman
parents: 20718
diff changeset
   274
741737aa70b2 add lemmas about of_real and power
huffman
parents: 20718
diff changeset
   275
lemma of_real_divide [simp]:
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   276
  "of_real (x / y) =
36409
d323e7773aa8 use new classes (linordered_)field_inverse_zero
haftmann
parents: 36349
diff changeset
   277
   (of_real x / of_real y :: 'a::{real_field, field_inverse_zero})"
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   278
by (simp add: divide_inverse)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   279
20722
741737aa70b2 add lemmas about of_real and power
huffman
parents: 20718
diff changeset
   280
lemma of_real_power [simp]:
31017
2c227493ea56 stripped class recpower further
haftmann
parents: 30729
diff changeset
   281
  "of_real (x ^ n) = (of_real x :: 'a::{real_algebra_1}) ^ n"
30273
ecd6f0ca62ea declare power_Suc [simp]; remove redundant type-specific versions of power_Suc
huffman
parents: 30242
diff changeset
   282
by (induct n) simp_all
20722
741737aa70b2 add lemmas about of_real and power
huffman
parents: 20718
diff changeset
   283
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   284
lemma of_real_eq_iff [simp]: "(of_real x = of_real y) = (x = y)"
35216
7641e8d831d2 get rid of many duplicate simp rule warnings
huffman
parents: 31586
diff changeset
   285
by (simp add: of_real_def)
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   286
38621
d6cb7e625d75 more concise characterization of of_nat operation and class semiring_char_0
haftmann
parents: 37887
diff changeset
   287
lemma inj_of_real:
d6cb7e625d75 more concise characterization of of_nat operation and class semiring_char_0
haftmann
parents: 37887
diff changeset
   288
  "inj of_real"
d6cb7e625d75 more concise characterization of of_nat operation and class semiring_char_0
haftmann
parents: 37887
diff changeset
   289
  by (auto intro: injI)
d6cb7e625d75 more concise characterization of of_nat operation and class semiring_char_0
haftmann
parents: 37887
diff changeset
   290
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   291
lemmas of_real_eq_0_iff [simp] = of_real_eq_iff [of _ 0, simplified]
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   292
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   293
lemma of_real_eq_id [simp]: "of_real = (id :: real \<Rightarrow> real)"
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   294
proof
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   295
  fix r
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   296
  show "of_real r = id r"
22973
64d300e16370 add lemma sgn_mult; declare real_scaleR_def and scaleR_eq_0_iff as simp rules
huffman
parents: 22972
diff changeset
   297
    by (simp add: of_real_def)
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   298
qed
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   299
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   300
text{*Collapse nested embeddings*}
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   301
lemma of_real_of_nat_eq [simp]: "of_real (of_nat n) = of_nat n"
20772
7a51ed817ec7 tuned definitions/proofs;
wenzelm
parents: 20763
diff changeset
   302
by (induct n) auto
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   303
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   304
lemma of_real_of_int_eq [simp]: "of_real (of_int z) = of_int z"
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   305
by (cases z rule: int_diff_cases, simp)
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   306
47108
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   307
lemma of_real_numeral: "of_real (numeral w) = numeral w"
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   308
using of_real_of_int_eq [of "numeral w"] by simp
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   309
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   310
lemma of_real_neg_numeral: "of_real (neg_numeral w) = neg_numeral w"
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   311
using of_real_of_int_eq [of "neg_numeral w"] by simp
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   312
22912
c477862c566d instance real_algebra_1 < ring_char_0
huffman
parents: 22898
diff changeset
   313
text{*Every real algebra has characteristic zero*}
38621
d6cb7e625d75 more concise characterization of of_nat operation and class semiring_char_0
haftmann
parents: 37887
diff changeset
   314
22912
c477862c566d instance real_algebra_1 < ring_char_0
huffman
parents: 22898
diff changeset
   315
instance real_algebra_1 < ring_char_0
c477862c566d instance real_algebra_1 < ring_char_0
huffman
parents: 22898
diff changeset
   316
proof
38621
d6cb7e625d75 more concise characterization of of_nat operation and class semiring_char_0
haftmann
parents: 37887
diff changeset
   317
  from inj_of_real inj_of_nat have "inj (of_real \<circ> of_nat)" by (rule inj_comp)
d6cb7e625d75 more concise characterization of of_nat operation and class semiring_char_0
haftmann
parents: 37887
diff changeset
   318
  then show "inj (of_nat :: nat \<Rightarrow> 'a)" by (simp add: comp_def)
22912
c477862c566d instance real_algebra_1 < ring_char_0
huffman
parents: 22898
diff changeset
   319
qed
c477862c566d instance real_algebra_1 < ring_char_0
huffman
parents: 22898
diff changeset
   320
27553
d315a513a150 instance real_field < field_char_0;
huffman
parents: 27552
diff changeset
   321
instance real_field < field_char_0 ..
d315a513a150 instance real_field < field_char_0;
huffman
parents: 27552
diff changeset
   322
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   323
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   324
subsection {* The Set of Real Numbers *}
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   325
37767
a2b7a20d6ea3 dropped superfluous [code del]s
haftmann
parents: 36839
diff changeset
   326
definition Reals :: "'a::real_algebra_1 set" where
a2b7a20d6ea3 dropped superfluous [code del]s
haftmann
parents: 36839
diff changeset
   327
  "Reals = range of_real"
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   328
21210
c17fd2df4e9e renamed 'const_syntax' to 'notation';
wenzelm
parents: 20828
diff changeset
   329
notation (xsymbols)
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   330
  Reals  ("\<real>")
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   331
21809
4b93e949ac33 remove uses of scaleR infix syntax; add lemma Reals_number_of
huffman
parents: 21404
diff changeset
   332
lemma Reals_of_real [simp]: "of_real r \<in> Reals"
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   333
by (simp add: Reals_def)
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   334
21809
4b93e949ac33 remove uses of scaleR infix syntax; add lemma Reals_number_of
huffman
parents: 21404
diff changeset
   335
lemma Reals_of_int [simp]: "of_int z \<in> Reals"
4b93e949ac33 remove uses of scaleR infix syntax; add lemma Reals_number_of
huffman
parents: 21404
diff changeset
   336
by (subst of_real_of_int_eq [symmetric], rule Reals_of_real)
20718
4c4869e4ddb7 add lemmas of_int_in_Reals, of_nat_in_Reals
huffman
parents: 20694
diff changeset
   337
21809
4b93e949ac33 remove uses of scaleR infix syntax; add lemma Reals_number_of
huffman
parents: 21404
diff changeset
   338
lemma Reals_of_nat [simp]: "of_nat n \<in> Reals"
4b93e949ac33 remove uses of scaleR infix syntax; add lemma Reals_number_of
huffman
parents: 21404
diff changeset
   339
by (subst of_real_of_nat_eq [symmetric], rule Reals_of_real)
4b93e949ac33 remove uses of scaleR infix syntax; add lemma Reals_number_of
huffman
parents: 21404
diff changeset
   340
47108
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   341
lemma Reals_numeral [simp]: "numeral w \<in> Reals"
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   342
by (subst of_real_numeral [symmetric], rule Reals_of_real)
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   343
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   344
lemma Reals_neg_numeral [simp]: "neg_numeral w \<in> Reals"
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   345
by (subst of_real_neg_numeral [symmetric], rule Reals_of_real)
20718
4c4869e4ddb7 add lemmas of_int_in_Reals, of_nat_in_Reals
huffman
parents: 20694
diff changeset
   346
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   347
lemma Reals_0 [simp]: "0 \<in> Reals"
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   348
apply (unfold Reals_def)
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   349
apply (rule range_eqI)
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   350
apply (rule of_real_0 [symmetric])
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   351
done
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   352
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   353
lemma Reals_1 [simp]: "1 \<in> Reals"
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   354
apply (unfold Reals_def)
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   355
apply (rule range_eqI)
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   356
apply (rule of_real_1 [symmetric])
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   357
done
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   358
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   359
lemma Reals_add [simp]: "\<lbrakk>a \<in> Reals; b \<in> Reals\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a + b \<in> Reals"
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   360
apply (auto simp add: Reals_def)
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   361
apply (rule range_eqI)
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   362
apply (rule of_real_add [symmetric])
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   363
done
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   364
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   365
lemma Reals_minus [simp]: "a \<in> Reals \<Longrightarrow> - a \<in> Reals"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   366
apply (auto simp add: Reals_def)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   367
apply (rule range_eqI)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   368
apply (rule of_real_minus [symmetric])
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   369
done
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   370
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   371
lemma Reals_diff [simp]: "\<lbrakk>a \<in> Reals; b \<in> Reals\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a - b \<in> Reals"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   372
apply (auto simp add: Reals_def)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   373
apply (rule range_eqI)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   374
apply (rule of_real_diff [symmetric])
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   375
done
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   376
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   377
lemma Reals_mult [simp]: "\<lbrakk>a \<in> Reals; b \<in> Reals\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a * b \<in> Reals"
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   378
apply (auto simp add: Reals_def)
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   379
apply (rule range_eqI)
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   380
apply (rule of_real_mult [symmetric])
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   381
done
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   382
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   383
lemma nonzero_Reals_inverse:
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   384
  fixes a :: "'a::real_div_algebra"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   385
  shows "\<lbrakk>a \<in> Reals; a \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> inverse a \<in> Reals"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   386
apply (auto simp add: Reals_def)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   387
apply (rule range_eqI)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   388
apply (erule nonzero_of_real_inverse [symmetric])
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   389
done
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   390
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   391
lemma Reals_inverse [simp]:
36409
d323e7773aa8 use new classes (linordered_)field_inverse_zero
haftmann
parents: 36349
diff changeset
   392
  fixes a :: "'a::{real_div_algebra, division_ring_inverse_zero}"
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   393
  shows "a \<in> Reals \<Longrightarrow> inverse a \<in> Reals"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   394
apply (auto simp add: Reals_def)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   395
apply (rule range_eqI)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   396
apply (rule of_real_inverse [symmetric])
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   397
done
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   398
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   399
lemma nonzero_Reals_divide:
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   400
  fixes a b :: "'a::real_field"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   401
  shows "\<lbrakk>a \<in> Reals; b \<in> Reals; b \<noteq> 0\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a / b \<in> Reals"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   402
apply (auto simp add: Reals_def)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   403
apply (rule range_eqI)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   404
apply (erule nonzero_of_real_divide [symmetric])
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   405
done
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   406
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   407
lemma Reals_divide [simp]:
36409
d323e7773aa8 use new classes (linordered_)field_inverse_zero
haftmann
parents: 36349
diff changeset
   408
  fixes a b :: "'a::{real_field, field_inverse_zero}"
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   409
  shows "\<lbrakk>a \<in> Reals; b \<in> Reals\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> a / b \<in> Reals"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   410
apply (auto simp add: Reals_def)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   411
apply (rule range_eqI)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   412
apply (rule of_real_divide [symmetric])
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   413
done
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   414
20722
741737aa70b2 add lemmas about of_real and power
huffman
parents: 20718
diff changeset
   415
lemma Reals_power [simp]:
31017
2c227493ea56 stripped class recpower further
haftmann
parents: 30729
diff changeset
   416
  fixes a :: "'a::{real_algebra_1}"
20722
741737aa70b2 add lemmas about of_real and power
huffman
parents: 20718
diff changeset
   417
  shows "a \<in> Reals \<Longrightarrow> a ^ n \<in> Reals"
741737aa70b2 add lemmas about of_real and power
huffman
parents: 20718
diff changeset
   418
apply (auto simp add: Reals_def)
741737aa70b2 add lemmas about of_real and power
huffman
parents: 20718
diff changeset
   419
apply (rule range_eqI)
741737aa70b2 add lemmas about of_real and power
huffman
parents: 20718
diff changeset
   420
apply (rule of_real_power [symmetric])
741737aa70b2 add lemmas about of_real and power
huffman
parents: 20718
diff changeset
   421
done
741737aa70b2 add lemmas about of_real and power
huffman
parents: 20718
diff changeset
   422
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   423
lemma Reals_cases [cases set: Reals]:
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   424
  assumes "q \<in> \<real>"
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   425
  obtains (of_real) r where "q = of_real r"
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   426
  unfolding Reals_def
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   427
proof -
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   428
  from `q \<in> \<real>` have "q \<in> range of_real" unfolding Reals_def .
