src/HOL/Library/Zorn.thy
author paulson
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(*  Title       : HOL/Library/Zorn.thy
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    ID          : $Id$
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    Author      : Jacques D. Fleuriot
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    Description : Zorn's Lemma -- see Larry Paulson's Zorn.thy in ZF
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*)
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header {* Zorn's Lemma *}
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theory Zorn
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imports Main
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begin
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text{*
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  The lemma and section numbers refer to an unpublished article
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  \cite{Abrial-Laffitte}.
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*}
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constdefs
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  chain     ::  "'a set set => 'a set set set"
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  "chain S  == {F. F \<subseteq> S & (\<forall>x \<in> F. \<forall>y \<in> F. x \<subseteq> y | y \<subseteq> x)}"
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  super     ::  "['a set set,'a set set] => 'a set set set"
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  "super S c == {d. d \<in> chain S & c \<subset> d}"
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  maxchain  ::  "'a set set => 'a set set set"
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  "maxchain S == {c. c \<in> chain S & super S c = {}}"
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  succ      ::  "['a set set,'a set set] => 'a set set"
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  "succ S c ==
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    if c \<notin> chain S | c \<in> maxchain S
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    then c else SOME c'. c' \<in> super S c"
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consts
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  TFin :: "'a set set => 'a set set set"
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inductive "TFin S"
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  intros
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    succI:        "x \<in> TFin S ==> succ S x \<in> TFin S"
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    Pow_UnionI:   "Y \<in> Pow(TFin S) ==> Union(Y) \<in> TFin S"
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  monos          Pow_mono
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subsection{*Mathematical Preamble*}
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lemma Union_lemma0:
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    "(\<forall>x \<in> C. x \<subseteq> A | B \<subseteq> x) ==> Union(C) \<subseteq> A | B \<subseteq> Union(C)"
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  by blast
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text{*This is theorem @{text increasingD2} of ZF/Zorn.thy*}
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lemma Abrial_axiom1: "x \<subseteq> succ S x"
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  apply (unfold succ_def)
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  apply (rule split_if [THEN iffD2])
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  apply (auto simp add: super_def maxchain_def psubset_def)
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  apply (rule swap, assumption)
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  apply (rule someI2, blast+)
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  done
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lemmas TFin_UnionI = TFin.Pow_UnionI [OF PowI]
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lemma TFin_induct:
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          "[| n \<in> TFin S;
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             !!x. [| x \<in> TFin S; P(x) |] ==> P(succ S x);
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             !!Y. [| Y \<subseteq> TFin S; Ball Y P |] ==> P(Union Y) |]
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          ==> P(n)"
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  apply (erule TFin.induct)
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   apply blast+
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  done
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lemma succ_trans: "x \<subseteq> y ==> x \<subseteq> succ S y"
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  apply (erule subset_trans)
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  apply (rule Abrial_axiom1)
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  done
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text{*Lemma 1 of section 3.1*}
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lemma TFin_linear_lemma1:
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     "[| n \<in> TFin S;  m \<in> TFin S;
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         \<forall>x \<in> TFin S. x \<subseteq> m --> x = m | succ S x \<subseteq> m
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      |] ==> n \<subseteq> m | succ S m \<subseteq> n"
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  apply (erule TFin_induct)
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   apply (erule_tac [2] Union_lemma0)
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  apply (blast del: subsetI intro: succ_trans)
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  done
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text{* Lemma 2 of section 3.2 *}
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lemma TFin_linear_lemma2:
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     "m \<in> TFin S ==> \<forall>n \<in> TFin S. n \<subseteq> m --> n=m | succ S n \<subseteq> m"
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  apply (erule TFin_induct)
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   apply (rule impI [THEN ballI])
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   txt{*case split using @{text TFin_linear_lemma1}*}
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   apply (rule_tac n1 = n and m1 = x in TFin_linear_lemma1 [THEN disjE],
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     assumption+)