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   429
  then obtain r where "q = of_real r" ..
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   430
  then show thesis ..
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   431
qed
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   432
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   433
lemma Reals_induct [case_names of_real, induct set: Reals]:
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   434
  "q \<in> \<real> \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>r. P (of_real r)) \<Longrightarrow> P q"
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   435
  by (rule Reals_cases) auto
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   436
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   437
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   438
subsection {* Real normed vector spaces *}
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   439
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   440
class dist =
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   441
  fixes dist :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> real"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   442
29608
564ea783ace8 no base sort in class import
haftmann
parents: 29252
diff changeset
   443
class norm =
22636
c40465deaf20 new class syntax for scaleR and norm classes
huffman
parents: 22625
diff changeset
   444
  fixes norm :: "'a \<Rightarrow> real"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   445
24520
40b220403257 fix sgn_div_norm class
huffman
parents: 24513
diff changeset
   446
class sgn_div_norm = scaleR + norm + sgn +
25062
af5ef0d4d655 global class syntax
haftmann
parents: 24901
diff changeset
   447
  assumes sgn_div_norm: "sgn x = x /\<^sub>R norm x"
24506
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   448
31289
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   449
class dist_norm = dist + norm + minus +
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   450
  assumes dist_norm: "dist x y = norm (x - y)"
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   451
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   452
class open_dist = "open" + dist +
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   453
  assumes open_dist: "open S \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>S. \<exists>e>0. \<forall>y. dist y x < e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> S)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   454
31492
5400beeddb55 replace 'topo' with 'open'; add extra type constraint for 'open'
huffman
parents: 31490
diff changeset
   455
class real_normed_vector = real_vector + sgn_div_norm + dist_norm + open_dist +
51002
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   456
  assumes norm_eq_zero [simp]: "norm x = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = 0"
25062
af5ef0d4d655 global class syntax
haftmann
parents: 24901
diff changeset
   457
  and norm_triangle_ineq: "norm (x + y) \<le> norm x + norm y"
31586
d4707b99e631 declare norm_scaleR [simp]; declare scaleR_cancel lemmas [simp]
huffman
parents: 31567
diff changeset
   458
  and norm_scaleR [simp]: "norm (scaleR a x) = \<bar>a\<bar> * norm x"
51002
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   459
begin
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   460
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   461
lemma norm_ge_zero [simp]: "0 \<le> norm x"
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   462
proof -
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   463
  have "0 = norm (x + -1 *\<^sub>R x)" 
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   464
    using scaleR_add_left[of 1 "-1" x] norm_scaleR[of 0 x] by (simp add: scaleR_one)
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   465
  also have "\<dots> \<le> norm x + norm (-1 *\<^sub>R x)" by (rule norm_triangle_ineq)
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   466
  finally show ?thesis by simp
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   467
qed
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   468
496013a6eb38 remove unnecessary assumption from real_normed_vector
hoelzl
parents: 50999
diff changeset
   469
end
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   470
24588
ed9a1254d674 introduced classes
haftmann
parents: 24520
diff changeset
   471
class real_normed_algebra = real_algebra + real_normed_vector +
25062
af5ef0d4d655 global class syntax
haftmann
parents: 24901
diff changeset
   472
  assumes norm_mult_ineq: "norm (x * y) \<le> norm x * norm y"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   473
24588
ed9a1254d674 introduced classes
haftmann
parents: 24520
diff changeset
   474
class real_normed_algebra_1 = real_algebra_1 + real_normed_algebra +
25062
af5ef0d4d655 global class syntax
haftmann
parents: 24901
diff changeset
   475
  assumes norm_one [simp]: "norm 1 = 1"
22852
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   476
24588
ed9a1254d674 introduced classes
haftmann
parents: 24520
diff changeset
   477
class real_normed_div_algebra = real_div_algebra + real_normed_vector +
25062
af5ef0d4d655 global class syntax
haftmann
parents: 24901
diff changeset
   478
  assumes norm_mult: "norm (x * y) = norm x * norm y"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   479
24588
ed9a1254d674 introduced classes
haftmann
parents: 24520
diff changeset
   480
class real_normed_field = real_field + real_normed_div_algebra
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   481
22852
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   482
instance real_normed_div_algebra < real_normed_algebra_1
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   483
proof
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   484
  fix x y :: 'a
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   485
  show "norm (x * y) \<le> norm x * norm y"
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   486
    by (simp add: norm_mult)
22852
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   487
next
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   488
  have "norm (1 * 1::'a) = norm (1::'a) * norm (1::'a)"
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   489
    by (rule norm_mult)
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   490
  thus "norm (1::'a) = 1" by simp
20554
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   491
qed
c433e78d4203 define new constant of_real for class real_algebra_1;
huffman
parents: 20551
diff changeset
   492
22852
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   493
lemma norm_zero [simp]: "norm (0::'a::real_normed_vector) = 0"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   494
by simp
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   495
22852
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   496
lemma zero_less_norm_iff [simp]:
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   497
  fixes x :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   498
  shows "(0 < norm x) = (x \<noteq> 0)"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   499
by (simp add: order_less_le)
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   500
22852
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   501
lemma norm_not_less_zero [simp]:
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   502
  fixes x :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   503
  shows "\<not> norm x < 0"
20828
68ed2e514ca0 add lemmas norm_not_less_zero, norm_le_zero_iff
huffman
parents: 20772
diff changeset
   504
by (simp add: linorder_not_less)
68ed2e514ca0 add lemmas norm_not_less_zero, norm_le_zero_iff
huffman
parents: 20772
diff changeset
   505
22852
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   506
lemma norm_le_zero_iff [simp]:
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   507
  fixes x :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   508
  shows "(norm x \<le> 0) = (x = 0)"
20828
68ed2e514ca0 add lemmas norm_not_less_zero, norm_le_zero_iff
huffman
parents: 20772
diff changeset
   509
by (simp add: order_le_less)
68ed2e514ca0 add lemmas norm_not_less_zero, norm_le_zero_iff
huffman
parents: 20772
diff changeset
   510
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   511
lemma norm_minus_cancel [simp]:
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   512
  fixes x :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   513
  shows "norm (- x) = norm x"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   514
proof -
21809
4b93e949ac33 remove uses of scaleR infix syntax; add lemma Reals_number_of
huffman
parents: 21404
diff changeset
   515
  have "norm (- x) = norm (scaleR (- 1) x)"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   516
    by (simp only: scaleR_minus_left scaleR_one)
20533
49442b3024bb remove conflicting norm syntax
huffman
parents: 20504
diff changeset
   517
  also have "\<dots> = \<bar>- 1\<bar> * norm x"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   518
    by (rule norm_scaleR)
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   519
  finally show ?thesis by simp
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   520
qed
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   521
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   522
lemma norm_minus_commute:
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   523
  fixes a b :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   524
  shows "norm (a - b) = norm (b - a)"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   525
proof -
22898
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   526
  have "norm (- (b - a)) = norm (b - a)"
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   527
    by (rule norm_minus_cancel)
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   528
  thus ?thesis by simp
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   529
qed
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   530
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   531
lemma norm_triangle_ineq2:
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   532
  fixes a b :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
20533
49442b3024bb remove conflicting norm syntax
huffman
parents: 20504
diff changeset
   533
  shows "norm a - norm b \<le> norm (a - b)"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   534
proof -
20533
49442b3024bb remove conflicting norm syntax
huffman
parents: 20504
diff changeset
   535
  have "norm (a - b + b) \<le> norm (a - b) + norm b"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   536
    by (rule norm_triangle_ineq)
22898
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   537
  thus ?thesis by simp
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   538
qed
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   539
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   540
lemma norm_triangle_ineq3:
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   541
  fixes a b :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   542
  shows "\<bar>norm a - norm b\<bar> \<le> norm (a - b)"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   543
apply (subst abs_le_iff)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   544
apply auto
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   545
apply (rule norm_triangle_ineq2)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   546
apply (subst norm_minus_commute)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   547
apply (rule norm_triangle_ineq2)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   548
done
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   549
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   550
lemma norm_triangle_ineq4:
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   551
  fixes a b :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
20533
49442b3024bb remove conflicting norm syntax
huffman
parents: 20504
diff changeset
   552
  shows "norm (a - b) \<le> norm a + norm b"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   553
proof -
22898
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   554
  have "norm (a + - b) \<le> norm a + norm (- b)"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   555
    by (rule norm_triangle_ineq)
22898
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   556
  thus ?thesis
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   557
    by (simp only: diff_minus norm_minus_cancel)
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   558
qed
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   559
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   560
lemma norm_diff_ineq:
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   561
  fixes a b :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   562
  shows "norm a - norm b \<le> norm (a + b)"
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   563
proof -
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   564
  have "norm a - norm (- b) \<le> norm (a - - b)"
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   565
    by (rule norm_triangle_ineq2)
38ae2815989f add lemma norm_diff_ineq; shorten other proofs
huffman
parents: 22880
diff changeset
   566
  thus ?thesis by simp
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   567
qed
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   568
20551
ba543692bfa1 add theorem norm_diff_triangle_ineq
huffman
parents: 20533
diff changeset
   569
lemma norm_diff_triangle_ineq:
ba543692bfa1 add theorem norm_diff_triangle_ineq
huffman
parents: 20533
diff changeset
   570
  fixes a b c d :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
ba543692bfa1 add theorem norm_diff_triangle_ineq
huffman
parents: 20533
diff changeset
   571
  shows "norm ((a + b) - (c + d)) \<le> norm (a - c) + norm (b - d)"
ba543692bfa1 add theorem norm_diff_triangle_ineq
huffman
parents: 20533
diff changeset
   572
proof -
ba543692bfa1 add theorem norm_diff_triangle_ineq
huffman
parents: 20533
diff changeset
   573
  have "norm ((a + b) - (c + d)) = norm ((a - c) + (b - d))"
ba543692bfa1 add theorem norm_diff_triangle_ineq
huffman
parents: 20533
diff changeset
   574
    by (simp add: diff_minus add_ac)
ba543692bfa1 add theorem norm_diff_triangle_ineq
huffman
parents: 20533
diff changeset
   575
  also have "\<dots> \<le> norm (a - c) + norm (b - d)"
ba543692bfa1 add theorem norm_diff_triangle_ineq
huffman
parents: 20533
diff changeset
   576
    by (rule norm_triangle_ineq)
ba543692bfa1 add theorem norm_diff_triangle_ineq
huffman
parents: 20533
diff changeset
   577
  finally show ?thesis .
ba543692bfa1 add theorem norm_diff_triangle_ineq
huffman
parents: 20533
diff changeset
   578
qed
ba543692bfa1 add theorem norm_diff_triangle_ineq
huffman
parents: 20533
diff changeset
   579
22857
cb84e886cc90 add lemma abs_norm_cancel
huffman
parents: 22852
diff changeset
   580
lemma abs_norm_cancel [simp]:
cb84e886cc90 add lemma abs_norm_cancel
huffman
parents: 22852
diff changeset
   581
  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
cb84e886cc90 add lemma abs_norm_cancel
huffman
parents: 22852
diff changeset
   582
  shows "\<bar>norm a\<bar> = norm a"
cb84e886cc90 add lemma abs_norm_cancel
huffman
parents: 22852
diff changeset
   583
by (rule abs_of_nonneg [OF norm_ge_zero])
cb84e886cc90 add lemma abs_norm_cancel
huffman
parents: 22852
diff changeset
   584
22880
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   585
lemma norm_add_less:
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   586
  fixes x y :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   587
  shows "\<lbrakk>norm x < r; norm y < s\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> norm (x + y) < r + s"
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   588
by (rule order_le_less_trans [OF norm_triangle_ineq add_strict_mono])
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   589
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   590
lemma norm_mult_less:
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   591
  fixes x y :: "'a::real_normed_algebra"
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   592
  shows "\<lbrakk>norm x < r; norm y < s\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> norm (x * y) < r * s"
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   593
apply (rule order_le_less_trans [OF norm_mult_ineq])
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   594
apply (simp add: mult_strict_mono')
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   595
done
424d6fb67513 add lemmas norm_add_less, norm_mult_less
huffman
parents: 22876
diff changeset
   596
22857
cb84e886cc90 add lemma abs_norm_cancel
huffman
parents: 22852
diff changeset
   597
lemma norm_of_real [simp]:
cb84e886cc90 add lemma abs_norm_cancel
huffman
parents: 22852
diff changeset
   598
  "norm (of_real r :: 'a::real_normed_algebra_1) = \<bar>r\<bar>"
31586
d4707b99e631 declare norm_scaleR [simp]; declare scaleR_cancel lemmas [simp]
huffman
parents: 31567
diff changeset
   599
unfolding of_real_def by simp
20560
49996715bc6e norm_one is now proved from other class axioms
huffman
parents: 20554
diff changeset
   600
47108
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   601
lemma norm_numeral [simp]:
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   602
  "norm (numeral w::'a::real_normed_algebra_1) = numeral w"
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   603
by (subst of_real_numeral [symmetric], subst norm_of_real, simp)
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   604
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   605
lemma norm_neg_numeral [simp]:
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   606
  "norm (neg_numeral w::'a::real_normed_algebra_1) = numeral w"
2a1953f0d20d merged fork with new numeral representation (see NEWS)
huffman
parents: 46868
diff changeset
   607
by (subst of_real_neg_numeral [symmetric], subst norm_of_real, simp)
22876
2b4c831ceca7 add lemmas norm_number_of, norm_of_int, norm_of_nat
huffman
parents: 22857
diff changeset
   608
2b4c831ceca7 add lemmas norm_number_of, norm_of_int, norm_of_nat
huffman
parents: 22857
diff changeset
   609
lemma norm_of_int [simp]:
2b4c831ceca7 add lemmas norm_number_of, norm_of_int, norm_of_nat
huffman
parents: 22857
diff changeset
   610
  "norm (of_int z::'a::real_normed_algebra_1) = \<bar>of_int z\<bar>"
2b4c831ceca7 add lemmas norm_number_of, norm_of_int, norm_of_nat
huffman
parents: 22857
diff changeset
   611
by (subst of_real_of_int_eq [symmetric], rule norm_of_real)
2b4c831ceca7 add lemmas norm_number_of, norm_of_int, norm_of_nat
huffman
parents: 22857
diff changeset
   612
2b4c831ceca7 add lemmas norm_number_of, norm_of_int, norm_of_nat
huffman
parents: 22857
diff changeset
   613
lemma norm_of_nat [simp]:
2b4c831ceca7 add lemmas norm_number_of, norm_of_int, norm_of_nat
huffman
parents: 22857
diff changeset
   614
  "norm (of_nat n::'a::real_normed_algebra_1) = of_nat n"
2b4c831ceca7 add lemmas norm_number_of, norm_of_int, norm_of_nat
huffman
parents: 22857
diff changeset
   615
apply (subst of_real_of_nat_eq [symmetric])
2b4c831ceca7 add lemmas norm_number_of, norm_of_int, norm_of_nat
huffman
parents: 22857
diff changeset
   616
apply (subst norm_of_real, simp)
2b4c831ceca7 add lemmas norm_number_of, norm_of_int, norm_of_nat
huffman
parents: 22857
diff changeset
   617
done
2b4c831ceca7 add lemmas norm_number_of, norm_of_int, norm_of_nat
huffman
parents: 22857
diff changeset
   618
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   619
lemma nonzero_norm_inverse:
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   620
  fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra"
20533
49442b3024bb remove conflicting norm syntax
huffman
parents: 20504
diff changeset
   621
  shows "a \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> norm (inverse a) = inverse (norm a)"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   622
apply (rule inverse_unique [symmetric])
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   623
apply (simp add: norm_mult [symmetric])
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   624
done
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   625
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   626
lemma norm_inverse:
36409
d323e7773aa8 use new classes (linordered_)field_inverse_zero
haftmann
parents: 36349
diff changeset
   627
  fixes a :: "'a::{real_normed_div_algebra, division_ring_inverse_zero}"
20533
49442b3024bb remove conflicting norm syntax
huffman
parents: 20504
diff changeset
   628
  shows "norm (inverse a) = inverse (norm a)"
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   629
apply (case_tac "a = 0", simp)
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   630
apply (erule nonzero_norm_inverse)
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   631
done
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
   632
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   633
lemma nonzero_norm_divide:
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   634
  fixes a b :: "'a::real_normed_field"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   635
  shows "b \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> norm (a / b) = norm a / norm b"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   636
by (simp add: divide_inverse norm_mult nonzero_norm_inverse)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   637
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   638
lemma norm_divide:
36409
d323e7773aa8 use new classes (linordered_)field_inverse_zero
haftmann
parents: 36349
diff changeset
   639
  fixes a b :: "'a::{real_normed_field, field_inverse_zero}"
20584
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   640
  shows "norm (a / b) = norm a / norm b"
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   641
by (simp add: divide_inverse norm_mult norm_inverse)
60b1d52a455d added classes real_div_algebra and real_field; added lemmas
huffman
parents: 20560
diff changeset
   642
22852
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   643
lemma norm_power_ineq:
31017
2c227493ea56 stripped class recpower further
haftmann
parents: 30729
diff changeset
   644
  fixes x :: "'a::{real_normed_algebra_1}"
22852
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   645
  shows "norm (x ^ n) \<le> norm x ^ n"
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   646
proof (induct n)
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   647
  case 0 show "norm (x ^ 0) \<le> norm x ^ 0" by simp
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   648
next
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   649
  case (Suc n)
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   650
  have "norm (x * x ^ n) \<le> norm x * norm (x ^ n)"
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   651
    by (rule norm_mult_ineq)
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   652
  also from Suc have "\<dots> \<le> norm x * norm x ^ n"
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   653
    using norm_ge_zero by (rule mult_left_mono)
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   654
  finally show "norm (x ^ Suc n) \<le> norm x ^ Suc n"
30273
ecd6f0ca62ea declare power_Suc [simp]; remove redundant type-specific versions of power_Suc
huffman
parents: 30242
diff changeset
   655
    by simp
22852
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   656
qed
2490d4b4671a clean up RealVector classes
huffman
parents: 22636
diff changeset
   657
20684
74e8b46abb97 add lemma norm_power
huffman
parents: 20584
diff changeset
   658
lemma norm_power:
31017
2c227493ea56 stripped class recpower further
haftmann
parents: 30729
diff changeset
   659
  fixes x :: "'a::{real_normed_div_algebra}"
20684
74e8b46abb97 add lemma norm_power
huffman
parents: 20584
diff changeset
   660
  shows "norm (x ^ n) = norm x ^ n"
30273
ecd6f0ca62ea declare power_Suc [simp]; remove redundant type-specific versions of power_Suc
huffman
parents: 30242
diff changeset
   661
by (induct n) (simp_all add: norm_mult)
20684
74e8b46abb97 add lemma norm_power
huffman
parents: 20584
diff changeset
   662
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   663
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   664
subsection {* Metric spaces *}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   665
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   666
class metric_space = open_dist +
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   667
  assumes dist_eq_0_iff [simp]: "dist x y = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = y"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   668
  assumes dist_triangle2: "dist x y \<le> dist x z + dist y z"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   669
begin
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   670
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   671
lemma dist_self [simp]: "dist x x = 0"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   672
by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   673
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   674
lemma zero_le_dist [simp]: "0 \<le> dist x y"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   675
using dist_triangle2 [of x x y] by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   676
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   677
lemma zero_less_dist_iff: "0 < dist x y \<longleftrightarrow> x \<noteq> y"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   678
by (simp add: less_le)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   679
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   680
lemma dist_not_less_zero [simp]: "\<not> dist x y < 0"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   681
by (simp add: not_less)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   682
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   683
lemma dist_le_zero_iff [simp]: "dist x y \<le> 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = y"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   684
by (simp add: le_less)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   685
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   686
lemma dist_commute: "dist x y = dist y x"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   687
proof (rule order_antisym)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   688
  show "dist x y \<le> dist y x"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   689
    using dist_triangle2 [of x y x] by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   690
  show "dist y x \<le> dist x y"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   691
    using dist_triangle2 [of y x y] by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   692
qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   693
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   694
lemma dist_triangle: "dist x z \<le> dist x y + dist y z"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   695
using dist_triangle2 [of x z y] by (simp add: dist_commute)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   696
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   697
lemma dist_triangle3: "dist x y \<le> dist a x + dist a y"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   698
using dist_triangle2 [of x y a] by (simp add: dist_commute)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   699
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   700
lemma dist_triangle_alt:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   701
  shows "dist y z <= dist x y + dist x z"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   702
by (rule dist_triangle3)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   703
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   704
lemma dist_pos_lt:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   705
  shows "x \<noteq> y ==> 0 < dist x y"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   706
by (simp add: zero_less_dist_iff)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   707
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   708
lemma dist_nz:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   709
  shows "x \<noteq> y \<longleftrightarrow> 0 < dist x y"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   710
by (simp add: zero_less_dist_iff)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   711
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   712
lemma dist_triangle_le:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   713
  shows "dist x z + dist y z <= e \<Longrightarrow> dist x y <= e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   714
by (rule order_trans [OF dist_triangle2])
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   715
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   716
lemma dist_triangle_lt:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   717
  shows "dist x z + dist y z < e ==> dist x y < e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   718
by (rule le_less_trans [OF dist_triangle2])
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   719
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   720
lemma dist_triangle_half_l:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   721