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    apply (drule_tac x = n in bspec, assumption)
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    apply (blast del: subsetI intro: succ_trans, blast)
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  txt{*second induction step*}
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  apply (rule impI [THEN ballI])
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  apply (rule Union_lemma0 [THEN disjE])
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    apply (rule_tac [3] disjI2)
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    prefer 2 apply blast
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   apply (rule ballI)
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   apply (rule_tac n1 = n and m1 = x in TFin_linear_lemma1 [THEN disjE],
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     assumption+, auto)
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  apply (blast intro!: Abrial_axiom1 [THEN subsetD])
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  done
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text{*Re-ordering the premises of Lemma 2*}
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lemma TFin_subsetD:
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     "[| n \<subseteq> m;  m \<in> TFin S;  n \<in> TFin S |] ==> n=m | succ S n \<subseteq> m"
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  by (rule TFin_linear_lemma2 [rule_format])
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text{*Consequences from section 3.3 -- Property 3.2, the ordering is total*}
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lemma TFin_subset_linear: "[| m \<in> TFin S;  n \<in> TFin S|] ==> n \<subseteq> m | m \<subseteq> n"
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  apply (rule disjE)
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    apply (rule TFin_linear_lemma1 [OF _ _TFin_linear_lemma2])
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      apply (assumption+, erule disjI2)
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  apply (blast del: subsetI
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    intro: subsetI Abrial_axiom1 [THEN subset_trans])
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  done
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text{*Lemma 3 of section 3.3*}
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lemma eq_succ_upper: "[| n \<in> TFin S;  m \<in> TFin S;  m = succ S m |] ==> n \<subseteq> m"
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  apply (erule TFin_induct)
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   apply (drule TFin_subsetD)
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     apply (assumption+, force, blast)
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  done
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text{*Property 3.3 of section 3.3*}
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lemma equal_succ_Union: "m \<in> TFin S ==> (m = succ S m) = (m = Union(TFin S))"
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  apply (rule iffI)
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   apply (rule Union_upper [THEN equalityI])
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    apply assumption
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   apply (rule eq_succ_upper [THEN Union_least], assumption+)
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  apply (erule ssubst)
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  apply (rule Abrial_axiom1 [THEN equalityI])
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  apply (blast del: subsetI intro: subsetI TFin_UnionI TFin.succI)
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  done
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subsection{*Hausdorff's Theorem: Every Set Contains a Maximal Chain.*}
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text{*NB: We assume the partial ordering is @{text "\<subseteq>"},
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 the subset relation!*}
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lemma empty_set_mem_chain: "({} :: 'a set set) \<in> chain S"
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  by (unfold chain_def) auto
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lemma super_subset_chain: "super S c \<subseteq> chain S"
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  by (unfold super_def) blast
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lemma maxchain_subset_chain: "maxchain S \<subseteq> chain S"
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  by (unfold maxchain_def) blast
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lemma mem_super_Ex: "c \<in> chain S - maxchain S ==> ? d. d \<in> super S c"
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  by (unfold super_def maxchain_def) auto
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lemma select_super:
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     "c \<in> chain S - maxchain S ==> (\<some>c'. c': super S c): super S c"
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  apply (erule mem_super_Ex [THEN exE])
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  apply (rule someI2, auto)
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  done
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lemma select_not_equals:
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     "c \<in> chain S - maxchain S ==> (\<some>c'. c': super S c) \<noteq> c"
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  apply (rule notI)
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  apply (drule select_super)
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  apply (simp add: super_def psubset_def)
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  done
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lemma succI3: "c \<in> chain S - maxchain S ==> succ S c = (\<some>c'. c': super S c)"
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  by (unfold succ_def) (blast intro!: if_not_P)
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lemma succ_not_equals: "c \<in> chain S - maxchain S ==> succ S c \<noteq> c"
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  apply (frule succI3)
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  apply (simp (no_asm_simp))
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  apply (rule select_not_equals, assumption)
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  done
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lemma TFin_chain_lemma4: "c \<in> TFin S ==> (c :: 'a set set): chain S"