  shows "dist x1 y < e / 2 \<Longrightarrow> dist x2 y < e / 2 \<Longrightarrow> dist x1 x2 < e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   722
by (rule dist_triangle_lt [where z=y], simp)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   723
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   724
lemma dist_triangle_half_r:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   725
  shows "dist y x1 < e / 2 \<Longrightarrow> dist y x2 < e / 2 \<Longrightarrow> dist x1 x2 < e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   726
by (rule dist_triangle_half_l, simp_all add: dist_commute)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   727
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   728
subclass topological_space
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   729
proof
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   730
  have "\<exists>e::real. 0 < e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   731
    by (fast intro: zero_less_one)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   732
  then show "open UNIV"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   733
    unfolding open_dist by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   734
next
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   735
  fix S T assume "open S" "open T"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   736
  then show "open (S \<inter> T)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   737
    unfolding open_dist
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   738
    apply clarify
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   739
    apply (drule (1) bspec)+
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   740
    apply (clarify, rename_tac r s)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   741
    apply (rule_tac x="min r s" in exI, simp)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   742
    done
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   743
next
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   744
  fix K assume "\<forall>S\<in>K. open S" thus "open (\<Union>K)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   745
    unfolding open_dist by fast
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   746
qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   747
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   748
lemma open_ball: "open {y. dist x y < d}"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   749
proof (unfold open_dist, intro ballI)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   750
  fix y assume *: "y \<in> {y. dist x y < d}"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   751
  then show "\<exists>e>0. \<forall>z. dist z y < e \<longrightarrow> z \<in> {y. dist x y < d}"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   752
    by (auto intro!: exI[of _ "d - dist x y"] simp: field_simps dist_triangle_lt)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   753
qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   754
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   755
subclass first_countable_topology
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   756
proof
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   757
  fix x 
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   758
  show "\<exists>A::nat \<Rightarrow> 'a set. (\<forall>i. x \<in> A i \<and> open (A i)) \<and> (\<forall>S. open S \<and> x \<in> S \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>i. A i \<subseteq> S))"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   759
  proof (safe intro!: exI[of _ "\<lambda>n. {y. dist x y < inverse (Suc n)}"])
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   760
    fix S assume "open S" "x \<in> S"
53374
a14d2a854c02 tuned proofs -- clarified flow of facts wrt. calculation;
wenzelm
parents: 52381
diff changeset
   761
    then obtain e where e: "0 < e" and "{y. dist x y < e} \<subseteq> S"
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   762
      by (auto simp: open_dist subset_eq dist_commute)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   763
    moreover
53374
a14d2a854c02 tuned proofs -- clarified flow of facts wrt. calculation;
wenzelm
parents: 52381
diff changeset
   764
    from e obtain i where "inverse (Suc i) < e"
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   765
      by (auto dest!: reals_Archimedean)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   766
    then have "{y. dist x y < inverse (Suc i)} \<subseteq> {y. dist x y < e}"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   767
      by auto
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   768
    ultimately show "\<exists>i. {y. dist x y < inverse (Suc i)} \<subseteq> S"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   769
      by blast
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   770
  qed (auto intro: open_ball)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   771
qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   772
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   773
end
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   774
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   775
instance metric_space \<subseteq> t2_space
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   776
proof
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   777
  fix x y :: "'a::metric_space"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   778
  assume xy: "x \<noteq> y"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   779
  let ?U = "{y'. dist x y' < dist x y / 2}"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   780
  let ?V = "{x'. dist y x' < dist x y / 2}"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   781
  have th0: "\<And>d x y z. (d x z :: real) \<le> d x y + d y z \<Longrightarrow> d y z = d z y
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   782
               \<Longrightarrow> \<not>(d x y * 2 < d x z \<and> d z y * 2 < d x z)" by arith
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   783
  have "open ?U \<and> open ?V \<and> x \<in> ?U \<and> y \<in> ?V \<and> ?U \<inter> ?V = {}"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   784
    using dist_pos_lt[OF xy] th0[of dist, OF dist_triangle dist_commute]
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   785
    using open_ball[of _ "dist x y / 2"] by auto
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   786
  then show "\<exists>U V. open U \<and> open V \<and> x \<in> U \<and> y \<in> V \<and> U \<inter> V = {}"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   787
    by blast
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   788
qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   789
31289
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   790
text {* Every normed vector space is a metric space. *}
31285
0a3f9ee4117c generalize dist function to class real_normed_vector
huffman
parents: 31017
diff changeset
   791
31289
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   792
instance real_normed_vector < metric_space
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   793
proof
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   794
  fix x y :: 'a show "dist x y = 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x = y"
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   795
    unfolding dist_norm by simp
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   796
next
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   797
  fix x y z :: 'a show "dist x y \<le> dist x z + dist y z"
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   798
    unfolding dist_norm
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   799
    using norm_triangle_ineq4 [of "x - z" "y - z"] by simp
847f00f435d4 move dist operation to new metric_space class
huffman
parents: 31285
diff changeset
   800
qed
31285
0a3f9ee4117c generalize dist function to class real_normed_vector
huffman
parents: 31017
diff changeset
   801
31564
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   802
subsection {* Class instances for real numbers *}
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   803
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   804
instantiation real :: real_normed_field
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   805
begin
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   806
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   807
definition dist_real_def:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   808
  "dist x y = \<bar>x - y\<bar>"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   809
52381
63eec9cea2c7 pragmatic executability for instance real :: open
haftmann
parents: 51775
diff changeset
   810
definition open_real_def [code del]:
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   811
  "open (S :: real set) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>x\<in>S. \<exists>e>0. \<forall>y. dist y x < e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> S)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   812
31564
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   813
definition real_norm_def [simp]:
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   814
  "norm r = \<bar>r\<bar>"
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   815
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   816
instance
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   817
apply (intro_classes, unfold real_norm_def real_scaleR_def)
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   818
apply (rule dist_real_def)
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   819
apply (rule open_real_def)
36795
e05e1283c550 new construction of real numbers using Cauchy sequences
huffman
parents: 36409
diff changeset
   820
apply (simp add: sgn_real_def)
31564
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   821
apply (rule abs_eq_0)
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   822
apply (rule abs_triangle_ineq)
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   823
apply (rule abs_mult)
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   824
apply (rule abs_mult)
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   825
done
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   826
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   827
end
d2abf6f6f619 subsection for real instances; new lemmas for open sets of reals
huffman
parents: 31494
diff changeset
   828
52381
63eec9cea2c7 pragmatic executability for instance real :: open
haftmann
parents: 51775
diff changeset
   829
code_abort "open :: real set \<Rightarrow> bool"
63eec9cea2c7 pragmatic executability for instance real :: open
haftmann
parents: 51775
diff changeset
   830
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   831
instance real :: linorder_topology
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   832
proof
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   833
  show "(open :: real set \<Rightarrow> bool) = generate_topology (range lessThan \<union> range greaterThan)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   834
  proof (rule ext, safe)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   835
    fix S :: "real set" assume "open S"
53381
355a4cac5440 tuned proofs -- less guessing;
wenzelm
parents: 53374
diff changeset
   836
    then obtain f where "\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 < f x \<and> (\<forall>y. dist y x < f x \<longrightarrow> y \<in> S)"
355a4cac5440 tuned proofs -- less guessing;
wenzelm
parents: 53374
diff changeset
   837
      unfolding open_real_def bchoice_iff ..
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   838
    then have *: "S = (\<Union>x\<in>S. {x - f x <..} \<inter> {..< x + f x})"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   839
      by (fastforce simp: dist_real_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   840
    show "generate_topology (range lessThan \<union> range greaterThan) S"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   841
      apply (subst *)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   842
      apply (intro generate_topology_Union generate_topology.Int)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   843
      apply (auto intro: generate_topology.Basis)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   844
      done
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   845
  next
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   846
    fix S :: "real set" assume "generate_topology (range lessThan \<union> range greaterThan) S"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   847
    moreover have "\<And>a::real. open {..<a}"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   848
      unfolding open_real_def dist_real_def
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   849
    proof clarify
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   850
      fix x a :: real assume "x < a"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   851
      hence "0 < a - x \<and> (\<forall>y. \<bar>y - x\<bar> < a - x \<longrightarrow> y \<in> {..<a})" by auto
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   852
      thus "\<exists>e>0. \<forall>y. \<bar>y - x\<bar> < e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> {..<a}" ..
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   853
    qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   854
    moreover have "\<And>a::real. open {a <..}"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   855
      unfolding open_real_def dist_real_def
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   856
    proof clarify
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   857
      fix x a :: real assume "a < x"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   858
      hence "0 < x - a \<and> (\<forall>y. \<bar>y - x\<bar> < x - a \<longrightarrow> y \<in> {a<..})" by auto
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   859
      thus "\<exists>e>0. \<forall>y. \<bar>y - x\<bar> < e \<longrightarrow> y \<in> {a<..}" ..
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   860
    qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   861
    ultimately show "open S"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   862
      by induct auto
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   863
  qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   864
qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   865
51775
408d937c9486 revert #916271d52466; add non-topological linear_continuum type class; show linear_continuum_topology is a perfect_space
hoelzl
parents: 51774
diff changeset
   866
instance real :: linear_continuum_topology ..
51518
6a56b7088a6a separate SupInf into Conditional_Complete_Lattice, move instantiation of real to RealDef
hoelzl
parents: 51481
diff changeset
   867
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   868
lemmas open_real_greaterThan = open_greaterThan[where 'a=real]
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   869
lemmas open_real_lessThan = open_lessThan[where 'a=real]
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   870
lemmas open_real_greaterThanLessThan = open_greaterThanLessThan[where 'a=real]
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   871
lemmas closed_real_atMost = closed_atMost[where 'a=real]
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   872
lemmas closed_real_atLeast = closed_atLeast[where 'a=real]
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   873
lemmas closed_real_atLeastAtMost = closed_atLeastAtMost[where 'a=real]
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
   874
31446
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   875
subsection {* Extra type constraints *}
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   876
31492
5400beeddb55 replace 'topo' with 'open'; add extra type constraint for 'open'
huffman
parents: 31490
diff changeset
   877
text {* Only allow @{term "open"} in class @{text topological_space}. *}
5400beeddb55 replace 'topo' with 'open'; add extra type constraint for 'open'
huffman
parents: 31490
diff changeset
   878
5400beeddb55 replace 'topo' with 'open'; add extra type constraint for 'open'
huffman
parents: 31490
diff changeset
   879
setup {* Sign.add_const_constraint
5400beeddb55 replace 'topo' with 'open'; add extra type constraint for 'open'
huffman
parents: 31490
diff changeset
   880
  (@{const_name "open"}, SOME @{typ "'a::topological_space set \<Rightarrow> bool"}) *}
5400beeddb55 replace 'topo' with 'open'; add extra type constraint for 'open'
huffman
parents: 31490
diff changeset
   881
31446
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   882
text {* Only allow @{term dist} in class @{text metric_space}. *}
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   883
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   884
setup {* Sign.add_const_constraint
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   885
  (@{const_name dist}, SOME @{typ "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> real"}) *}
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   886
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   887
text {* Only allow @{term norm} in class @{text real_normed_vector}. *}
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   888
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   889
setup {* Sign.add_const_constraint
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   890
  (@{const_name norm}, SOME @{typ "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> real"}) *}
2d91b2416de8 add extra type constraints for dist, norm
huffman
parents: 31419
diff changeset
   891
22972
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   892
subsection {* Sign function *}
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   893
24506
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   894
lemma norm_sgn:
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   895
  "norm (sgn(x::'a::real_normed_vector)) = (if x = 0 then 0 else 1)"
31586
d4707b99e631 declare norm_scaleR [simp]; declare scaleR_cancel lemmas [simp]
huffman
parents: 31567
diff changeset
   896
by (simp add: sgn_div_norm)
22972
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   897
24506
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   898
lemma sgn_zero [simp]: "sgn(0::'a::real_normed_vector) = 0"
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   899
by (simp add: sgn_div_norm)
22972
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   900
24506
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   901
lemma sgn_zero_iff: "(sgn(x::'a::real_normed_vector) = 0) = (x = 0)"
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   902
by (simp add: sgn_div_norm)
22972
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   903
24506
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   904
lemma sgn_minus: "sgn (- x) = - sgn(x::'a::real_normed_vector)"
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   905
by (simp add: sgn_div_norm)
22972
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   906
24506
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   907
lemma sgn_scaleR:
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   908
  "sgn (scaleR r x) = scaleR (sgn r) (sgn(x::'a::real_normed_vector))"
31586
d4707b99e631 declare norm_scaleR [simp]; declare scaleR_cancel lemmas [simp]
huffman
parents: 31567
diff changeset
   909
by (simp add: sgn_div_norm mult_ac)
22973
64d300e16370 add lemma sgn_mult; declare real_scaleR_def and scaleR_eq_0_iff as simp rules
huffman
parents: 22972
diff changeset
   910
22972
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   911
lemma sgn_one [simp]: "sgn (1::'a::real_normed_algebra_1) = 1"
24506
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   912
by (simp add: sgn_div_norm)
22972
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   913
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   914
lemma sgn_of_real:
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   915
  "sgn (of_real r::'a::real_normed_algebra_1) = of_real (sgn r)"
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   916
unfolding of_real_def by (simp only: sgn_scaleR sgn_one)
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   917
22973
64d300e16370 add lemma sgn_mult; declare real_scaleR_def and scaleR_eq_0_iff as simp rules
huffman
parents: 22972
diff changeset
   918
lemma sgn_mult:
64d300e16370 add lemma sgn_mult; declare real_scaleR_def and scaleR_eq_0_iff as simp rules
huffman
parents: 22972
diff changeset
   919
  fixes x y :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra"
64d300e16370 add lemma sgn_mult; declare real_scaleR_def and scaleR_eq_0_iff as simp rules
huffman
parents: 22972
diff changeset
   920
  shows "sgn (x * y) = sgn x * sgn y"
24506
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   921
by (simp add: sgn_div_norm norm_mult mult_commute)
22973
64d300e16370 add lemma sgn_mult; declare real_scaleR_def and scaleR_eq_0_iff as simp rules
huffman
parents: 22972
diff changeset
   922
22972
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   923
lemma real_sgn_eq: "sgn (x::real) = x / \<bar>x\<bar>"
24506
020db6ec334a final(?) iteration of sgn saga.
nipkow
parents: 23282
diff changeset
   924
by (simp add: sgn_div_norm divide_inverse)
22972
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   925
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   926
lemma real_sgn_pos: "0 < (x::real) \<Longrightarrow> sgn x = 1"
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   927
unfolding real_sgn_eq by simp
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   928
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   929
lemma real_sgn_neg: "(x::real) < 0 \<Longrightarrow> sgn x = -1"
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   930
unfolding real_sgn_eq by simp
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   931
51474
1e9e68247ad1 generalize Bfun and Bseq to metric spaces; Bseq is an abbreviation for Bfun
hoelzl
parents: 51472
diff changeset
   932
lemma norm_conv_dist: "norm x = dist x 0"
1e9e68247ad1 generalize Bfun and Bseq to metric spaces; Bseq is an abbreviation for Bfun
hoelzl
parents: 51472
diff changeset
   933
  unfolding dist_norm by simp
22972
3e96b98d37c6 generalized sgn function to work on any real normed vector space
huffman
parents: 22942
diff changeset
   934
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   935
subsection {* Bounded Linear and Bilinear Operators *}
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   936
53600
8fda7ad57466 make 'linear' into a sublocale of 'bounded_linear';
huffman
parents: 53381
diff changeset
   937
locale linear = additive f for f :: "'a::real_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_vector" +
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   938
  assumes scaleR: "f (scaleR r x) = scaleR r (f x)"
53600
8fda7ad57466 make 'linear' into a sublocale of 'bounded_linear';
huffman
parents: 53381
diff changeset
   939
8fda7ad57466 make 'linear' into a sublocale of 'bounded_linear';
huffman
parents: 53381
diff changeset
   940
lemma linearI:
8fda7ad57466 make 'linear' into a sublocale of 'bounded_linear';
huffman
parents: 53381
diff changeset
   941
  assumes "\<And>x y. f (x + y) = f x + f y"
8fda7ad57466 make 'linear' into a sublocale of 'bounded_linear';
huffman
parents: 53381
diff changeset
   942
  assumes "\<And>c x. f (c *\<^sub>R x) = c *\<^sub>R f x"
8fda7ad57466 make 'linear' into a sublocale of 'bounded_linear';
huffman
parents: 53381
diff changeset
   943
  shows "linear f"
8fda7ad57466 make 'linear' into a sublocale of 'bounded_linear';
huffman
parents: 53381
diff changeset
   944
  by default (rule assms)+
8fda7ad57466 make 'linear' into a sublocale of 'bounded_linear';
huffman
parents: 53381
diff changeset
   945
8fda7ad57466 make 'linear' into a sublocale of 'bounded_linear';
huffman
parents: 53381
diff changeset
   946
locale bounded_linear = linear f for f :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector" +
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   947
  assumes bounded: "\<exists>K. \<forall>x. norm (f x) \<le> norm x * K"
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
   948
begin
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   949
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
   950
lemma pos_bounded:
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   951
  "\<exists>K>0. \<forall>x. norm (f x) \<le> norm x * K"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   952
proof -
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   953
  obtain K where K: "\<And>x. norm (f x) \<le> norm x * K"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   954
    using bounded by fast
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   955
  show ?thesis
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   956
  proof (intro exI impI conjI allI)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   957
    show "0 < max 1 K"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   958
      by (rule order_less_le_trans [OF zero_less_one le_maxI1])
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   959
  next
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   960
    fix x
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   961
    have "norm (f x) \<le> norm x * K" using K .
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   962
    also have "\<dots> \<le> norm x * max 1 K"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   963
      by (rule mult_left_mono [OF le_maxI2 norm_ge_zero])
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   964
    finally show "norm (f x) \<le> norm x * max 1 K" .