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  apply (erule TFin_induct)
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   apply (simp add: succ_def select_super [THEN super_subset_chain[THEN subsetD]])
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  apply (unfold chain_def)
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  apply (rule CollectI, safe)
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   apply (drule bspec, assumption)
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   apply (rule_tac [2] m1 = Xa and n1 = X in TFin_subset_linear [THEN disjE],
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     blast+)
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  done
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theorem Hausdorff: "\<exists>c. (c :: 'a set set): maxchain S"
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  apply (rule_tac x = "Union (TFin S)" in exI)
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  apply (rule classical)
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  apply (subgoal_tac "succ S (Union (TFin S)) = Union (TFin S) ")
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   prefer 2
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   apply (blast intro!: TFin_UnionI equal_succ_Union [THEN iffD2, symmetric])
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  apply (cut_tac subset_refl [THEN TFin_UnionI, THEN TFin_chain_lemma4])
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  apply (drule DiffI [THEN succ_not_equals], blast+)
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  done
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subsection{*Zorn's Lemma: If All Chains Have Upper Bounds Then
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                               There Is  a Maximal Element*}
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lemma chain_extend:
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    "[| c \<in> chain S; z \<in> S;
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        \<forall>x \<in> c. x \<subseteq> (z:: 'a set) |] ==> {z} Un c \<in> chain S"
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  by (unfold chain_def) blast
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lemma chain_Union_upper: "[| c \<in> chain S; x \<in> c |] ==> x \<subseteq> Union(c)"
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  by (unfold chain_def) auto
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lemma chain_ball_Union_upper: "c \<in> chain S ==> \<forall>x \<in> c. x \<subseteq> Union(c)"
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  by (unfold chain_def) auto
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lemma maxchain_Zorn:
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     "[| c \<in> maxchain S; u \<in> S; Union(c) \<subseteq> u |] ==> Union(c) = u"
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  apply (rule ccontr)
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  apply (simp add: maxchain_def)
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  apply (erule conjE)
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  apply (subgoal_tac "({u} Un c) \<in> super S c")
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   apply simp
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  apply (unfold super_def psubset_def)
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  apply (blast intro: chain_extend dest: chain_Union_upper)
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  done
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theorem Zorn_Lemma:
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    "\<forall>c \<in> chain S. Union(c): S ==> \<exists>y \<in> S. \<forall>z \<in> S. y \<subseteq> z --> y = z"
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  apply (cut_tac Hausdorff maxchain_subset_chain)
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  apply (erule exE)
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  apply (drule subsetD, assumption)
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  apply (drule bspec, assumption)
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  apply (rule_tac x = "Union(c)" in bexI)
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   apply (rule ballI, rule impI)
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   apply (blast dest!: maxchain_Zorn, assumption)
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  done
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subsection{*Alternative version of Zorn's Lemma*}
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lemma Zorn_Lemma2:
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  "\<forall>c \<in> chain S. \<exists>y \<in> S. \<forall>x \<in> c. x \<subseteq> y
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    ==> \<exists>y \<in> S. \<forall>x \<in> S. (y :: 'a set) \<subseteq> x --> y = x"
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  apply (cut_tac Hausdorff maxchain_subset_chain)
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  apply (erule exE)
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  apply (drule subsetD, assumption)
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  apply (drule bspec, assumption, erule bexE)
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  apply (rule_tac x = y in bexI)
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   prefer 2 apply assumption
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  apply clarify
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  apply (rule ccontr)
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  apply (frule_tac z = x in chain_extend)
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    apply (assumption, blast)
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  apply (unfold maxchain_def super_def psubset_def)
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  apply (blast elim!: equalityCE)
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  done
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text{*Various other lemmas*}
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lemma chainD: "[| c \<in> chain S; x \<in> c; y \<in> c |] ==> x \<subseteq> y | y \<subseteq> x"
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  by (unfold chain_def) blast
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lemma chainD2: "!!(c :: 'a set set). c \<in> chain S ==> c \<subseteq> S"
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  by (unfold chain_def) blast
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end