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   965
  qed
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   966
qed
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   967
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
   968
lemma nonneg_bounded:
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   969
  "\<exists>K\<ge>0. \<forall>x. norm (f x) \<le> norm x * K"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   970
proof -
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   971
  from pos_bounded
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   972
  show ?thesis by (auto intro: order_less_imp_le)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   973
qed
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   974
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
   975
end
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
   976
44127
7b57b9295d98 lemma bounded_linear_intro
huffman
parents: 41969
diff changeset
   977
lemma bounded_linear_intro:
7b57b9295d98 lemma bounded_linear_intro
huffman
parents: 41969
diff changeset
   978
  assumes "\<And>x y. f (x + y) = f x + f y"
7b57b9295d98 lemma bounded_linear_intro
huffman
parents: 41969
diff changeset
   979
  assumes "\<And>r x. f (scaleR r x) = scaleR r (f x)"
7b57b9295d98 lemma bounded_linear_intro
huffman
parents: 41969
diff changeset
   980
  assumes "\<And>x. norm (f x) \<le> norm x * K"
7b57b9295d98 lemma bounded_linear_intro
huffman
parents: 41969
diff changeset
   981
  shows "bounded_linear f"
7b57b9295d98 lemma bounded_linear_intro
huffman
parents: 41969
diff changeset
   982
  by default (fast intro: assms)+
7b57b9295d98 lemma bounded_linear_intro
huffman
parents: 41969
diff changeset
   983
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   984
locale bounded_bilinear =
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   985
  fixes prod :: "['a::real_normed_vector, 'b::real_normed_vector]
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   986
                 \<Rightarrow> 'c::real_normed_vector"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   987
    (infixl "**" 70)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   988
  assumes add_left: "prod (a + a') b = prod a b + prod a' b"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   989
  assumes add_right: "prod a (b + b') = prod a b + prod a b'"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   990
  assumes scaleR_left: "prod (scaleR r a) b = scaleR r (prod a b)"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   991
  assumes scaleR_right: "prod a (scaleR r b) = scaleR r (prod a b)"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   992
  assumes bounded: "\<exists>K. \<forall>a b. norm (prod a b) \<le> norm a * norm b * K"
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
   993
begin
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   994
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
   995
lemma pos_bounded:
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   996
  "\<exists>K>0. \<forall>a b. norm (a ** b) \<le> norm a * norm b * K"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   997
apply (cut_tac bounded, erule exE)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   998
apply (rule_tac x="max 1 K" in exI, safe)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
   999
apply (rule order_less_le_trans [OF zero_less_one le_maxI1])
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1000
apply (drule spec, drule spec, erule order_trans)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1001
apply (rule mult_left_mono [OF le_maxI2])
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1002
apply (intro mult_nonneg_nonneg norm_ge_zero)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1003
done
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1004
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1005
lemma nonneg_bounded:
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1006
  "\<exists>K\<ge>0. \<forall>a b. norm (a ** b) \<le> norm a * norm b * K"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1007
proof -
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1008
  from pos_bounded
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1009
  show ?thesis by (auto intro: order_less_imp_le)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1010
qed
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1011
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1012
lemma additive_right: "additive (\<lambda>b. prod a b)"
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1013
by (rule additive.intro, rule add_right)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1014
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1015
lemma additive_left: "additive (\<lambda>a. prod a b)"
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1016
by (rule additive.intro, rule add_left)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1017
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1018
lemma zero_left: "prod 0 b = 0"
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1019
by (rule additive.zero [OF additive_left])
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1020
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1021
lemma zero_right: "prod a 0 = 0"
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1022
by (rule additive.zero [OF additive_right])
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1023
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1024
lemma minus_left: "prod (- a) b = - prod a b"
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1025
by (rule additive.minus [OF additive_left])
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1026
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1027
lemma minus_right: "prod a (- b) = - prod a b"
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1028
by (rule additive.minus [OF additive_right])
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1029
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1030
lemma diff_left:
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1031
  "prod (a - a') b = prod a b - prod a' b"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1032
by (rule additive.diff [OF additive_left])
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1033
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1034
lemma diff_right:
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1035
  "prod a (b - b') = prod a b - prod a b'"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1036
by (rule additive.diff [OF additive_right])
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1037
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1038
lemma bounded_linear_left:
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1039
  "bounded_linear (\<lambda>a. a ** b)"
44127
7b57b9295d98 lemma bounded_linear_intro
huffman
parents: 41969
diff changeset
  1040
apply (cut_tac bounded, safe)
7b57b9295d98 lemma bounded_linear_intro
huffman
parents: 41969
diff changeset
  1041
apply (rule_tac K="norm b * K" in bounded_linear_intro)
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1042
apply (rule add_left)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1043
apply (rule scaleR_left)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1044
apply (simp add: mult_ac)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1045
done
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1046
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1047
lemma bounded_linear_right:
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1048
  "bounded_linear (\<lambda>b. a ** b)"
44127
7b57b9295d98 lemma bounded_linear_intro
huffman
parents: 41969
diff changeset
  1049
apply (cut_tac bounded, safe)
7b57b9295d98 lemma bounded_linear_intro
huffman
parents: 41969
diff changeset
  1050
apply (rule_tac K="norm a * K" in bounded_linear_intro)
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1051
apply (rule add_right)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1052
apply (rule scaleR_right)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1053
apply (simp add: mult_ac)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1054
done
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1055
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1056
lemma prod_diff_prod:
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1057
  "(x ** y - a ** b) = (x - a) ** (y - b) + (x - a) ** b + a ** (y - b)"
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1058
by (simp add: diff_left diff_right)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1059
27443
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1060
end
22b6281d6719 use begin and end for proofs in locales
huffman
parents: 27435
diff changeset
  1061
51642
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1062
lemma bounded_linear_ident[simp]: "bounded_linear (\<lambda>x. x)"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1063
  by default (auto intro!: exI[of _ 1])
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1064
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1065
lemma bounded_linear_zero[simp]: "bounded_linear (\<lambda>x. 0)"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1066
  by default (auto intro!: exI[of _ 1])
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1067
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1068
lemma bounded_linear_add:
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1069
  assumes "bounded_linear f"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1070
  assumes "bounded_linear g"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1071
  shows "bounded_linear (\<lambda>x. f x + g x)"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1072
proof -
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1073
  interpret f: bounded_linear f by fact
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1074
  interpret g: bounded_linear g by fact
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1075
  show ?thesis
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1076
  proof
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1077
    from f.bounded obtain Kf where Kf: "\<And>x. norm (f x) \<le> norm x * Kf" by blast
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1078
    from g.bounded obtain Kg where Kg: "\<And>x. norm (g x) \<le> norm x * Kg" by blast
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1079
    show "\<exists>K. \<forall>x. norm (f x + g x) \<le> norm x * K"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1080
      using add_mono[OF Kf Kg]
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1081
      by (intro exI[of _ "Kf + Kg"]) (auto simp: field_simps intro: norm_triangle_ineq order_trans)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1082
  qed (simp_all add: f.add g.add f.scaleR g.scaleR scaleR_right_distrib)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1083
qed
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1084
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1085
lemma bounded_linear_minus:
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1086
  assumes "bounded_linear f"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1087
  shows "bounded_linear (\<lambda>x. - f x)"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1088
proof -
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1089
  interpret f: bounded_linear f by fact
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1090
  show ?thesis apply (unfold_locales)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1091
    apply (simp add: f.add)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1092
    apply (simp add: f.scaleR)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1093
    apply (simp add: f.bounded)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1094
    done
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1095
qed
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1096
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1097
lemma bounded_linear_compose:
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1098
  assumes "bounded_linear f"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1099
  assumes "bounded_linear g"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1100
  shows "bounded_linear (\<lambda>x. f (g x))"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1101
proof -
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1102
  interpret f: bounded_linear f by fact
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1103
  interpret g: bounded_linear g by fact
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1104
  show ?thesis proof (unfold_locales)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1105
    fix x y show "f (g (x + y)) = f (g x) + f (g y)"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1106
      by (simp only: f.add g.add)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1107
  next
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1108
    fix r x show "f (g (scaleR r x)) = scaleR r (f (g x))"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1109
      by (simp only: f.scaleR g.scaleR)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1110
  next
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1111
    from f.pos_bounded
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1112
    obtain Kf where f: "\<And>x. norm (f x) \<le> norm x * Kf" and Kf: "0 < Kf" by fast
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1113
    from g.pos_bounded
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1114
    obtain Kg where g: "\<And>x. norm (g x) \<le> norm x * Kg" by fast
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1115
    show "\<exists>K. \<forall>x. norm (f (g x)) \<le> norm x * K"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1116
    proof (intro exI allI)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1117
      fix x
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1118
      have "norm (f (g x)) \<le> norm (g x) * Kf"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1119
        using f .
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1120
      also have "\<dots> \<le> (norm x * Kg) * Kf"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1121
        using g Kf [THEN order_less_imp_le] by (rule mult_right_mono)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1122
      also have "(norm x * Kg) * Kf = norm x * (Kg * Kf)"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1123
        by (rule mult_assoc)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1124
      finally show "norm (f (g x)) \<le> norm x * (Kg * Kf)" .
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1125
    qed
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1126
  qed
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1127
qed
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1128
44282
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1129
lemma bounded_bilinear_mult:
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1130
  "bounded_bilinear (op * :: 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a::real_normed_algebra)"
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1131
apply (rule bounded_bilinear.intro)
49962
a8cc904a6820 Renamed {left,right}_distrib to distrib_{right,left}.
webertj
parents: 47108
diff changeset
  1132
apply (rule distrib_right)
a8cc904a6820 Renamed {left,right}_distrib to distrib_{right,left}.
webertj
parents: 47108
diff changeset
  1133
apply (rule distrib_left)
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1134
apply (rule mult_scaleR_left)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1135
apply (rule mult_scaleR_right)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1136
apply (rule_tac x="1" in exI)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1137
apply (simp add: norm_mult_ineq)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1138
done
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1139
44282
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1140
lemma bounded_linear_mult_left:
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1141
  "bounded_linear (\<lambda>x::'a::real_normed_algebra. x * y)"
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1142
  using bounded_bilinear_mult
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1143
  by (rule bounded_bilinear.bounded_linear_left)
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1144
44282
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1145
lemma bounded_linear_mult_right:
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1146
  "bounded_linear (\<lambda>y::'a::real_normed_algebra. x * y)"
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1147
  using bounded_bilinear_mult
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1148
  by (rule bounded_bilinear.bounded_linear_right)
23127
56ee8105c002 simplify names of locale interpretations
huffman
parents: 23120
diff changeset
  1149
51642
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1150
lemmas bounded_linear_mult_const =
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1151
  bounded_linear_mult_left [THEN bounded_linear_compose]
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1152
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1153
lemmas bounded_linear_const_mult =
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1154
  bounded_linear_mult_right [THEN bounded_linear_compose]
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1155
44282
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1156
lemma bounded_linear_divide:
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1157
  "bounded_linear (\<lambda>x::'a::real_normed_field. x / y)"
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1158
  unfolding divide_inverse by (rule bounded_linear_mult_left)
23120
a34f204e9c88 interpretation bounded_linear_divide
huffman
parents: 23113
diff changeset
  1159
44282
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1160
lemma bounded_bilinear_scaleR: "bounded_bilinear scaleR"
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1161
apply (rule bounded_bilinear.intro)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1162
apply (rule scaleR_left_distrib)
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1163
apply (rule scaleR_right_distrib)
22973
64d300e16370 add lemma sgn_mult; declare real_scaleR_def and scaleR_eq_0_iff as simp rules
huffman
parents: 22972
diff changeset
  1164
apply simp
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1165
apply (rule scaleR_left_commute)
31586
d4707b99e631 declare norm_scaleR [simp]; declare scaleR_cancel lemmas [simp]
huffman
parents: 31567
diff changeset
  1166
apply (rule_tac x="1" in exI, simp)
22442
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1167
done
15d9ed9b5051 move bounded (bi)linear operator locales from Lim.thy to RealVector.thy
huffman
parents: 21809
diff changeset
  1168
44282
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1169
lemma bounded_linear_scaleR_left: "bounded_linear (\<lambda>r. scaleR r x)"
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1170
  using bounded_bilinear_scaleR
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1171
  by (rule bounded_bilinear.bounded_linear_left)
23127
56ee8105c002 simplify names of locale interpretations
huffman
parents: 23120
diff changeset
  1172
44282
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1173
lemma bounded_linear_scaleR_right: "bounded_linear (\<lambda>x. scaleR r x)"
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1174
  using bounded_bilinear_scaleR
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1175
  by (rule bounded_bilinear.bounded_linear_right)
23127
56ee8105c002 simplify names of locale interpretations
huffman
parents: 23120
diff changeset
  1176
44282
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1177
lemma bounded_linear_of_real: "bounded_linear (\<lambda>r. of_real r)"
f0de18b62d63 remove bounded_(bi)linear locale interpretations, to avoid duplicating so many lemmas
huffman
parents: 44127
diff changeset
  1178
  unfolding of_real_def by (rule bounded_linear_scaleR_left)
22625
a2967023d674 interpretation bounded_linear_of_real
huffman
parents: 22442
diff changeset
  1179
51642
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1180
lemma real_bounded_linear:
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1181
  fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1182
  shows "bounded_linear f \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>c::real. f = (\<lambda>x. x * c))"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1183
proof -
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1184
  { fix x assume "bounded_linear f"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1185
    then interpret bounded_linear f .
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1186
    from scaleR[of x 1] have "f x = x * f 1"
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1187
      by simp }
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1188
  then show ?thesis
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1189
    by (auto intro: exI[of _ "f 1"] bounded_linear_mult_left)
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1190
qed
400ec5ae7f8f move FrechetDeriv from the Library to HOL/Deriv; base DERIV on FDERIV and both derivatives allow a restricted support set; FDERIV is now an abbreviation of has_derivative
hoelzl
parents: 51641
diff changeset
  1191
44571
bd91b77c4cd6 move class perfect_space into RealVector.thy;
huffman
parents: 44282
diff changeset
  1192
instance real_normed_algebra_1 \<subseteq> perfect_space
bd91b77c4cd6 move class perfect_space into RealVector.thy;
huffman
parents: 44282
diff changeset
  1193
proof
bd91b77c4cd6 move class perfect_space into RealVector.thy;
huffman
parents: 44282
diff changeset
  1194
  fix x::'a
bd91b77c4cd6 move class perfect_space into RealVector.thy;
huffman
parents: 44282
diff changeset
  1195
  show "\<not> open {x}"
bd91b77c4cd6 move class perfect_space into RealVector.thy;
huffman
parents: 44282
diff changeset
  1196
    unfolding open_dist dist_norm
bd91b77c4cd6 move class perfect_space into RealVector.thy;
huffman
parents: 44282
diff changeset
  1197
    by (clarsimp, rule_tac x="x + of_real (e/2)" in exI, simp)
bd91b77c4cd6 move class perfect_space into RealVector.thy;
huffman
parents: 44282
diff changeset
  1198
qed
bd91b77c4cd6 move class perfect_space into RealVector.thy;
huffman
parents: 44282
diff changeset
  1199
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1200
subsection {* Filters and Limits on Metric Space *}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1201
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1202
lemma eventually_nhds_metric:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1203
  fixes a :: "'a :: metric_space"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1204
  shows "eventually P (nhds a) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x. dist x a < d \<longrightarrow> P x)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1205
unfolding eventually_nhds open_dist
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1206
apply safe
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1207
apply fast
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1208
apply (rule_tac x="{x. dist x a < d}" in exI, simp)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1209
apply clarsimp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1210
apply (rule_tac x="d - dist x a" in exI, clarsimp)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1211
apply (simp only: less_diff_eq)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1212
apply (erule le_less_trans [OF dist_triangle])
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1213
done
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1214
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1215
lemma eventually_at:
51641
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1216
  fixes a :: "'a :: metric_space"
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1217
  shows "eventually P (at a within S) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x\<in>S. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a < d \<longrightarrow> P x)"
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1218
  unfolding eventually_at_filter eventually_nhds_metric by (auto simp: dist_nz)
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1219
51641
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1220
lemma eventually_at_le:
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1221
  fixes a :: "'a::metric_space"
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1222
  shows "eventually P (at a within S) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x\<in>S. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a \<le> d \<longrightarrow> P x)"
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1223
  unfolding eventually_at_filter eventually_nhds_metric
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1224
  apply auto
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1225
  apply (rule_tac x="d / 2" in exI)
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1226
  apply auto
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1227
  done
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1228
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1229
lemma tendstoI:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1230
  fixes l :: "'a :: metric_space"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1231
  assumes "\<And>e. 0 < e \<Longrightarrow> eventually (\<lambda>x. dist (f x) l < e) F"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1232
  shows "(f ---> l) F"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1233
  apply (rule topological_tendstoI)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1234
  apply (simp add: open_dist)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1235
  apply (drule (1) bspec, clarify)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1236
  apply (drule assms)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1237
  apply (erule eventually_elim1, simp)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1238
  done
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1239
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1240
lemma tendstoD:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1241
  fixes l :: "'a :: metric_space"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1242
  shows "(f ---> l) F \<Longrightarrow> 0 < e \<Longrightarrow> eventually (\<lambda>x. dist (f x) l < e) F"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1243
  apply (drule_tac S="{x. dist x l < e}" in topological_tendstoD)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1244
  apply (clarsimp simp add: open_dist)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1245
  apply (rule_tac x="e - dist x l" in exI, clarsimp)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1246
  apply (simp only: less_diff_eq)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1247
  apply (erule le_less_trans [OF dist_triangle])
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1248
  apply simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1249
  apply simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1250
  done
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1251
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1252
lemma tendsto_iff:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1253
  fixes l :: "'a :: metric_space"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1254
  shows "(f ---> l) F \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>e>0. eventually (\<lambda>x. dist (f x) l < e) F)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1255
  using tendstoI tendstoD by fast
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1256
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1257
lemma metric_tendsto_imp_tendsto:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1258
  fixes a :: "'a :: metric_space" and b :: "'b :: metric_space"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1259
  assumes f: "(f ---> a) F"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1260
  assumes le: "eventually (\<lambda>x. dist (g x) b \<le> dist (f x) a) F"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1261
  shows "(g ---> b) F"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1262
proof (rule tendstoI)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1263
  fix e :: real assume "0 < e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1264
  with f have "eventually (\<lambda>x. dist (f x) a < e) F" by (rule tendstoD)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1265
  with le show "eventually (\<lambda>x. dist (g x) b < e) F"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1266
    using le_less_trans by (rule eventually_elim2)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1267
qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1268
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1269
lemma filterlim_real_sequentially: "LIM x sequentially. real x :> at_top"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1270
  unfolding filterlim_at_top
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1271
  apply (intro allI)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1272
  apply (rule_tac c="natceiling (Z + 1)" in eventually_sequentiallyI)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1273
  apply (auto simp: natceiling_le_eq)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1274
  done
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1275
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1276
subsubsection {* Limits of Sequences *}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1277
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1278
lemma LIMSEQ_def: "X ----> (L::'a::metric_space) \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>r>0. \<exists>no. \<forall>n\<ge>no. dist (X n) L < r)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1279
  unfolding tendsto_iff eventually_sequentially ..
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1280
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1281
lemma LIMSEQ_iff_nz: "X ----> (L::'a::metric_space) = (\<forall>r>0. \<exists>no>0. \<forall>n\<ge>no. dist (X n) L < r)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1282
  unfolding LIMSEQ_def by (metis Suc_leD zero_less_Suc)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1283
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1284
lemma metric_LIMSEQ_I:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1285
  "(\<And>r. 0 < r \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>no. \<forall>n\<ge>no. dist (X n) L < r) \<Longrightarrow> X ----> (L::'a::metric_space)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1286
by (simp add: LIMSEQ_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1287
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1288
lemma metric_LIMSEQ_D:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1289
  "\<lbrakk>X ----> (L::'a::metric_space); 0 < r\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>no. \<forall>n\<ge>no. dist (X n) L < r"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1290
by (simp add: LIMSEQ_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1291
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1292
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1293
subsubsection {* Limits of Functions *}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1294
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1295
lemma LIM_def: "f -- (a::'a::metric_space) --> (L::'b::metric_space) =
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1296
     (\<forall>r > 0. \<exists>s > 0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a & dist x a < s
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1297
        --> dist (f x) L < r)"
51641
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1298
  unfolding tendsto_iff eventually_at by simp
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1299
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1300
lemma metric_LIM_I:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1301
  "(\<And>r. 0 < r \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>s>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a < s \<longrightarrow> dist (f x) L < r)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1302
    \<Longrightarrow> f -- (a::'a::metric_space) --> (L::'b::metric_space)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1303
by (simp add: LIM_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1304
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1305
lemma metric_LIM_D:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1306
  "\<lbrakk>f -- (a::'a::metric_space) --> (L::'b::metric_space); 0 < r\<rbrakk>
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1307
    \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>s>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a < s \<longrightarrow> dist (f x) L < r"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1308
by (simp add: LIM_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1309
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1310
lemma metric_LIM_imp_LIM:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1311
  assumes f: "f -- a --> (l::'a::metric_space)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1312
  assumes le: "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> dist (g x) m \<le> dist (f x) l"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1313
  shows "g -- a --> (m::'b::metric_space)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1314
  by (rule metric_tendsto_imp_tendsto [OF f]) (auto simp add: eventually_at_topological le)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1315
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1316
lemma metric_LIM_equal2:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1317
  assumes 1: "0 < R"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1318
  assumes 2: "\<And>x. \<lbrakk>x \<noteq> a; dist x a < R\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1319
  shows "g -- a --> l \<Longrightarrow> f -- (a::'a::metric_space) --> l"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1320
apply (rule topological_tendstoI)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1321
apply (drule (2) topological_tendstoD)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1322
apply (simp add: eventually_at, safe)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1323
apply (rule_tac x="min d R" in exI, safe)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1324
apply (simp add: 1)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1325
apply (simp add: 2)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1326
done
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1327
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1328
lemma metric_LIM_compose2:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1329
  assumes f: "f -- (a::'a::metric_space) --> b"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1330
  assumes g: "g -- b --> c"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1331
  assumes inj: "\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a < d \<longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> b"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1332
  shows "(\<lambda>x. g (f x)) -- a --> c"
51641
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1333
  using inj
cd05e9fcc63d remove the within-filter, replace "at" by "at _ within UNIV" (This allows to remove a couple of redundant lemmas)
hoelzl
parents: 51531
diff changeset
  1334
  by (intro tendsto_compose_eventually[OF g f]) (auto simp: eventually_at)
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1335
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1336
lemma metric_isCont_LIM_compose2:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1337
  fixes f :: "'a :: metric_space \<Rightarrow> _"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1338
  assumes f [unfolded isCont_def]: "isCont f a"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1339
  assumes g: "g -- f a --> l"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1340
  assumes inj: "\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> dist x a < d \<longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> f a"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1341
  shows "(\<lambda>x. g (f x)) -- a --> l"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1342
by (rule metric_LIM_compose2 [OF f g inj])
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1343
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1344
subsection {* Complete metric spaces *}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1345
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1346
subsection {* Cauchy sequences *}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1347
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1348
definition (in metric_space) Cauchy :: "(nat \<Rightarrow> 'a) \<Rightarrow> bool" where
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1349
  "Cauchy X = (\<forall>e>0. \<exists>M. \<forall>m \<ge> M. \<forall>n \<ge> M. dist (X m) (X n) < e)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1350
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1351
subsection {* Cauchy Sequences *}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1352
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1353
lemma metric_CauchyI:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1354
  "(\<And>e. 0 < e \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>M. \<forall>m\<ge>M. \<forall>n\<ge>M. dist (X m) (X n) < e) \<Longrightarrow> Cauchy X"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1355
  by (simp add: Cauchy_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1356
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1357
lemma metric_CauchyD:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1358
  "Cauchy X \<Longrightarrow> 0 < e \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>M. \<forall>m\<ge>M. \<forall>n\<ge>M. dist (X m) (X n) < e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1359
  by (simp add: Cauchy_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1360
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1361
lemma metric_Cauchy_iff2:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1362
  "Cauchy X = (\<forall>j. (\<exists>M. \<forall>m \<ge> M. \<forall>n \<ge> M. dist (X m) (X n) < inverse(real (Suc j))))"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1363
apply (simp add: Cauchy_def, auto)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1364
apply (drule reals_Archimedean, safe)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1365
apply (drule_tac x = n in spec, auto)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1366
apply (rule_tac x = M in exI, auto)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1367
apply (drule_tac x = m in spec, simp)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1368
apply (drule_tac x = na in spec, auto)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1369
done
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1370
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1371
lemma Cauchy_iff2:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1372
  "Cauchy X = (\<forall>j. (\<exists>M. \<forall>m \<ge> M. \<forall>n \<ge> M. \<bar>X m - X n\<bar> < inverse(real (Suc j))))"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1373
  unfolding metric_Cauchy_iff2 dist_real_def ..
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1374
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1375
lemma Cauchy_subseq_Cauchy:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1376
  "\<lbrakk> Cauchy X; subseq f \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> Cauchy (X o f)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1377
apply (auto simp add: Cauchy_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1378
apply (drule_tac x=e in spec, clarify)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1379
apply (rule_tac x=M in exI, clarify)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1380
apply (blast intro: le_trans [OF _ seq_suble] dest!: spec)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1381
done
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1382
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1383
theorem LIMSEQ_imp_Cauchy:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1384
  assumes X: "X ----> a" shows "Cauchy X"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1385
proof (rule metric_CauchyI)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1386
  fix e::real assume "0 < e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1387
  hence "0 < e/2" by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1388
  with X have "\<exists>N. \<forall>n\<ge>N. dist (X n) a < e/2" by (rule metric_LIMSEQ_D)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1389
  then obtain N where N: "\<forall>n\<ge>N. dist (X n) a < e/2" ..
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1390
  show "\<exists>N. \<forall>m\<ge>N. \<forall>n\<ge>N. dist (X m) (X n) < e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1391
  proof (intro exI allI impI)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1392
    fix m assume "N \<le> m"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1393
    hence m: "dist (X m) a < e/2" using N by fast
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1394
    fix n assume "N \<le> n"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1395
    hence n: "dist (X n) a < e/2" using N by fast
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1396
    have "dist (X m) (X n) \<le> dist (X m) a + dist (X n) a"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1397
      by (rule dist_triangle2)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1398
    also from m n have "\<dots> < e" by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1399
    finally show "dist (X m) (X n) < e" .
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1400
  qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1401
qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1402
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1403
lemma convergent_Cauchy: "convergent X \<Longrightarrow> Cauchy X"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1404
unfolding convergent_def
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1405
by (erule exE, erule LIMSEQ_imp_Cauchy)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1406
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1407
subsubsection {* Cauchy Sequences are Convergent *}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1408
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1409
class complete_space = metric_space +
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1410
  assumes Cauchy_convergent: "Cauchy X \<Longrightarrow> convergent X"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1411
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1412
lemma Cauchy_convergent_iff:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1413
  fixes X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::complete_space"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1414
  shows "Cauchy X = convergent X"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1415
by (fast intro: Cauchy_convergent convergent_Cauchy)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1416
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1417
subsection {* The set of real numbers is a complete metric space *}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1418
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1419
text {*
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1420
Proof that Cauchy sequences converge based on the one from
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1421
http://pirate.shu.edu/~wachsmut/ira/numseq/proofs/cauconv.html
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1422
*}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1423
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1424
text {*
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1425
  If sequence @{term "X"} is Cauchy, then its limit is the lub of
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1426
  @{term "{r::real. \<exists>N. \<forall>n\<ge>N. r < X n}"}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1427
*}
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1428
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1429
lemma isUb_UNIV_I: "(\<And>y. y \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> y \<le> u) \<Longrightarrow> isUb UNIV S u"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1430
by (simp add: isUbI setleI)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1431
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1432
lemma increasing_LIMSEQ:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1433
  fixes f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1434
  assumes inc: "\<And>n. f n \<le> f (Suc n)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1435
      and bdd: "\<And>n. f n \<le> l"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1436
      and en: "\<And>e. 0 < e \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>n. l \<le> f n + e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1437
  shows "f ----> l"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1438
proof (rule increasing_tendsto)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1439
  fix x assume "x < l"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1440
  with dense[of 0 "l - x"] obtain e where "0 < e" "e < l - x"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1441
    by auto
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1442
  from en[OF `0 < e`] obtain n where "l - e \<le> f n"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1443
    by (auto simp: field_simps)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1444
  with `e < l - x` `0 < e` have "x < f n" by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1445
  with incseq_SucI[of f, OF inc] show "eventually (\<lambda>n. x < f n) sequentially"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1446
    by (auto simp: eventually_sequentially incseq_def intro: less_le_trans)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1447
qed (insert bdd, auto)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1448
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1449
lemma real_Cauchy_convergent:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1450
  fixes X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1451
  assumes X: "Cauchy X"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1452
  shows "convergent X"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1453
proof -
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1454
  def S \<equiv> "{x::real. \<exists>N. \<forall>n\<ge>N. x < X n}"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1455
  then have mem_S: "\<And>N x. \<forall>n\<ge>N. x < X n \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> S" by auto
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1456
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1457
  { fix N x assume N: "\<forall>n\<ge>N. X n < x"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1458
  have "isUb UNIV S x"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1459
  proof (rule isUb_UNIV_I)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1460
  fix y::real assume "y \<in> S"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1461
  hence "\<exists>M. \<forall>n\<ge>M. y < X n"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1462
    by (simp add: S_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1463
  then obtain M where "\<forall>n\<ge>M. y < X n" ..
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1464
  hence "y < X (max M N)" by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1465
  also have "\<dots> < x" using N by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1466
  finally show "y \<le> x"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1467
    by (rule order_less_imp_le)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1468
  qed }
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1469
  note bound_isUb = this 
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1470
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1471
  have "\<exists>u. isLub UNIV S u"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1472
  proof (rule reals_complete)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1473
  obtain N where "\<forall>m\<ge>N. \<forall>n\<ge>N. dist (X m) (X n) < 1"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1474
    using X[THEN metric_CauchyD, OF zero_less_one] by auto
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1475
  hence N: "\<forall>n\<ge>N. dist (X n) (X N) < 1" by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1476
  show "\<exists>x. x \<in> S"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1477
  proof
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1478
    from N have "\<forall>n\<ge>N. X N - 1 < X n"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1479
      by (simp add: abs_diff_less_iff dist_real_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1480
    thus "X N - 1 \<in> S" by (rule mem_S)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1481
  qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1482
  show "\<exists>u. isUb UNIV S u"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1483
  proof
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1484
    from N have "\<forall>n\<ge>N. X n < X N + 1"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1485
      by (simp add: abs_diff_less_iff dist_real_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1486
    thus "isUb UNIV S (X N + 1)"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1487
      by (rule bound_isUb)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1488
  qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1489
  qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1490
  then obtain x where x: "isLub UNIV S x" ..
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1491
  have "X ----> x"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1492
  proof (rule metric_LIMSEQ_I)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1493
  fix r::real assume "0 < r"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1494
  hence r: "0 < r/2" by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1495
  obtain N where "\<forall>n\<ge>N. \<forall>m\<ge>N. dist (X n) (X m) < r/2"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1496
    using metric_CauchyD [OF X r] by auto
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1497
  hence "\<forall>n\<ge>N. dist (X n) (X N) < r/2" by simp
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1498
  hence N: "\<forall>n\<ge>N. X N - r/2 < X n \<and> X n < X N + r/2"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1499
    by (simp only: dist_real_def abs_diff_less_iff)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1500
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1501
  from N have "\<forall>n\<ge>N. X N - r/2 < X n" by fast
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1502
  hence "X N - r/2 \<in> S" by (rule mem_S)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1503
  hence 1: "X N - r/2 \<le> x" using x isLub_isUb isUbD by fast
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1504
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1505
  from N have "\<forall>n\<ge>N. X n < X N + r/2" by fast
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1506
  hence "isUb UNIV S (X N + r/2)" by (rule bound_isUb)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1507
  hence 2: "x \<le> X N + r/2" using x isLub_le_isUb by fast
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1508
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1509
  show "\<exists>N. \<forall>n\<ge>N. dist (X n) x < r"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1510
  proof (intro exI allI impI)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1511
    fix n assume n: "N \<le> n"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1512
    from N n have "X n < X N + r/2" and "X N - r/2 < X n" by simp+
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1513
    thus "dist (X n) x < r" using 1 2
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1514
      by (simp add: abs_diff_less_iff dist_real_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1515
  qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1516
  qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1517
  then show ?thesis unfolding convergent_def by auto
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1518
qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1519
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1520
instance real :: complete_space
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1521
  by intro_classes (rule real_Cauchy_convergent)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1522
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1523
class banach = real_normed_vector + complete_space
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1524
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1525
instance real :: banach by default
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1526
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1527
lemma tendsto_at_topI_sequentially:
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1528
  fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1529
  assumes mono: "mono f"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1530
  assumes limseq: "(\<lambda>n. f (real n)) ----> y"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1531
  shows "(f ---> y) at_top"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1532
proof (rule tendstoI)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1533
  fix e :: real assume "0 < e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1534
  with limseq obtain N :: nat where N: "\<And>n. N \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> \<bar>f (real n) - y\<bar> < e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1535
    by (auto simp: LIMSEQ_def dist_real_def)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1536
  { fix x :: real
53381
355a4cac5440 tuned proofs -- less guessing;
wenzelm
parents: 53374
diff changeset
  1537
    obtain n where "x \<le> real_of_nat n"
355a4cac5440 tuned proofs -- less guessing;
wenzelm
parents: 53374
diff changeset
  1538
      using ex_le_of_nat[of x] ..
51531
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1539
    note monoD[OF mono this]
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1540
    also have "f (real_of_nat n) \<le> y"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1541
      by (rule LIMSEQ_le_const[OF limseq])
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1542
         (auto intro: exI[of _ n] monoD[OF mono] simp: real_eq_of_nat[symmetric])
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1543
    finally have "f x \<le> y" . }
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1544
  note le = this
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1545
  have "eventually (\<lambda>x. real N \<le> x) at_top"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1546
    by (rule eventually_ge_at_top)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1547
  then show "eventually (\<lambda>x. dist (f x) y < e) at_top"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1548
  proof eventually_elim
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1549
    fix x assume N': "real N \<le> x"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1550
    with N[of N] le have "y - f (real N) < e" by auto
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1551
    moreover note monoD[OF mono N']
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1552
    ultimately show "dist (f x) y < e"
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1553
      using le[of x] by (auto simp: dist_real_def field_simps)
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1554
  qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1555
qed
f415febf4234 remove Metric_Spaces and move its content into Limits and Real_Vector_Spaces
hoelzl
parents: 51524
diff changeset
  1556
20504
6342e872e71d formalization of vector spaces and algebras over the real numbers
huffman
parents:
diff changeset
  1557
end